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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Moth orchids
| name =
| image = Phalaenopsis amabilis Orchi 03.jpg
| image = Phalaenopsis philippinensis NationalOrchidGarden-Singapore.jpg
| image_caption = ''Phalaenopsis amabilis''
| image_caption = ''[[Phalaenopsis philippinensis]]''
| display_parents = 3
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Phalaenopsis
| taxon = Phalaenopsis
Line 11: Line 11:
| type_species = ''Phalaenopsis amabilis''
| type_species = ''Phalaenopsis amabilis''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]] (1825)
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]] (1825)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = About 70; see [[List of Phalaenopsis species|List of ''Phalaenopsis'' species]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WCSP"/>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WCSP"/>
| synonyms = * ''Polychilos'' <small>[[Jacob Gijsbert Samuel van Breda|Breda]]</small>
| synonyms =
* ''Polychilos'' <small>[[Jacob Gijsbert Samuel van Breda|Breda]]</small>
* ''Doritis'' <small>[[Lindl.]]</small>
* ''Doritis'' <small>[[Lindl.]]</small>
* ''Synadena'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small>
* ''Synadena'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small>
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}}
}}


'''''Phalaenopsis''''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|æ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|n|ɒ|p|s|ɪ|s|}} <small>[[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]] (1825)</small>, commonly known as '''moth orchids''',<ref name="Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=David L.|title=A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories|date=2006|publisher=New Holland|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|isbn=978-1877069123|page=440}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of about seventy species of plants in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Orchidaceae]]. Orchids in this genus are [[monopodial]] [[epiphyte]]s or [[lithophyte]]s with long, coarse roots, short, leafy stems and long-lasting, flat flowers arranged in a flowering stem that often branches near the end. Orchids in this genus are native to India, Taiwan, China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Australia with the majority in Indonesia and the Philippines.
'''''Phalaenopsis''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|æ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|n|ɒ|p|s|ɪ|s|}}), also known as '''moth orchids''',<ref name="Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=David L.|title=A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories|date=2006|publisher=New Holland|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|isbn=978-1877069123|page=440}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of about seventy species of plants in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Orchidaceae]]. Orchids in this genus are [[monopodial]] [[epiphyte]]s or [[lithophyte]]s with long, coarse roots, short, leafy stems and long-lasting, flat flowers arranged in a flowering stem that often branches near the end. Orchids in this genus are native to India, Taiwan, China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Australia with the majority in Indonesia and the Philippines.


==Description==
==Description==
Orchids in the genus ''Phalaenopsis'' are monopodial epiphytic, sometimes lithophytic [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] with long, coarse roots and short leafy stems hidden by overlapping leaf bases. The leaves are usually arranged in two rows, relatively large and leathery, oblong to elliptic and sometimes succulent. A few to many, small to large, long-lasting, flat, often fragrant flowers are arranged on erect to hanging [[raceme]]s or [[panicle]]s. The [[sepal]]s and [[petal]]s are free from and spread widely apart from each other. The [[wikt:lateral|lateral]] sepals are usually larger than the [[wikt:dorsal|dorsal]] sepal and the petals much wider than the sepals. The [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]] is joined stiffly to the [[Column (botany)|column]] and has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and more or less parallel to each other and the middle lobe sometimes has a pair of appendages or antennae.<ref name="Jones" /><ref name="China">{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Xinqi |last2=Wood |first2=Jeffrey James |title=''Phalaenopsis'' |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=124878 |publisher=Flora of China |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="RFKOrchids">{{cite web |url=https://www.canbr.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/genera/Phalaenopsis.htm |title=''Phalaenopsis'' |author=Jones D.L. |display-authors=etal |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids |year=2006 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO) |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="ONG">{{cite web |title=Genus ''Phalaenopsis'' |url=http://www.orchidsnewguinea.com/orchid-information/genus/genuscode/40 |publisher=Orchids of New Guinea |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Phalaenopsis Page|url=http://www.orchidspecies.com/phalenopsis.htm|encyclopedia=Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia|publisher=Jay Pfahl|access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref>
Orchids in the genus ''Phalaenopsis'' are monopodial epiphytic, sometimes lithophytic [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] with long, coarse roots with [[pneumatode]]s<ref>李嘉慧, & 李哖. (1991). 台灣蝴蝶蘭根和葉的形態與解剖的特性. 中國園藝, 37(4), 237-248.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/nph.13106 | title=The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV‐B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the ''Cenozoic'' | year=2015 | last1=Chomicki | first1=Guillaume | last2=Bidel | first2=Luc P. R. | last3=Ming | first3=Feng | last4=Coiro | first4=Mario | last5=Zhang | first5=Xuan | last6=Wang | first6=Yaofeng | last7=Baissac | first7=Yves | last8=Jay‐Allemand | first8=Christian | last9=Renner | first9=Susanne S. | journal=New Phytologist | volume=205 | issue=3 | pages=1330–1341 | pmid=25345817 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and short leafy stems hidden by overlapping leaf bases. The leaves are usually arranged in two rows, relatively large and leathery, oblong to elliptic and sometimes succulent. A few to many, small to large, long-lasting, flat, often fragrant flowers are arranged on erect to hanging [[raceme]]s or [[panicle]]s. The [[sepal]]s and [[petal]]s are free from and spread widely apart from each other. The [[wikt:lateral|lateral]] sepals are usually larger than the [[wikt:dorsal|dorsal]] sepal and the petals much wider than the sepals. The [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]] is joined stiffly to the [[Column (botany)|column]] and has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and more or less parallel to each other and the middle lobe sometimes has a pair of appendages or antennae.<ref name="Jones" /><ref name="China">{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Xinqi |last2=Wood |first2=Jeffrey James |title=''Phalaenopsis'' |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=124878 |publisher=Flora of China |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="RFKOrchids">{{cite web |url=https://www.canbr.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/genera/Phalaenopsis.htm |title=''Phalaenopsis'' |author=Jones D.L. |display-authors=etal |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids |year=2006 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO) |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="ONG">{{cite web |title=Genus ''Phalaenopsis'' |url=http://www.orchidsnewguinea.com/orchid-information/genus/genuscode/40 |publisher=Orchids of New Guinea |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Pneumatodes on Phalaenopsis philippinensis root.jpg|thumb|right|Specialized root structures, so called [[pneumatode]]s, which allow for gaseous exchange of the photosynthetic roots of ''[[Phalaenopsis philippinensis]]'']]


==Taxonomy and naming==
==Taxonomy and naming==
The genus ''Phalaenopsis'' was first formally described in 1825 by [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] and the description was published in {{Lang|nl|Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië}}.<ref name="WCSP" /><ref name="Blume">{{cite book |last1=Blume |first1=Carl Ludwig |title=Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië (Part 7) |date=1825 |location=Batavia |page=294 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9224#page/11/mode/1up |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> The name ''Phalaenopsis'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{lang|grc|φαλαινα}} ({{transl|grc|phalaina|}}) meaning 'a kind of moth'<ref name="RWB">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|author-link1=Roland W. Brown|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>{{rp|535}} with the [[wikt:suffix|suffix]] ''-opsis'' meaning 'having the appearance of' or 'like'.<ref name="RWB" />{{rp|483}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coombes |first=Allen J. |year=1994 |title=Dictionary of Plant Names |location=London |publisher=Hamlyn Books |isbn=978-0-600-58187-1 }} p. 140</ref>
The genus ''Phalaenopsis'' was first formally described in 1825 by [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] and the description was published in {{Lang|nl|Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië}}.<ref name="WCSP" /><ref name="Blume">{{cite book |last1=Blume |first1=Carl Ludwig |title=Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië (Part 7) |date=1825 |location=Batavia |page=294 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9224#page/11/mode/1up |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> The name ''Phalaenopsis'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{lang|grc|φαλαινα}} ({{transliteration|grc|phalaina|}}) meaning 'a kind of moth'<ref name="RWB">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|author-link1=Roland W. Brown|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>{{rp|535}} with the [[wikt:suffix|suffix]] ''-opsis'' meaning 'having the appearance of' or 'like'.<ref name="RWB" />{{rp|483}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coombes |first=Allen J. |year=1994 |title=Dictionary of Plant Names |location=London |publisher=Hamlyn Books |isbn=978-0-600-58187-1 }} p. 140</ref>


The genus name is abbreviated ''Phal.'' horticulturally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf|title=Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society}}</ref>
The genus name is abbreviated ''Phal.'' horticulturally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf|title=Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society}}</ref>

===Infrageneric structure===
The large monophyletic genus "Phalaenopsis" is divided into several sub-units. They are either regarded as subgenera or as sections. Not all of them are monophyletic.<br />
The subgenus ''Polychilos'' is monophyletic and it is divided into two subclades. The subgenus ''Phalaenopsis'' is paraphyletic under its current definition. Likewise the evidence shows that the subgenera ''Aphyllae'' and ''Parishianae'', as currently defined, are not monophyletic. The position of the monotypic subgenus ''Proboscidioides'', which only consists of ''[[Phalaenopsis lowii]]'', suggests a close relationship with the subgenus ''Aphyllae''.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s00606-010-0314-1 | title=Molecular phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Blume (Orchidaceae) on the basis of plastid and nuclear DNA | year=2010 | last1=Tsai | first1=C. C. | last2=Chiang | first2=Y. C. | last3=Huang | first3=S. C. | last4=Chen | first4=C. H. | last5=Chou | first5=C. H. | journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume=288 | issue=1–2 | pages=77–98 | s2cid=29984034 }}</ref>

The following [[phylogenetic tree]] is a simplified tree to show the general placement of the main infrageneric groups. It is meant to give an overview, despite the contended monophyly of some of the respective groups.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.238.3.3 | title=A new species and a new combination of Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Aeridinae): Evidence from morphological and DNA analysis | year=2015 | last1=Deng | first1=HUA | last2=Zhang | first2=GUO-Qiang | last3=Liu | first3=Zhong-Jian | last4=Wang | first4=YAN | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=238 | issue=3 | page=243 }}</ref><ref name="Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsi">{{cite journal | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.6 | title=Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Vandeae) based on DNA evidence | year=2016 | last1=Li | first1=Ming-HE | last2=Gruss | first2=Olaf | last3=Liu | first3=Zhong-Jian | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=275 | page=55 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsai |first1=C. C. |last2=Chou |first2=C. H. |year=2007 |title=Molecular phylogenetics of Phalaenopsis taxa: an updated review |journal=Orchid Science and Biotechnology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=44–50}}</ref><ref>Tsai, C. C. (2003). Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and evolutionary trends of the genus Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae). PHD dissertation.</ref>
{{clade
|label1=''Phalaenopsis''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subgen. ''Phalaenopsis''
|1={{clade
|1=''Polychilos'' |bar1=green
|2=''Phalaenopsis'' |bar2=green
}}
|label2=subgen. ''Parishianae''
|2={{clade
|1=''Aphyllae'' |bar1=red
|2=''Parishianae'' |bar2=red
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=subgen. ''Hygrochilus'' |bar1=red
|2=subgen. ''Ornithochilus'' |bar2=red
}}
}}
}}
|grouplabel1={{clade labels |width=10em;
|label1=2 pollinia clade |top1=10% |color1=green
|label2=4 pollinia clade |top2=60% |color2=red
}}
}}


===''Ornithochilus''===
===''Ornithochilus''===
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*''[[Ornithochilus yingjiangensis]]'' <small>Z.H.Tsi</small> - Yunnan
*''[[Ornithochilus yingjiangensis]]'' <small>Z.H.Tsi</small> - Yunnan


===''Hygrochilus''===
==Distribution==
The former genera ''Sedirea'' and ''Hygrochilus'' were incorporated into ''Phalaenopsis'' subgen. ''Hygrochilus''. The interspecific relationships within the subgenus ''Hygrochilus'' are poorly understood and are a source of confusion. The type species of the subgenus is ''[[Phalaenopsis hygrochila]]''.<ref name="Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsi"/> The species of this subgenus are morphologically distinct from the other subgenera, due to their four pollinia and spurred flowers, as well as their unusually long stems.
Species of ''Phalaenopsis'' are found from India to southern China, [[Indochina]], [[Malaysia]] and from Indonesia to the Philippines and New Guinea. There is a single species [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Queensland]]. The greatest diversity of phalaenopsis occurs in Indonesia and the Philippines.


==Species==
===Species list===
The following is a list of ''Phalaenopsis'' species accepted by the [[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] as at January 2019:
See [[List of Phalaenopsis species|List of ''Phalaenopsis'' species]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Name !! Distribution !! Elevation in metres (m)
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis amabilis Orchi 007.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis amabilis]]'' <small>(L.) Blume 1825</small> || East Malaysia to [[Papuasia]]|| 0– 600 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis amboinensis Orchi 104.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis amboinensis]]'' <small> J.J.Smith 1911</small> ||Ambon Island, Sulawesi, Papua and New Guinea and Indonesia ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis aphrodite Orchi 0049.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis aphrodite]]'' <small> Rchb.f 1862 </small> ||Philippine Islands, Sulu Archipelago, and Taiwan ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis appendiculata Orchi 034.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis appendiculata]]'' <small> Carr 1929 </small>||Pahang, Malaysia to northeastern Borneo ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis bastianii Orchi 2531.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis bastianii]]'' <small>O.Gruss & L.Röllke 1991</small> ||the Philippines - Luzon, in the Sulu Archipelago ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis bellina Orchi 02.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis bellina]]'' <small>Christenson 1995 </small> ||Borneo ||200 m and below
|-
| ||''[[Phalaenopsis boulbetii]]'' <small>(Telepova) J.M.H.Shaw</small> ||Cambodia ||
|-
|[[File:Ogród Botaniczny UJ w Krakowie 087 - cropped.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis buyssoniana]]'' <small>Rchb. f. 1888 </small> ||Indochina, Thailand, and Vietnam ||
|-
| ||''[[Phalaenopsis cacharensis]]'' <small>(Barbhuiya, B.K.Dutta & Schuit.) Kocyan & Schuit. 2014</small> || India (Cachar, Assam) ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis celebensis Orchi 206-1.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis celebensis]]'' <small>Sweet 1980</small> ||Sulawesi ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis chibae Orchi 1365-1.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis chibae]]'' <small>T.Yukawa 1996 </small> ||Vietnam || 400 – 600 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis cochlearis (Borneo) Holttum, Orchid Rev. 73- 409 (1964) (36008796681).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis cochlearis]]'' <small>Holttum 1964 </small> || Malaysia and Sarawak, Borneo || 450 – 700 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis corningiana Orchi 955.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis corningiana]]'' <small>Rchb. f. 1879 </small> ||Borneo ||450 – 610 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi Orchi 14.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi]]'' <small>(Breda) Blume & Rchb.f. 1860 </small> ||India, Myanamar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Sumatra, and the Philippines || 1000 m and below
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis deliciosa Orchi 644.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis deliciosa]]'' <small>Rchb. f. 1854 </small> ||India to SE Asia, Java, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines || 600 m and below
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis difformis toapel - cropped.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis difformis]]'' <small>(Wall. ex Lindl.) Kocyan & Schuit. 2014 </small>||Assam India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, western Himalayas, Myanmar, Thailand, Malayasia, Laos, central and southern China, Vietnam, Borneo and Sumatra || 300 – 1600 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis doweryensis Orchi 003.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis doweryënsis]]'' <small>Garay & Christenson 2001</small> ||Sabah||150 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis equestris.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]'' <small>[Schauer]Rchb.f 1849</small>||Taiwan - Hsiao Lan Yü to the Philippines ||0 – 300 m.
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis fasciata Orchi 004 - cropped.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis fasciata]]'' <small>Rchb.f 1882</small> ||the Philippines ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis fimbriata Orchi 587.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis fimbriata]]'' <small>J.J. Sm. 1921</small> ||Java, Sumatra and Sarawak ||790 – 1300 m.
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis minus.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis finleyi]]'' <small>Christenson 2011</small>|| Thailand and Burma ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis floresensis 2 - cropped.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis floresensis]]'' <small>Fowlie 1993 </small> || island of Flores in Indonesia || 150 – 500 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis fuscata Orchi 004.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis fuscata]]'' <small>Rchb. f. 1874 </small>||Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, to Philippines - Palawan island ||0 – 1000 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis gibbosa Orchi 032.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis gibbosa]]'' <small>H.R. Sweet 1970 </small>||Laos, northern Vietnam, South-Central China ||0 – 1000 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis gigantea Orchi 1133.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis gigantea]]'' <small>J.J.Smith 1909 </small> ||Sabah, Borneo, Java and Sarawak ||0 – 400 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica Orchi 008.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica]]'' <small>[Rchb.f] Sweet 1969</small>||the Philippines - Luzon, Leyte, Samar, Palawan, and Mindanao islands ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis honghenensis F.Y.Liu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13 373 (1991) (43757012332).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis honghenensis]]'' <small>F.Y. Liu 1991</small>||China - Yunnan ||2000 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis hygrochila J.M.H.Shaw, Orchid Rev. 123(1309, Suppl.) 23 (2015) (40761300893).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis hygrochila]]'' <small>J.M.H.Shaw 2015</small>||Assam, China South-Central, East Himalaya, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam ||700-1300 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis inscriptiosinensis Fowlie, Orchid Digest 47 11 (1983) (41267534755).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis inscriptiosinensis]]'' <small>Fowlie 1983</small>||Central Sumatra || 914 m and below
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis japonica (Rchb.f.) Kocyan & Schuit., Phytotaxa 161- 67 (2014). (34153976831) (2) - cropped.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis japonica]]'' <small> (Rchb.f.) Kocyan & Schuit. 2014</small>||W Yunnan, Zhejiang, Japan (Southern areas to Ryukyu Islands), Korea (Jeollanam-do). ||600 – 1400 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis javanica (North of Java Indonesia) J.J.Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 2, 26- 77 (1918) (38757054822).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis javanica]]'' <small>J.J.Sm. 1918</small>||Western Java ||
|-
| ||''[[Phalaenopsis kapuasensis]]'' <small>Metusala & P.O'Byrne 2017</small>||Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia ||50 – 200 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis kunstleri (18099782832) (cropped).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis kunstleri]]'' <small>Hook. f. 1890</small>||Myanmar to Malaysia ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis lindenii '170302' Loher, J. Orchidées 6 103 (1895) (29112488127).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis lindenii]]'' <small>Loher 1895</small>||the Philippines - Luzon island ||1000 – 1500 m
|-
|[[File:Orchid (4381946775) (2).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis lobbii]]'' <small>(Rchb. f.) H.R. Sweet 1980</small>||Himalayas, NE India, Bhutan, Sikkim, Myanamar and Vietnam ||366 – 1200 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis lowii Orchi 912.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis lowii]]'' <small>Rchb.f 1862</small>||Myanamar, Thailand and Borneo ||800 m.
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana, 2015-03-13, Phipps Conservatory.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana]]'' <small>Rchb.f 1862</small>||the Philippines ||below 100 m.
|-
| ||''[[Phalaenopsis luteola]]'' <small>(Burb. ex Garay) Christenson & O.Gruss 2001</small>||Northwestern Borneo ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis maculata Orchi 22614.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis maculata]]'' <small>Rchb.f 1881</small>||Malaya to Borneo and Sulawesi || 0 – 1000 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis malipoensis (26182921470).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis malipoensis]]'' <small>Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2005</small> ||China - Yunnan ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis mannii Orchi 012.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis mannii]]'' <small>Rchb.f 1871</small>||Indian Himalayas, Assam, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Myanamar, southern China and Vietnam ||500 – 1500 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis mariae Orchi 005.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis mariae]]'' <small>Burbidge ex Warner & Williams 1883</small>||Northeastern Borneo to the Philippines - Mindanao ||600 m
|-
| ||''[[Phalaenopsis marriottiana]]'' <small>(Rchb.f.) Kocyan & Schuit. 2014</small>|| Guangxi China and Myanmar ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis mentawaiensis ‘-1' O.Gruss, Orchidee (Hamburg) 65- 238 (2014) (24706145877).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis mentawaiensis]]'' <small>O.Gruss 2014</small>||Mentawai Islands of Sumatra ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis micholitzii - cropped.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis micholitzii]]'' <small>Rchb. f. 1874</small>||the Philippines - Mindanao island ||400 m
|-
|||''[[Phalaenopsis mirabilis]]'' <small>(Seidenf.) Schuit. 2007</small>||Thailand. ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis modesta Orchi 272.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis modesta]]'' <small>J.J. Sm. 1906</small>||Borneo ||50 – 900 m
|-
| ||''[[Phalaenopsis mysorensis]]'' <small>C.J.Saldanha 1974</small>||Mysore, India and Sri Lanka <ref>Fernando, Suranjan & Gunatilleke, IAUN & Gunasekara, Samantha & Gunatilleke, Celestine & Abewardana, UTI. (2009). Phalaenopsis mysorensis Saldanha (Orchidaceae): Note on Distribution and Ecology. Ceylon Journal of Science (biological Sciences). 37. 10.4038/cjsbs.v37i2.503. </ref>. ||
|-
| ||''[[Phalaenopsis natmataungensis]]'' <small>(T.Yukawa, Nob.Tanaka & J.Murata) Dalström & Ormerod 2010</small>||Myanmar||1700 – 1950 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis pallens (14868211765).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis pallens]]'' <small>[Lindley]Rchb.f 1864</small>||the Philippines - Luzon and Mindanao islands || 500 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis pantherina Orchi 981.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis pantherina]]'' <small>Rchb. f. 1864</small>||Borneo || 0 – 800 m.
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis parishii Orchi 433.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis parishii]]'' <small>Rchb. f. 1865</small>||eastern Himalayas, Assam India, Myanamar, Thailand and Vietnam || below 500 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis philippinensis '-1702' Golamco ex Fowlie & C.Z.Tang, Orchid Digest 51 92 (1987) (40084006705).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis philippinensis]]'' <small>Golamco ex Fowlie & C.Z.Tang 1987</small>||the Philippines - Luzon island || up to 1200 m
|-
|[[File:Doritis pulcherrima Buyssoniana 1zz.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis pulcherrima]]'' <small>(Lindl.) J.J.Sm. 1933</small>||Assam India, Myanamar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Yunnan and Xizang China, Vietnam, Borneo and Sumatra ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis pulchra Orchi 2012-09-14 048.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis pulchra]]'' <small>(Rchb. f.) H.R. Sweet 1968</small>||the Philippines - Luzon island ||100 – 650 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis reichenbachiana.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis reichenbachiana]]'' <small>Rchb.f. & Sander 1882</small>||the Philippines - Mindanao island ||
|-
| ||''[[Phalaenopsis robinsonii]]'' <small>J.J.Sm. 1917</small>|| Ambon, Maluku. the Moluccas ||
|-
|||''[[Phalaenopsis rundumensis]]'' <small>P.J.Cribb & A.L.Lamb [2012] 2011</small>||Sabah ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis sanderiana Orchi 0010.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis sanderiana]]'' <small>Rchb. f. 1883</small>||the Philippines - Mindanao island ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis schilleriana T.K.B Rchb.f., Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 16 115 (1860) (44776954120).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis schilleriana]]'' <small>Rchb.f 1860</small>||the Philippines - Luzon, Mindoro, and Biliran islands || 0 – 450 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis stobartiana Orchi 064.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis stobartiana]]'' <small>Rchb. f. 1877</small>||China - southeastern Tibet to Guangxi ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis stuartiana 'Mindoro -180501' Rchb.f., Gard. Chron., n.s., 16 748 (1881) (45703584255).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis stuartiana]]'' <small>Rchb.f. 1881</small>||the Philippines - Mindanao island ||below 300 m
|-
| [[File:Sedirea subparishi - cropped.jpg|120px]]||''[[Phalaenopsis subparishii]]'' <small>(Z.H.Tsi) Kocyan & Schuit. 2014</small>.||N Fujian, N Guangdong, NE Guizhou, SW Hubei, Hunan, NE Sichuan, Zhejiang. ||300 – 1100 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis sumatrana 'Palawan' Korth. & Rchb.f., Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 16 115 (1860), nom. cons. (31221825717).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis sumatrana]]'' <small>Korth. & Rchb. f. 1860</small> ||Indochina, Borneo to Philippines - Palawan island ||700 m
|-
|[[File:Kingidium taenialis 1 toapel.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis taenialis]]'' <small>[Lindl.] E.A Christ. & Pradham 1986</small> || Himalayas, Assam India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Myanmar, to China - Yunnan ||1000 – 2500 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis tetraspis C1 - Flickr - blumenbiene (1).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis tetraspis]]'' <small>Rchb.f. 1868</small> ||Andaman and Nicobar Islands to northwestern Sumatra ||0 m.
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis thailandica (cropped).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis thailandica]]'' <small>O.Gruss & Roeth 2009</small>||Thailand ||
|-
| ||''[[Phalaenopsis tsii]]'' <small>(M.H.Li, Z.J.Liu & S.R.Lan) Hua Deng, Z.J.Liu & Yan Wang 2015</small>||China (Hunan) ||1200 – 1850 m
|-
|||''[[Phalaenopsis ubonensis]]'' <small>(O.Gruss) J.M.H.Shaw 2014</small> ||Thailand and Laos ||
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis venosa Orchi 983.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis venosa]]'' <small>Shim & Fowlie 1983</small> ||Celebes Islands, Sulawesi || 914 m.
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis violacea Orchi 107.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis violacea]]'' <small>Witte 1861</small> ||Malaya to Sumatra ||150 m.
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis viridis Orchi 220312.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis viridis]]'' <small>J.J. Sm 1907</small> ||Sumatra || 700 – 1000 m
|-
|[[File:Phalaenopsis wilsonii (17960844591).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Phalaenopsis wilsonii]]'' <small>Rolfe 1909</small> ||Sichuan, Eastern Tibet,Yunnan, and Guangxi, China || 800 – 2200 m
|-
| ||''[[Phalaenopsis yingjiangensis]]'' <small>(Z.H.Tsi) Kocyan & Schuit. 2014</small>||Yunnan China, Thailand and India || 1584 m
|-
| ||''[[Phalaenopsis zhejiangensis]]'' <small>(Z.H.Tsi) Schuit. 2012</small>|| Zhejiang China || 300 – 900 m
|-
|}


== Natural hybrids ==
===Intergeneric hybrids===
See [[List of Phalaenopsis species|List of ''Phalaenopsis'' species]]
*[[Phalaenopsis × amphitrite|''Phalaenopsis'' × ''amphitrite'']] <small>Kraenzl.</small> (''P. sanderiana'' × ''P. stuartiana''; Mindanao, Philippines)
*[[Phalaenopsis × gersenii|''Phalaenopsis'' × ''gersenii'']] (''P. sumatrana'' × ''P. violacea''; Borneo and Sumatra)
[[File:Phalaenopsis Moth Pink Orchids.jpg|right|thumb|Pink ''Phalaenopsis'' cultivar]]
[[File:Yellow orchids and buds.jpg|thumb|Greenish-yellow cultivar]]
*''Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica'' × ''lueddemanniana'' (''P. hieroglyphica'' × ''P. lueddemanniana''; Philippines)
[[File:蝴蝶蘭-Phalaenopsis 20220215205224 03.jpg|thumb|Unknown "big lip" cultivar]]
*[[Phalaenopsis × intermedia|''Phalaenopsis'' × ''intermedia'']] <small>Lindl.</small> (''P. aphrodite'' × ''P. equestris''; star of Leyte; Leyte, Philippines) (First recognized ''Phalaenopsis'' hybrid)
**''Phalaenopsis'' × ''intermedia'' var. ''diezii'' (''P. aphrodite'' × ''P. equestris''; star of Leyte; Leyte, Philippines)
*[[Phalaenopsis × leucorrhoda|''Phalaenopsis'' × ''leucorrhoda'']] <small>Rchb.f.</small> (''P. aphrodite'' × ''P. schilleriana''; Luzon, Philippines)
*''Phalaenopsis'' × ''rolfeana'' <small>H.R.Sweet</small>
*''Phalaenopsis'' × ''rothschildiana'' (''P. amabilis'' × ''P. schilleriana''; Luzon, Philippines)
*''Phalaenopsis'' × ''schilleriano-stuartiana'' (''P. schilleriana'' × ''P. stuartiana''; Leyte, Philippines)
*''Phalaenopsis'' × ''singuliflora'' (''P. bellina'' × ''P. sumatrana''; Borneo)
*''Phalaenopsis'' × ''valentinii'' <small>Rchb.f.</small>
*''Phalaenopsis'' × ''veitchiana'' (''P. equestris'' × ''P. schilleriana''; Luzon and Leyte, Philippines)
[[File:Phalaenopsis Orchid Floral Arrangement.jpg|thumb|Floral arrangement]]


==Distribution==
==Intergeneric hybrids==
Species of ''Phalaenopsis'' are found from India to southern China, Indochina, Malaysia and from Indonesia to the Philippines and New Guinea. There is a single species, ''Phalaenopsis rosenstromii,'' [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Queensland]], Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - ''Phalaenopsis rosenstromii'' |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/Phalaenopsis_rosenstromii.htm |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=www.anbg.gov.au}}</ref> The greatest diversity of ''Phalaenopsis'' occurs in Indonesia and the Philippines.
The following [[Taxonomic rank#Names of botanical taxa|nothogenera]] have been established for intergeneric hybrids which include species of ''Phalaenopsis'' as ancestors. Most of them are now obsolete, after several genera were reduced to synonymy.

Obsolete taxa:
* ×''[[Asconopsis]]'' (''[[Ascocentrum]]'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Beardara]]'' (''Ascocentrum'' × ''[[Doritis]]'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Bogardara]]'' (''Ascocentrum'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''[[Vanda]]'' × ''[[Vandopsis]]'')
* ×''[[Bokchoonara]]'' (''Arachnis'' × ''Ascocentrum'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Devereuxara]]'' (''Ascocentrum'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Doriellaopsis]]'' (''Doritis'' × ''[[Kingiella]]'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Doritaenopsis]]'' (''Doritis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Dresslerara]]'' (''[[Ascoglossum]]'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''[[Renanthera]]'' )
* ×''[[Hagerara]]'' (''Doritis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Hausermannara]]'' (''Doritis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vandopsis'')
* ×''[[Himoriara]]'' (''Ascocentrum'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''[[Rhynchostylis]]'' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Isaoara]]'' (''Aerangis'' × ''Ascocentrum'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Lichtara]]'' (''Doritis'' × ''[[Gastrochilus]]'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Meechaiara]]'' (''Ascocentrum'' × ''Doritis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Rhynchostylis'' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Nakagawaara]]'' (''Aerides'' × ''Doritis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'') - now obsolete
* ×''[[Owensara]]'' (''Doritis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera'' ) - now obsolete
* ×''[[Paulara]]'' (''Ascocentrum'' × ''Doritis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera '' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Pepeara]]'' (''Ascocentrum'' × ''Doritis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera'' )
* ×''[[Phalanetia]]'' (''[[Neofinetia]]'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Phaliella]]'' (''Kingiella'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Pooleara]]'' (''Ascocentrum'' × ''Ascoglossum'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera'' )
* ×''[[Richardmizutaara]]'' (''Ascocentrum'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vandopsis'')
* ×''[[Rhyndoropsis]]'' (''Doritis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Rhynchostylis'')
* ×''[[Roseara]]'' (''Doritis'' × ''Kingiella'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera'' )
* ×''[[Sidranara]]'' (''Ascocentrum'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera'')
* ×''[[Sladeara]]'' (''Doritis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Sarcochilus'')
* ×''[[Stamariaara]]'' (''Ascocentrum'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera'' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Sutingara]]'' (''Arachnis'' × ''Ascocentrum'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vanda'' × ''Vandopsis'')
* ×''[[Trautara]]'' (''Doritis'' × ''Luisia'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Vandewegheara]]'' (''Ascocentrum'' × ''Doritis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vanda'')


==Conservation==
[[File:Phalaenopsis Moth Pink Orchids.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Pink phalaenopsis (moth) orchids]]
Many species are highly threatened. For instance ''[[Phalaenopsis lindenii]]'' is categorized as endangered,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46371/11046572 |title=''Phalaenopsis lindenii'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> ''[[Phalaenopsis violacea]]'' is categorized as vulnerable<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44393331/44529144 |title=''Phalaenopsis violacea'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Phalaenopsis micholitzii]]'' is categorized as critically endangered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46372/11046733 |title=''Phalaenopsis micholitzii'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> Some species, like ''[[Phalaenopsis javanica]],'' are even believed to be extinct in the wild.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garvita |first1=R. V. |last2=Handini |first2=E. |year=2011 |title=Pengaruh penambahan berbagai kadar pisang dan ubi jalar pada pertumbuhan kultur tiga jenis phalaenopsis |journal=Buletin Kebun Raya |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=9–18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.13057/biodiv/d170217 | title=Identification of soybean genotypes adaptive and productive to acid soil agro-ecosystem | year=1970 | last1=Adie | first1=M. Muchlish | last2=Krisnawati | first2=Ayda | journal=Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity | volume=17 | issue=2 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:蝴蝶蘭-Phalaenopsis 20220215205224 03.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Phalaenopsis cultivars, unknown species]]


==Pollination and reproduction==
Pollination of ''Phalaenopsis pulcherrima'' through bees, specifically ''Amegilla nigritar'', has been recorded in China.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z | title=Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis species | year=2020 | last1=Pramanik | first1=Dewi | last2=Dorst | first2=Nemi | last3=Meesters | first3=Niels | last4=Spaans | first4=Marlies | last5=Smets | first5=Erik | last6=Welten | first6=Monique | last7=Gravendeel | first7=Barbara | journal=Evodevo | volume=11 | page=16 | pmid=32793330 | pmc=7418404 | doi-access=free }}</ref> This species employs a deceptive pollination strategy. The orchid does not provide rewards to pollinators. It benefits from blooming in the same period as rewarding species. ''[[Amegilla]]'' is the most important pollinator, but diurnal insects – such as four species of bees, two species of butterflies, one species of moth and two other unidentified insects – have also been observed to interact with the flowers.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/1471-2229-12-67 | title=A generalized deceptive pollination system of Doritis pulcherrima (Aeridinae: Orchidaceae) with non-reconfigured pollinaria | year=2012 | last1=Xiaohua | first1=Jin | last2=Dezhu | first2=Li | last3=Zongxin | first3=Ren | last4=Xiaoguo | first4=Xiang | journal=BMC Plant Biology | volume=12 | page=67 | pmid=22571550 | pmc=3388949 | doi-access=free }}</ref>


Unlike most other angiosperms, the development of the [[ovule]]s is triggered by [[pollination]]. Therefore a temporal mismatch of male and female [[gamete]]s exists (i.e. the male structures are ready but the female structures have not yet been fully developed). In orchids, [[fertilisation]] occurs within days or months after the pollination event. After pollination occurs, the [[Stigma (botany)|stigmatic cavity]] is often closed through swelling of the [[Column (botany)|column]]. As a result, the [[Pollinium|pollinia]] are completely enclosed. The pollen germinates after enclosure and tubes are produced. In ''[[Phalaenopsis aphrodite]]'', pollen tubes entered the ovary within 3 days after pollination. Within 15 days, pollen tubes evenly spread throughout the [[Placentation|placental]] cavities. Within 60 days after the pollination event, 30.6% of the tips of the pollen tubes started to enter the micropyles (i.e. entry points) of the ovules. Finally, 65 to 70 days after the pollination event, fertilisation occurred.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s00497-016-0280-z | title=The long pollen tube journey and in vitro pollen germination of Phalaenopsis orchids | year=2016 | last1=Chen | first1=Jhun-Chen | last2=Fang | first2=Su-Chiung | journal=Plant Reproduction | volume=29 | issue=1–2 | pages=179–188 | pmid=27016359 | pmc=4909812 }}</ref>
Valid taxa:
* ×''[[Aeridopsis]]'' (''[[Aerides]]'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Arachnopsis]]'' (''[[Arachnis (plant)|Arachnis]]'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Cleisonopsis]]'' (''[[Cleisocentron]]'' × Phalaenopsis)
* ×''[[Diplonopsis]]'' (''[[Diploprora]]'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Edeara]]'' (''Arachnis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera '' × ''Vandopsis'')
* ×''[[Ernestara]]'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera '' × ''Vandopsis'')
* ×''[[Eurynopsis]]'' (''[[Eurychone]]'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Laycockara]]'' (''Arachnis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vandopsis'')
* ×''[[Luinopsis]]'' (''[[Luisia]]'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Lutherara]]'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera '' × ''Rhynchostylis'' )
* ×''[[Macekara]]'' (''Arachnis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera '' × ''Vanda'' × ''Vandopsis'')
* ×''[[Moirara]]'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera '' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Parnataara]]'' (''Aerides'' × ''Arachnis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'')
* ×''[[Phalaerianda]]'' (''Aerides'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Phalandopsis]]'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vandopsis'')
* ×''[[Phalphalaenopsis]]'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''[[Paraphalaenopsis]]'')
* ×''[[Renanthopsis]]'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera'' )
* ×''[[Rhynchonopsis]]'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Rhynchostylis'')
* ×''[[Sappanara]]'' (''Arachnis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Renanthera'')
* ×''[[Sarconopsis]]'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''[[Sarcochilus]]'')
* ×''[[Trevorara]]'' (''Arachnis'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Trichonopsis]]'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''[[Trichoglottis]]'')
* ×''[[Uptonara]]'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Rhynchostylis '' × ''Sarcochilus'')
* ×''[[Vandaenopsis]]'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Yapara]]'' (''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Rhynchostylis '' × ''Vanda'')
* ×''[[Yeepengara]]'' (''Aerides'' × ''Phalaenopsis'' × ''Rhynchostylis'' × ''Vanda'')


''Phalaenopsis'' are unique in that in some species of the subgenus ''Polychilos'', the flowers turn into green leaves after pollination. As in many other plants, the petals of the orchid flowers serve to attract pollinating insects and protect essential organs. Following pollination, petals usually will undergo [[senescence]] (i.e. wilt and disintegrate) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them. However, in many ''Phalaenopsis'' species, such as ''P. violacea'', the petals and sepals find new uses following pollination, thus escaping [[programmed cell death]]. In producing [[chloroplast]]s, they turn green, become fleshy, and start to photosynthesize, as leaves do.<ref name="plant programmed cell death">{{cite journal | author=Wouter G. van Doorn| title=Plant programmed cell death and the point of no return| journal=Trends in Plant Science| date=October 2005| volume=10| issue=10| doi= 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.08.003| pages=478–483 | pmid=16153879}}</ref>


==Phytochemistry==
==Post-pollination changes==
Floral fragrance has been analysed for several species. The fragrance of ''[[Phalaenopsis bellina]]'' has been shown to be composed of about 79 compounds, primarily of the [[terpenoid]] class. It was most intense in the morning.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.650439779307698 | title=The variation of volatile compounds emitted from aromatic orchid ('Phalaenopsis bellina') at different timing and flowering stages | journal=Plant Omics | volume=13 | issue=2 | pages=78–85 | last1=Mus | first1=Ahmad Asnawi | last2=Gansau | first2=Jualang Azlan | last3=Kumar | first3=Vijay Subbiah | last4=Rusdi | first4=Nor Azizun }}</ref>
''Phalaenopsis'' are unique in that in some species, the flowers turn into green leaves after pollination. As in many other plants, the petals of the orchid flowers serve to attract pollinating insects and protect essential organs. Following pollination, petals usually will undergo [[senescence]] (i.e. wilt and disintegrate) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them. However, in many ''Phalaenopsis'' species, such as ''P. violacea'', the petals and sepals find new uses following pollination, thus escaping [[programmed cell death]]. In producing [[chloroplast]]s, they turn green, become fleshy, and start to photosynthesize, as leaves do.<ref name="plant programmed cell death">{{cite journal | author=Wouter G. van Doorn| title=Plant programmed cell death and the point of no return| journal=Trends in Plant Science| date=October 2005| volume=10| issue=10| doi= 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.08.003| pages=478–483 | pmid=16153879}}</ref>


In ''Phalaenopsis'', [[phenylpropanoid]] enzymes are enhanced in the process of plant [[acclimatisation]] at different levels of [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] photon flux.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s10725-006-9003-z | title=Enhancement of phenylpropanoid enzymes and lignin in Phalaenopsis orchid and their influence on plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux | year=2006 | last1=Ali | first1=Mohammad Babar | last2=Khatun | first2=Serida | last3=Hahn | first3=Eun-Joo | last4=Paek | first4=Kee-Yoeup | journal=Plant Growth Regulation | volume=49 | issue=2–3 | pages=137–146 | s2cid=26821483 }}</ref>
==Ecology==
In ''Phalaenopsis'', [[phenylpropanoid]] enzymes are enhanced in the process of plant [[acclimatisation]] at different levels of [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] photon flux.<ref>Mohammad Babar Ali, Serida Khatun, Eun-Joo Hahn and Kee-Yoeup Paek,, 2006. "Enhancement of phenylpropanoid enzymes and lignin in Phalaenopsis orchid and their influence on plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux". ''Plant Growth Regulation'' volume 49, Numbers 2-3, pages 137-146, {{doi|10.1007/s10725-006-9003-z}}</ref>


==Use in horticulture==
==Use in horticulture==
[[File:violacea.jpg|thumb|250px|right|''Phalaenopsis bellina'']]
[[File:violacea.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Phalaenopsis bellina]]'' exhibiting typical post pollination changes of the subgenus ''Polychilos'', in which petals and sepals become photosynthetic]]
''Phalaenopsis'', abbreviated '''Phal''' in the [[horticulture|horticultural trade]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.orchidsplus.com/phalaenopsis-orchid-care/ | title=Complete Care Guide to Phalaenopsis Orchid Care | first=Josh | last=Stockton | date=20 January 2013 | publisher=Orchids Plus | access-date=19 September 2020 }}</ref> are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants, owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] collections. Since the advent of the [[Polyploidy|tetraploid]] hybrid ''Phalaenopsis'' Doris, they have become extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. Their commercial production has become an industry.
''Phalaenopsis'', abbreviated '''Phal''' in the [[horticulture|horticultural trade]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.orchidsplus.com/phalaenopsis-orchid-care/ | title=Complete Care Guide to Phalaenopsis Orchid Care | first=Josh | last=Stockton | date=20 January 2013 | publisher=Orchids Plus | access-date=19 September 2020 }}</ref> are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants, owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] collections. Since the advent of the [[Polyploidy|tetraploid]] hybrid ''Phalaenopsis'' Doris, they have become extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. Their commercial production has become an industry.


If very healthy, a ''Phalaenopsis'' plant may have up to ten or more leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. If kept in the home, the flowers may last two to three months after which a phalaenopsis orchid will need to conserve energy for further leaf, bud, and root development.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to Care for Orchids: A Comprehensive Organic Guide|url=https://earthwormtechnologies.com/organic-gardening-blog/orchid-care/how-to-care-for-orchids-organic-guide/}}</ref>
If very healthy, a ''Phalaenopsis'' plant may have up to ten or more leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. If kept in the home, the flowers may last two to three months after which a phalaenopsis orchid will need to conserve energy for further leaf, bud, and root development.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to Care for Orchids: A Comprehensive Organic Guide|url=https://earthwormtechnologies.com/organic-gardening-blog/orchid-care/how-to-care-for-orchids-organic-guide/}}</ref>


In nature, ''Phalaenopsis'' species are typically fond of warm temperatures, thriving in temperatures around 20 to 35 [[Celsius|°C]] (68–95&nbsp;°F), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30&nbsp;°C or 59–86&nbsp;°F); at temperatures below 18&nbsp;°C (64.4&nbsp;°F) overwatering causes root rot and the plants will also drop their leaves if they experience temperatures below 60°F for extended periods. ''Phalaenopsis'' prefer moderate humidity (60–70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 [[lux]]. However, Phalaenopsis orchids can adapt to the lower humidity found in most homes. They are also typically hardier than other species of orchids, and this makes them particularly popular among first-time orchid growers.<ref>[http://www.plantdex.com/index.php/species-growing-guides/flowers/130-phalaenopsis-orchid Growing Conditions for Phalaenopsis Orchids, Accessed 11/11/2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114073443/http://www.plantdex.com/index.php/species-growing-guides/flowers/130-phalaenopsis-orchid |date=2013-01-14 }}</ref>
In nature, ''Phalaenopsis'' species are typically fond of warm temperatures, thriving in temperatures around 20 to 35 [[Celsius|°C]] (68–95&nbsp;°F), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30&nbsp;°C or 59–86&nbsp;°F); at temperatures below 18&nbsp;°C (64.4&nbsp;°F) overwatering causes root rot and the plants will also drop their leaves if they experience temperatures below 60&nbsp;°F for extended periods. ''Phalaenopsis'' prefer moderate humidity (60–70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 [[lux]]. However, Phalaenopsis orchids can adapt to the lower humidity found in most homes. They are also typically hardier than other species of orchids, and this makes them particularly popular among first-time orchid growers.<ref>[http://www.plantdex.com/index.php/species-growing-guides/flowers/130-phalaenopsis-orchid Growing Conditions for Phalaenopsis Orchids, Accessed 11/11/2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114073443/http://www.plantdex.com/index.php/species-growing-guides/flowers/130-phalaenopsis-orchid |date=2013-01-14 }}</ref>


The flower spikes appear from the pockets near the base of each leaf. The first sign is a light green "mitten-like" object that protrudes from the basal leaf tissue. Over approximately three months the spike elongates until it begins to swell fat buds that will bloom.
The flower spikes appear from the pockets near the base of each leaf. The first sign is a light green "mitten-like" object that protrudes from the basal leaf tissue. Over approximately three months the spike elongates until it begins to swell fat buds that will bloom.
Line 309: Line 124:
It previously was believed that flowering is triggered by a night-time drop in temperature of around 5 to 6 degrees over two to four consecutive weeks, usually in the fall, and a day-time drop in temperature to below {{convert|29|°C|0}}. Using two ''Phalaenopsis'' clones, Matthew G. Blanchard and Erik S. Runkle (2006) established that, other culture conditions being optimal, flower initiation is controlled by daytime temperatures declining below {{convert|27|°C|0}}, with a definite inhibition of flowering at temperatures exceeding {{convert|29|°C|0}}. The long-held belief that reduced evening temperatures control flower initiation in ''Phalaenopsis'' was shown to be false. Rather, lower daytime temperatures influence flowering, while night time temperatures do not appear to have any effect.<ref name="Phalaenopsis">{{cite journal |author1=Blanchard, Matthew G |author2=Runkle, Erik S | title=Temperature during the day, but not during the night, controls flowering of Phalaenopsis orchids| journal=Journal of Experimental Botany| year=2006| volume=57| issue=15| pages=4043–4050 | doi=10.1093/jxb/erl176 | pmid=17075080| doi-access=free}}</ref>
It previously was believed that flowering is triggered by a night-time drop in temperature of around 5 to 6 degrees over two to four consecutive weeks, usually in the fall, and a day-time drop in temperature to below {{convert|29|°C|0}}. Using two ''Phalaenopsis'' clones, Matthew G. Blanchard and Erik S. Runkle (2006) established that, other culture conditions being optimal, flower initiation is controlled by daytime temperatures declining below {{convert|27|°C|0}}, with a definite inhibition of flowering at temperatures exceeding {{convert|29|°C|0}}. The long-held belief that reduced evening temperatures control flower initiation in ''Phalaenopsis'' was shown to be false. Rather, lower daytime temperatures influence flowering, while night time temperatures do not appear to have any effect.<ref name="Phalaenopsis">{{cite journal |author1=Blanchard, Matthew G |author2=Runkle, Erik S | title=Temperature during the day, but not during the night, controls flowering of Phalaenopsis orchids| journal=Journal of Experimental Botany| year=2006| volume=57| issue=15| pages=4043–4050 | doi=10.1093/jxb/erl176 | pmid=17075080| doi-access=free}}</ref>


The effect of fertilizer source and medium composition on vegetative growth and mineral nutrition has been studied.<ref name="ashs">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yin-Tung |last2=Konow |first2=Elise A. |title=Fertilizer Source and Medium Composition Affect Vegetative Growth and Mineral Nutrition of a Hybrid Moth Orchid |journal=American Society for Horticultural Science |date=2002 |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=442–447 |doi=10.21273/JASHS.127.3.442 |url=https://journals.ashs.org/jashs/view/journals/jashs/127/3/article-p442.xml |access-date=29 April 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref>
The effect of fertilizer source and medium composition on vegetative growth and mineral nutrition has been studied.<ref name="ashs">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yin-Tung |last2=Konow |first2=Elise A. |title=Fertilizer Source and Medium Composition Affect Vegetative Growth and Mineral Nutrition of a Hybrid Moth Orchid |journal= Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science|date=2002 |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=442–447 |doi=10.21273/JASHS.127.3.442 |url=https://journals.ashs.org/jashs/view/journals/jashs/127/3/article-p442.xml |access-date=29 April 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref>


===AGM===
===Award of Garden Merit===
[[File:Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica toapel.jpg|thumb|''[[Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica]]'']]
In cultivation in the UK, the following have been awarded the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:
In cultivation in the United Kingdom, the following have been awarded the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:
*Brother Pico Sweetheart gx.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/168538/Phalaenopsis-Brother-Pico-Sweetheart-gx/Details | title = ''Phalaenopsis'' Brother Pico Sweetheart gx. | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
*Brother Pico Sweetheart gx.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/168538/Phalaenopsis-Brother-Pico-Sweetheart-gx/Details | title = ''Phalaenopsis'' Brother Pico Sweetheart gx. | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
*''[[Phalaenopsis amabilis]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/119644/Phalaenopsis-amabilis/Details | title = ''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
*''[[Phalaenopsis amabilis]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/119644/Phalaenopsis-amabilis/Details | title = ''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
*Yellow Lightning gx. <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/332968/Phalaenopsis-Yellow-Lightning-gx/Details | title = ''Phalaenopsis'' Yellow Lightning gx. | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
*Yellow Lightning gx.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/332968/Phalaenopsis-Yellow-Lightning-gx/Details | title = ''Phalaenopsis'' Yellow Lightning gx. | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
{{Clear}}


==References==
==References==
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q133897}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q133897}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Phalaenopsis| ]]
[[Category:Phalaenopsis| ]]
[[Category:Epiphytic orchids]]
[[Category:Epiphytic orchids]]
[[Category:Lithophytic orchids]]
[[Category:Vandeae genera]]
[[Category:Vandeae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Blume]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Blume]]

Revision as of 23:02, 3 June 2024

"Phal" redirects here. For the curry dish, see Phall.

Phalaenopsis
Phalaenopsis philippinensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Vandeae
Subtribe: Aeridinae
Genus: Phalaenopsis
Blume[1]
Type species
Phalaenopsis amabilis
Blume (1825)
Species

About 70; see List of Phalaenopsis species

Synonyms[1]

Phalaenopsis (/ˌfælɪˈnɒpsɪs/), also known as moth orchids,[2] is a genus of about seventy species of plants in the family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are monopodial epiphytes or lithophytes with long, coarse roots, short, leafy stems and long-lasting, flat flowers arranged in a flowering stem that often branches near the end. Orchids in this genus are native to India, Taiwan, China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Australia with the majority in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Description

Orchids in the genus Phalaenopsis are monopodial epiphytic, sometimes lithophytic herbs with long, coarse roots with pneumatodes[3][4] and short leafy stems hidden by overlapping leaf bases. The leaves are usually arranged in two rows, relatively large and leathery, oblong to elliptic and sometimes succulent. A few to many, small to large, long-lasting, flat, often fragrant flowers are arranged on erect to hanging racemes or panicles. The sepals and petals are free from and spread widely apart from each other. The lateral sepals are usually larger than the dorsal sepal and the petals much wider than the sepals. The labellum is joined stiffly to the column and has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and more or less parallel to each other and the middle lobe sometimes has a pair of appendages or antennae.[2][5][6][7]

Specialized root structures, so called pneumatodes, which allow for gaseous exchange of the photosynthetic roots of Phalaenopsis philippinensis

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Phalaenopsis was first formally described in 1825 by Carl Ludwig Blume and the description was published in Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië.[1][8] The name Phalaenopsis is derived from the Ancient Greek word φαλαινα (phalaina) meaning 'a kind of moth'[9]: 535  with the suffix -opsis meaning 'having the appearance of' or 'like'.[9]: 483 [10]

The genus name is abbreviated Phal. horticulturally.[11]

Infrageneric structure

The large monophyletic genus "Phalaenopsis" is divided into several sub-units. They are either regarded as subgenera or as sections. Not all of them are monophyletic.
The subgenus Polychilos is monophyletic and it is divided into two subclades. The subgenus Phalaenopsis is paraphyletic under its current definition. Likewise the evidence shows that the subgenera Aphyllae and Parishianae, as currently defined, are not monophyletic. The position of the monotypic subgenus Proboscidioides, which only consists of Phalaenopsis lowii, suggests a close relationship with the subgenus Aphyllae.[12]

The following phylogenetic tree is a simplified tree to show the general placement of the main infrageneric groups. It is meant to give an overview, despite the contended monophyly of some of the respective groups.[13][14][15][16]

Phalaenopsis
subgen. Phalaenopsis

Polychilos

Phalaenopsis

subgen. Parishianae

Aphyllae

Parishianae

subgen. Hygrochilus

subgen. Ornithochilus

2 pollinia clade
4 pollinia clade

Ornithochilus

The former genus Ornithochilus was merged with Phalaenopsis and is considered by some to be a subgenus. Its members have distinctly 4-lobed, fringed labella with a short, curved spur situated near the middle of the lip as opposed to the base. Ornithochilus formerly had three known species, native to China, the Himalayas and Southeast Asia:[17][18]

Hygrochilus

The former genera Sedirea and Hygrochilus were incorporated into Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus. The interspecific relationships within the subgenus Hygrochilus are poorly understood and are a source of confusion. The type species of the subgenus is Phalaenopsis hygrochila.[14] The species of this subgenus are morphologically distinct from the other subgenera, due to their four pollinia and spurred flowers, as well as their unusually long stems.

Species list

See List of Phalaenopsis species

Intergeneric hybrids

See List of Phalaenopsis species

Pink Phalaenopsis cultivar
Greenish-yellow cultivar
Unknown "big lip" cultivar

Distribution

Species of Phalaenopsis are found from India to southern China, Indochina, Malaysia and from Indonesia to the Philippines and New Guinea. There is a single species, Phalaenopsis rosenstromii, endemic to Queensland, Australia.[19] The greatest diversity of Phalaenopsis occurs in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Conservation

Many species are highly threatened. For instance Phalaenopsis lindenii is categorized as endangered,[20] Phalaenopsis violacea is categorized as vulnerable[21] and Phalaenopsis micholitzii is categorized as critically endangered.[22] Some species, like Phalaenopsis javanica, are even believed to be extinct in the wild.[23][24]

Pollination and reproduction

Pollination of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima through bees, specifically Amegilla nigritar, has been recorded in China.[25] This species employs a deceptive pollination strategy. The orchid does not provide rewards to pollinators. It benefits from blooming in the same period as rewarding species. Amegilla is the most important pollinator, but diurnal insects – such as four species of bees, two species of butterflies, one species of moth and two other unidentified insects – have also been observed to interact with the flowers.[26]

Unlike most other angiosperms, the development of the ovules is triggered by pollination. Therefore a temporal mismatch of male and female gametes exists (i.e. the male structures are ready but the female structures have not yet been fully developed). In orchids, fertilisation occurs within days or months after the pollination event. After pollination occurs, the stigmatic cavity is often closed through swelling of the column. As a result, the pollinia are completely enclosed. The pollen germinates after enclosure and tubes are produced. In Phalaenopsis aphrodite, pollen tubes entered the ovary within 3 days after pollination. Within 15 days, pollen tubes evenly spread throughout the placental cavities. Within 60 days after the pollination event, 30.6% of the tips of the pollen tubes started to enter the micropyles (i.e. entry points) of the ovules. Finally, 65 to 70 days after the pollination event, fertilisation occurred.[27]

Phalaenopsis are unique in that in some species of the subgenus Polychilos, the flowers turn into green leaves after pollination. As in many other plants, the petals of the orchid flowers serve to attract pollinating insects and protect essential organs. Following pollination, petals usually will undergo senescence (i.e. wilt and disintegrate) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them. However, in many Phalaenopsis species, such as P. violacea, the petals and sepals find new uses following pollination, thus escaping programmed cell death. In producing chloroplasts, they turn green, become fleshy, and start to photosynthesize, as leaves do.[28]

Phytochemistry

Floral fragrance has been analysed for several species. The fragrance of Phalaenopsis bellina has been shown to be composed of about 79 compounds, primarily of the terpenoid class. It was most intense in the morning.[29]

In Phalaenopsis, phenylpropanoid enzymes are enhanced in the process of plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux.[30]

Use in horticulture

Phalaenopsis bellina exhibiting typical post pollination changes of the subgenus Polychilos, in which petals and sepals become photosynthetic

Phalaenopsis, abbreviated Phal in the horticultural trade,[31] are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants, owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in Victorian collections. Since the advent of the tetraploid hybrid Phalaenopsis Doris, they have become extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. Their commercial production has become an industry.

If very healthy, a Phalaenopsis plant may have up to ten or more leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. If kept in the home, the flowers may last two to three months after which a phalaenopsis orchid will need to conserve energy for further leaf, bud, and root development.[32]

In nature, Phalaenopsis species are typically fond of warm temperatures, thriving in temperatures around 20 to 35 °C (68–95 °F), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30 °C or 59–86 °F); at temperatures below 18 °C (64.4 °F) overwatering causes root rot and the plants will also drop their leaves if they experience temperatures below 60 °F for extended periods. Phalaenopsis prefer moderate humidity (60–70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 lux. However, Phalaenopsis orchids can adapt to the lower humidity found in most homes. They are also typically hardier than other species of orchids, and this makes them particularly popular among first-time orchid growers.[33]

The flower spikes appear from the pockets near the base of each leaf. The first sign is a light green "mitten-like" object that protrudes from the basal leaf tissue. Over approximately three months the spike elongates until it begins to swell fat buds that will bloom.

It previously was believed that flowering is triggered by a night-time drop in temperature of around 5 to 6 degrees over two to four consecutive weeks, usually in the fall, and a day-time drop in temperature to below 29 °C (84 °F). Using two Phalaenopsis clones, Matthew G. Blanchard and Erik S. Runkle (2006) established that, other culture conditions being optimal, flower initiation is controlled by daytime temperatures declining below 27 °C (81 °F), with a definite inhibition of flowering at temperatures exceeding 29 °C (84 °F). The long-held belief that reduced evening temperatures control flower initiation in Phalaenopsis was shown to be false. Rather, lower daytime temperatures influence flowering, while night time temperatures do not appear to have any effect.[34]

The effect of fertilizer source and medium composition on vegetative growth and mineral nutrition has been studied.[35]

Award of Garden Merit

Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica

In cultivation in the United Kingdom, the following have been awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

References

  1. ^ a b c "Phalaenopsis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. ^ a b Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 440. ISBN 978-1877069123.
  3. ^ 李嘉慧, & 李哖. (1991). 台灣蝴蝶蘭根和葉的形態與解剖的特性. 中國園藝, 37(4), 237-248.
  4. ^ Chomicki, Guillaume; Bidel, Luc P. R.; Ming, Feng; Coiro, Mario; Zhang, Xuan; Wang, Yaofeng; Baissac, Yves; Jay‐Allemand, Christian; Renner, Susanne S. (2015). "The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV‐B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the Cenozoic". New Phytologist. 205 (3): 1330–1341. doi:10.1111/nph.13106. PMID 25345817.
  5. ^ Chen, Xinqi; Wood, Jeffrey James. "Phalaenopsis". Flora of China. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  6. ^ Jones D.L.; et al. (2006). "Phalaenopsis". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  7. ^ "Genus Phalaenopsis". Orchids of New Guinea. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  8. ^ Blume, Carl Ludwig (1825). Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië (Part 7). Batavia. p. 294. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  9. ^ a b Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  10. ^ Coombes, Allen J. (1994). Dictionary of Plant Names. London: Hamlyn Books. ISBN 978-0-600-58187-1. p. 140
  11. ^ "Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society.
  12. ^ Tsai, C. C.; Chiang, Y. C.; Huang, S. C.; Chen, C. H.; Chou, C. H. (2010). "Molecular phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Blume (Orchidaceae) on the basis of plastid and nuclear DNA". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 288 (1–2): 77–98. doi:10.1007/s00606-010-0314-1. S2CID 29984034.
  13. ^ Deng, HUA; Zhang, GUO-Qiang; Liu, Zhong-Jian; Wang, YAN (2015). "A new species and a new combination of Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Aeridinae): Evidence from morphological and DNA analysis". Phytotaxa. 238 (3): 243. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.238.3.3.
  14. ^ a b Li, Ming-HE; Gruss, Olaf; Liu, Zhong-Jian (2016). "Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Vandeae) based on DNA evidence". Phytotaxa. 275: 55. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.6.
  15. ^ Tsai, C. C.; Chou, C. H. (2007). "Molecular phylogenetics of Phalaenopsis taxa: an updated review". Orchid Science and Biotechnology. 1 (2): 44–50.
  16. ^ Tsai, C. C. (2003). Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and evolutionary trends of the genus Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae). PHD dissertation.
  17. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  18. ^ Flora of China v 25 p 448, 羽唇兰属 yu chun lan shu, Ornithochilus (Wallich ex Lindley) Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Gen. Pl. 3: 478, 581. 1883.
  19. ^ "Factsheet - Phalaenopsis rosenstromii". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  20. ^ "Phalaenopsis lindenii". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  21. ^ "Phalaenopsis violacea". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  22. ^ "Phalaenopsis micholitzii". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  23. ^ Garvita, R. V.; Handini, E. (2011). "Pengaruh penambahan berbagai kadar pisang dan ubi jalar pada pertumbuhan kultur tiga jenis phalaenopsis". Buletin Kebun Raya. 14 (2): 9–18.
  24. ^ Adie, M. Muchlish; Krisnawati, Ayda (1970). "Identification of soybean genotypes adaptive and productive to acid soil agro-ecosystem". Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. 17 (2). doi:10.13057/biodiv/d170217.
  25. ^ Pramanik, Dewi; Dorst, Nemi; Meesters, Niels; Spaans, Marlies; Smets, Erik; Welten, Monique; Gravendeel, Barbara (2020). "Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis species". Evodevo. 11: 16. doi:10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z. PMC 7418404. PMID 32793330.
  26. ^ Xiaohua, Jin; Dezhu, Li; Zongxin, Ren; Xiaoguo, Xiang (2012). "A generalized deceptive pollination system of Doritis pulcherrima (Aeridinae: Orchidaceae) with non-reconfigured pollinaria". BMC Plant Biology. 12: 67. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-12-67. PMC 3388949. PMID 22571550.
  27. ^ Chen, Jhun-Chen; Fang, Su-Chiung (2016). "The long pollen tube journey and in vitro pollen germination of Phalaenopsis orchids". Plant Reproduction. 29 (1–2): 179–188. doi:10.1007/s00497-016-0280-z. PMC 4909812. PMID 27016359.
  28. ^ Wouter G. van Doorn (October 2005). "Plant programmed cell death and the point of no return". Trends in Plant Science. 10 (10): 478–483. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.08.003. PMID 16153879.
  29. ^ Mus, Ahmad Asnawi; Gansau, Jualang Azlan; Kumar, Vijay Subbiah; Rusdi, Nor Azizun. "The variation of volatile compounds emitted from aromatic orchid ('Phalaenopsis bellina') at different timing and flowering stages". Plant Omics. 13 (2): 78–85.
  30. ^ Ali, Mohammad Babar; Khatun, Serida; Hahn, Eun-Joo; Paek, Kee-Yoeup (2006). "Enhancement of phenylpropanoid enzymes and lignin in Phalaenopsis orchid and their influence on plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux". Plant Growth Regulation. 49 (2–3): 137–146. doi:10.1007/s10725-006-9003-z. S2CID 26821483.
  31. ^ Stockton, Josh (20 January 2013). "Complete Care Guide to Phalaenopsis Orchid Care". Orchids Plus. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  32. ^ "How to Care for Orchids: A Comprehensive Organic Guide".
  33. ^ Growing Conditions for Phalaenopsis Orchids, Accessed 11/11/2012 Archived 2013-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ Blanchard, Matthew G; Runkle, Erik S (2006). "Temperature during the day, but not during the night, controls flowering of Phalaenopsis orchids". Journal of Experimental Botany. 57 (15): 4043–4050. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl176. PMID 17075080.
  35. ^ Wang, Yin-Tung; Konow, Elise A. (2002). "Fertilizer Source and Medium Composition Affect Vegetative Growth and Mineral Nutrition of a Hybrid Moth Orchid". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 127 (3): 442–447. doi:10.21273/JASHS.127.3.442. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  36. ^ "Phalaenopsis Brother Pico Sweetheart gx". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  37. ^ "Phalaenopsis amabilis". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  38. ^ "Phalaenopsis Yellow Lightning gx". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  • Seon Kim; Clifford W. Morden; Yoneo Sagawa & Jae -Young Kim (2003). "The Phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Species". Proceedings of NIOC2003, Nagoya, Japan.
  • Olaf Gruss & Manfred Wolf - Phalaenopsis ; Edition Ulmer, ISBN 3-8001-6551-1 (in German)
  • Eric A. Christenson - Phalaenopsis: a Monograph ; ISBN 0-88192-494-6
  • Harper, Tom (February 2004). Phalaenopsis Culture: Advice for Growing 20 Species. Orchids Magazine 73 (2). Delray Beach, FL: American Orchid Society, 2004
  • Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. 1991. Orchids: Care and Cultivation. London: Cassel Publishers Ltd.
  • Schoser, Gustav. 1993. Orchid Growing Basics. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.
  • White, Judy. 1996. Taylor’s Guide to Orchids. Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, ISBN 0395677262
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