Polish–Lithuanian union: Difference between revisions

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The Polish–Lithuanian union was a relationship created by a series of acts and alliances between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lasted for prolonged periods of time from 1385 and led to the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the "Republic of the Two Nations", in 1569 and eventually to the creation of a unitary state in 1791.^[1]

History

Important historical events included:

1385 – Union of Krewo, a personal union that brought the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Jogaila, to the Polish throne as a result of his marriage to Jadwiga of Poland in February 1386
1401 – Union of Vilnius and Radom, which strengthened the Polish–Lithuanian union^[2]
1413 – Union of Horodło, a treaty requiring Polish and Lithuanian noblemen to organize congresses to resolve issues of common interest.^[3] Essentially a heraldic union, the treaty granted many szlachta rights to Lithuanian nobility.
1432 (1432–34) – Union of Grodno, a declarative attempt to renew a closer union
1499 – Union of Kraków and Vilnius in which the personal union became a dynastic union and recognised the sovereignty of Lithuania and described relations between the two states
1501 – Union of Mielnik, a renewal of the personal union
July 1, 1569 – Union of Lublin, a real union that resulted in creation of the semi-federal, semi-confederal Republic of the Two Nations (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)
May 3, 1791 – Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791: abolished the elective monarchy and turned it into a hereditary monarchy and established a common state, the Rzeczpospolita Polska (Polish Commonwealth), in its place. The Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations modified the changes by stressing the continuity of binational status of the state. The changes were reversed completely in 1792 under pressure from the Russian Empire.

Notes

^ Catholic Encyclopedia - Poland
^ Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. History of East Central Europe. Vol. 3. University of Washington Press. p. 388. ISBN 0-295-97290-4.
^ Andrzej Chwalba; Krzysztof Zamorski, eds. (2020). The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: History, Memory, Legacy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000203998.

References

(in Polish) Anna Pasterak, Unie polsko-litewskie, Pedagogical University of Cracow, 2004
Central European Superpower, Henryk Litwin, BUM Magazine, October 2016

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[Catholic_Encyclopedia-1] Catholic Encyclopedia - Poland

[jean-2] Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. History of East Central Europe. Vol. 3. University of Washington Press. p. 388. ISBN 0-295-97290-4.

[3] Andrzej Chwalba; Krzysztof Zamorski, eds. (2020). The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: History, Memory, Legacy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000203998.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Former union of European states}}
+{{Use American English|date = January 2019}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2019}}
 [[File:Unia w Krewie.JPG|thumb|Painting commemorating Polish–Lithuanian union; ca. 1861. The [[motto]] reads "Eternal union".]]
-The term '''Polish–Lithuanian Union''' sometimes called the '''United Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania''' refers to a series of acts and alliances between the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] that lasted for prolonged periods of time and led to the creation of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]—the "Republic of the Two Nations"—in 1569 and eventually to the creation of a short-lived unitary state in 1791.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12181a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia - Poland]</ref>
+The '''Polish–Lithuanian union''' was a relationship created by a series of acts and alliances between the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] that lasted for prolonged periods of time from 1385 and led to the creation of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], or the "Republic of the Two Nations", in 1569 and eventually to the creation of a unitary state in 1791.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12181a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia - Poland]</ref>
+== History ==
-Important events in the process of union included:
+Important historical events included:
-* 1385 – [[Union of Krewo]] – a [[personal union]] that brought the [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]], [[Jogaila]], to the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Polish]] throne
+* 1385 – [[Union of Krewo]], a [[personal union]] that brought the [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]], [[Jogaila]], to the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Polish]] throne as a result of his marriage to [[Jadwiga of Poland]] in February 1386
-* 1401 – [[Union of Vilnius and Radom]] – strengthened the Polish–Lithuanian union<ref name=jean>{{cite book| title= East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 |page= 388 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC&pg=PA388&sig=ACfU3U3LdKwwAHdnCsWS3BEOu5h81f_KVg |publisher= University of Washington Press |year= 1994 |volume=3 |series= History of East Central Europe |first= Jean W. |last= Sedlar |isbn= 0-295-97290-4}}</ref>
+* 1401 – [[Union of Vilnius and Radom]], which strengthened the Polish–Lithuanian union<ref name=jean>{{cite book| title= East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 |page= 388 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC&pg=PA388 |publisher= University of Washington Press |year= 1994 |volume=3 |series= History of East Central Europe |first= Jean W. |last= Sedlar |isbn= 0-295-97290-4}}</ref>
-* 1413 – [[Union of Horodło]] – heraldic union which granted many [[szlachta]] rights to [[Lithuanian nobility]]
+* 1413 – [[Union of Horodło]], a [[treaty]] requiring Polish and Lithuanian [[noblemen]] to organize [[congress]]es to resolve issues of common interest.<ref>{{Cite book|title= The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: History, Memory, Legacy | editor1= Andrzej Chwalba | editor2= Krzysztof Zamorski  |publisher=  Taylor & Francis |year=2020 |isbn=9781000203998 | pages=}}</ref> Essentially a [[heraldic]] union, the treaty granted many [[szlachta]] rights to [[Lithuanian nobility]].
-* 1432 (1432–34) – [[Union of Grodno (1432)|Union of Grodno]], a declarative attempt to renew closer union
+* 1432 (1432–34) – [[Union of Grodno (1432)|Union of Grodno]], a declarative attempt to renew a closer union
-* 1499 – [[Union of Kraków and Vilnius]], in which the [[personal union]] became a [[dynastic union]], recognising the sovereignty of Lithuania and describing interaction between the two states
+* 1499 – [[Union of Kraków and Vilnius]] in which the personal union became a [[dynastic union]] and recognised the sovereignty of Lithuania and described relations between the two states
-* 1501 – [[Union of Mielnik]] – a renewal of the [[personal union]]
-* July 1, 1569 – [[Union of Lublin]] – a [[real union]] that resulted in creation of the semi-[[federation|federal]], semi-[[confederation|confederal]] [[Republic of the Two Nations|Republic of the Two Nations (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)]]
+* 1501 – [[Union of Mielnik]], a renewal of the personal union
+* July 1, 1569 – [[Union of Lublin]], a [[real union]] that resulted in creation of the semi-[[federation|federal]], semi-[[confederation|confederal]] [[Republic of the Two Nations|Republic of the Two Nations (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)]]
-* May 3, 1791 – [[Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791]]: abolished the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], and established a common state, the ''[[Rzeczpospolita]] Polska'' (the Polish Republic, or Polish Commonwealth) in their place. The [[Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations]] modified these changes, stressing the continuity of bi-national status of the state. The changes were reversed completely in 1792 under pressure from forces of the [[Russian Empire]].
+* May 3, 1791 – [[Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791]]: abolished the [[royal elections in Poland|elective monarchy]] and turned it into a [[hereditary monarchy]] and established a common state, the ''[[Rzeczpospolita]] Polska'' (Polish Commonwealth), in its place. The [[Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations]] modified the changes by stressing the continuity of binational status of the state. The changes were reversed completely in 1792 under pressure from the [[Russian Empire]].
-==References==
-* {{pl icon}} Anna Pasterak, [http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/kbin/bss/hpol/unie.html Unie polsko-litewskie], [[Pedagogical University of Cracow]], 2004
-==Notes==
-{{reflist|2}}
 ==See also==
-* [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (1569–1795)
 * [[Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth]]
 * [[Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth]]
 * [[Union of Kėdainiai]]
 * [[Polish–Swedish union]]
-*[https://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/49da65c5-9917-40de-b542-5c89751cacf6:JCR ''Central European Superpower''], Henryk Litwin, ''BUM Magazine'', October 2016.
+==Notes==
+{{reflist|2}}
+==References==
+* {{in lang|pl}} Anna Pasterak, [http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/kbin/bss/hpol/unie.html Unie polsko-litewskie], [[Pedagogical University of Cracow]], 2004
+*[https://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/49da65c5-9917-40de-b542-5c89751cacf6:JCR ''Central European Superpower''], Henryk Litwin, ''BUM Magazine'', October 2016
 {{Polish-Lithuanian Union}}
+{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Polish-Lithuanian union}}
 [[Category:Polish–Lithuanian union| ]]
-[[Category:History of Lithuania (1219–1569)|*]]
+[[Category:History of Lithuania (1219–1569)|.]]
+[[Category:Early modern history of Lithuania]]
 [[Category:History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty| ]]
 [[Category:Political history of Lithuania]]

v t e Acts of the Polish–Lithuanian union (1385–1569)
Krewo (1385) Vilnius and Radom (1401) Horodło (1413) Grodno (1432) Kraków and Vilna (1499) Mielnik (1501) Lublin (1569)
See also: 3 May 1791 Constitution (Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations)