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{{Short description|A type of court attire worn by the Emperors of China}}
{{Short description|A type of court attire worn by the emperors of China}}
{{Infobox Chinese
⚫
[[File:Song_Xuanzu_(1).jpg|thumb|Emperor Xuanzu (宣祖) of Song wearing tongtianguanfu.]]
| c = 通天冠服
⚫
'''Tongtianguanfu''' ({{Lang-zh|c=通天冠服}}) is a form of court attire which was worn by the Emperor during the [[Song dynasty]] on very important occasions, such as grand court sessions and during major title-granting ceremonies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728|title=5000 years of Chinese costumes|date=1987|publisher=China Books & Periodicals|others=Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu|isbn=0-8351-1822-3|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=108-109|oclc=19814728}}</ref> It was also worn in the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] Emperors when the apparel system of the Song dynasty was imitated and formed their own carriages and apparel system,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Zhu|first=Ruixi|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953576345|title=A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties|last2=朱瑞熙|date=2016|others=Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu|isbn=978-1-107-16786-5|edition=Updated|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages=7, 41|oclc=953576345}}</ref> and in the [[Ming dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=董进.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/885837660|title=Q版大明衣冠图志|date=2011|publisher=Bei jing you dian da xue chu ban she|isbn=978-7-5635-2501-0|oclc=885837660}}</ref>
| p = Tōngtiān guānfú
| l = 'Direct links with Heaven' uniform
| pic = Song Xuanzu (1).jpg
⚫
| piccap = Emperor Xuanzu (宣祖) of Song wearing tongtianguanfu.
}}

⚫
'''Tongtianguanfu''' ({{Lang-zh|c=通天冠服}}) is a form of court attire in [[hanfu]] which was worn by the emperor during the [[Song dynasty]] on very important occasions, such as grand court sessions and during major title-granting ceremonies. The attire traces its origin from the Han dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728|title=5000 years of Chinese costumes|date=1987|publisher=China Books & Periodicals|others=Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu|isbn=0-8351-1822-3|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=108–109|oclc=19814728}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Fang |first=Alex Chengyu |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/966360040 |title=The Language and Iconography of Chinese Charms: Deciphering a Past Belief System. |date=2016 |others=Fran?cois Thierry |isbn=978-981-10-1793-3 |location=[Place of publication not identified] |oclc=966360040}}</ref>{{Rp|page=91}}It was also worn in the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] emperors when the apparel system of the Song dynasty was imitated and formed their own carriages and apparel system,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Zhu|first1=Ruixi|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953576345|title=A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties|last2=朱瑞熙|date=2016|others=Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu|isbn=978-1-107-16786-5|edition=Updated|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages=7, 41|oclc=953576345}}</ref> and in the [[Ming dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=董进.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/885837660|title=Q版大明衣冠图志|date=2011|publisher=Bei jing you dian da xue chu ban she|isbn=978-7-5635-2501-0|oclc=885837660}}</ref> The tongtianguanfu was composed of a red outer robe, a white inner robe, a [[Bixi (clothing)|bixi]], and a [[Guan (headwear)|guan]] called tongtianguan, and a neck accessory called fangxin quling.<ref name=":0" />

== Terminology ==
The term ''tongtian'' means "direct links with heaven".<ref>{{Cite book|last=臧|first=迎春|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7Qf-bjLfA4C&q=%E9%80%9A%E5%A4%A9%E5%86%A0%E6%9C%8D&pg=PT34|title=中国传统服饰|publisher=五洲传播出版社|year=2003|isbn=9787508502793}}</ref>


== Composition and construction ==
== Composition and construction ==
The ''tongtianguanfu'' is composed of:
The ''tongtianguanfu'' is composed of:


The gauze outer robe ([[paofu]]), called ''jiangshapao'' ({{Lang-zh|c=绛纱袍}}).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=宋代皇帝服饰：通天冠服 - 栖凤阁汉服网{{!}}最美中国风 尽在栖凤阁 Powered by Hishop|url=http://hanfudian.com/article/show-447.aspx|access-date=2021-12-21|website=hanfudian.com}}</ref> It was crimson in colour with patterns of clouds and dragons embroidery which was gold and red in colours.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728|title=5000 years of Chinese costumes|date=1987|publisher=China Books & Periodicals|others=Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu|isbn=0-8351-1822-3|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=108-109|oclc=19814728}}</ref> There were black borders stitched to the collar, sleeves, lapels and hems of the crimson outer robe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728|title=5000 years of Chinese costumes|date=1987|publisher=China Books & Periodicals|others=Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu|isbn=0-8351-1822-3|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=108-109|oclc=19814728}}</ref>
The gauze outer robe ([[paofu]]), called ''jiangshapao'' ({{Lang-zh|c=绛纱袍}}).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=宋代皇帝服饰：通天冠服 - 栖凤阁汉服网{{!}}最美中国风 尽在栖凤阁 Powered by Hishop|url=http://hanfudian.com/article/show-447.aspx|access-date=2021-12-21|website=hanfudian.com}}</ref> It was crimson in colour with patterns of clouds and dragons embroidery which was gold and red in colours.<ref name=":0"/> There were black borders stitched to the collar, sleeves, lapels and hems of the crimson outer robe.<ref name=":0"/>


The crimson outer robe was worn with a red gauze skirt and a crimson [[Bixi (clothing)|bixi]] ({{Lang-zh|c=蔽膝}}, knee cover) was fastened around the waist of its wearer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728|title=5000 years of Chinese costumes|date=1987|publisher=China Books & Periodicals|others=Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu|isbn=0-8351-1822-3|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=108-109|oclc=19814728}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=宋代皇帝服饰：通天冠服 - 栖凤阁汉服网{{!}}最美中国风 尽在栖凤阁 Powered by Hishop|url=http://hanfudian.com/article/show-447.aspx|access-date=2021-12-21|website=hanfudian.com}}</ref> The inner garment was a white robe ({{Lang-zh|c=白纱中单}}).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=宋代皇帝服饰：通天冠服 - 栖凤阁汉服网{{!}}最美中国风 尽在栖凤阁 Powered by Hishop|url=http://hanfudian.com/article/show-447.aspx|access-date=2021-12-21|website=hanfudian.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728|title=5000 years of Chinese costumes|date=1987|publisher=China Books & Periodicals|others=Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu|isbn=0-8351-1822-3|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=108-109|oclc=19814728}}</ref>
The crimson outer robe was worn with a red gauze skirt and a crimson [[Bixi (clothing)|bixi]] ({{Lang-zh|c=蔽膝}}, knee cover) was fastened around the waist of its wearer.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/> The inner garment was a white robe ({{Lang-zh|c=白纱中单}}).<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":0"/>


The high [[Guan (headwear)|crown]] was called ''tongtianguan'' ({{Lang-zh|c=通天冠|l=a hat accessing the sky}}<ref name=":1"/>), which was also known as ''chengtianguan'' ({{Lang-zh|c=|l=a hat bearing the sky}}).<ref name=":1"/> The ''tongtianguan'' was exclusively worn by the Emperor during some grand ceremonies.<ref name=":1"/> The high crown was originally nine ''[[Cun (unit)|cun]]'' tall and tilting towards the back to form a "rolling shape" made by metal beams, with a "mountain"-shape and ''zhantong'' (展筒) on the front,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7120|title=Book of Later Han|chapter=120|quote=通天冠，高九寸，正竖，顶少邪却，乃直下为铁卷梁，前有山，展筒为述，乘舆所常服。}}</ref> and pinned on the hair with hairpins made of jade or rhinoceros horn.<ref name=":0"/> By the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]], the ''tongtianguan'' added a golden mountain-shaped plaque ornament ("dāng", 珰) on the front,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7025|title=Book of Jin|chapter=25|quote=“通天冠，本秦制。高九寸，正竖，顶少斜却，乃直下，铁为卷梁，前有展筒，冠前加金博山述，乘舆所常服也。 ”}}</ref> and by the Tang dynasty, tongtianguan of the Emperor had 24 beams.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=91}}
The high crown was called ''tongtianguan'' ({{Lang-zh|c=通天冠|l=a hat accessing the sky}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Zhu|first=Ruixi|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953576345|title=A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties|last2=朱瑞熙|date=2016|others=Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu|isbn=978-1-107-16786-5|edition=Updated|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages=7, 41|oclc=953576345}}</ref>), which was also known as ''chengtianguan'' ({{Lang-zh|c=|l=a hat bearing the sky}}).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Zhu|first=Ruixi|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953576345|title=A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties|last2=朱瑞熙|date=2016|others=Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu|isbn=978-1-107-16786-5|edition=Updated|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages=7, 41|oclc=953576345}}</ref> The ''tongtianguan'' was exclusively worn by the Emperor during some grand ceremonies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Zhu|first=Ruixi|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953576345|title=A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties|last2=朱瑞熙|date=2016|others=Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu|isbn=978-1-107-16786-5|edition=Updated|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages=7, 41|oclc=953576345}}</ref> The high crown was pinned on the hair with hairpins made of jade or rhinoceros horn.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728|title=5000 years of Chinese costumes|date=1987|publisher=China Books & Periodicals|others=Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu|isbn=0-8351-1822-3|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=108-109|oclc=19814728}}</ref>
[[File:Ornamental plaque, Eastern Jin dynasty, Metropolitan Museum of Art.JPG|150px|thumb|[[Eastern Jin dynasty]] cicada ''dāng'' plaque ornament used on official headwear.]]
⚫
A pendant-like ornament called ''fangxin quling'' ({{Lang-zh|c=方心曲领|l=bent collar with a square center}}) was hung around the neck.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/> The ''fangxin quling'' was a notable feature in the ceremonial court attire of the Song and Ming dynasties.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Burkus|first=Anne Gail|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956711877|title=Through a forest of chancellors : fugitive histories in Liu Yuan's Lingyan ge, an illustrated book from seventeenth-century Suzhou|date=2010|others=Yuan, active Liu|isbn=978-1-68417-050-0|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=92|oclc=956711877}}</ref> It was made out of silk and was cut into a circle (which hung around the neck and shoulder areas) and a square (either solid or open square) which would fall over the cross-collared lapels of the paofu.<ref name=":3"/> The shape of the circle and square symbolized the Heaven and earth respectively.<ref name=":3"/>


A belt with ribbons was also tied to the waist.<ref name=":0"/>
⚫
A pendant-like ornament called ''fangxin quling'' ({{Lang-zh|c=方心曲领|l=bent collar with a square center}}) was hung around the neck.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728|title=5000 years of Chinese costumes|date=1987|publisher=China Books & Periodicals|others=Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu|isbn=0-8351-1822-3|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=108-109|oclc=19814728}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=宋代皇帝服饰：通天冠服 - 栖凤阁汉服网{{!}}最美中国风 尽在栖凤阁 Powered by Hishop|url=http://hanfudian.com/article/show-447.aspx|access-date=2021-12-21|website=hanfudian.com}}</ref> The ''fangxin quling'' was a notable feature in the ceremonial court attire of the Song and Ming dynasties.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Burkus|first=Anne Gail|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956711877|title=Through a forest of chancellors : fugitive histories in Liu Yuan's Lingyan ge, an illustrated book from seventeenth-century Suzhou|date=2010|others=Yuan, active Liu|isbn=978-1-68417-050-0|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=92|oclc=956711877}}</ref> It was made out of silk and was cut into a circle (which hung around the neck and shoulder areas) and a square (either solid or open square) which would fall over the cross-collared lapels of the paofu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Burkus|first=Anne Gail|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956711877|title=Through a forest of chancellors : fugitive histories in Liu Yuan's Lingyan ge, an illustrated book from seventeenth-century Suzhou|date=2010|others=Yuan, active Liu|isbn=978-1-68417-050-0|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=92|oclc=956711877}}</ref> The shape of the circle and square symbolised the Heaven and earth respectively.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Burkus|first=Anne Gail|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956711877|title=Through a forest of chancellors : fugitive histories in Liu Yuan's Lingyan ge, an illustrated book from seventeenth-century Suzhou|date=2010|others=Yuan, active Liu|isbn=978-1-68417-050-0|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=92|oclc=956711877}}</ref>


As footwear, the Emperor would have worn white stockings and black shoes.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/><gallery>
A belt with ribbons was also tied to the waist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728|title=5000 years of Chinese costumes|date=1987|publisher=China Books & Periodicals|others=Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu|isbn=0-8351-1822-3|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=108-109|oclc=19814728}}</ref>

As footwear, the Emperor would have worn white stockings and black shoes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19814728|title=5000 years of Chinese costumes|date=1987|publisher=China Books & Periodicals|others=Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu|isbn=0-8351-1822-3|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=108-109|oclc=19814728}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=宋代皇帝服饰：通天冠服 - 栖凤阁汉服网{{!}}最美中国风 尽在栖凤阁 Powered by Hishop|url=http://hanfudian.com/article/show-447.aspx|access-date=2021-12-21|website=hanfudian.com}}</ref><gallery>
File:Imperial Encyclopaedia - Ceremonial Usages - pic345 - 通天冠.svg|Tongtianguan (通天冠) from the ''[[Gujin Tushu Jicheng]].''
File:Imperial Encyclopaedia - Ceremonial Usages - pic345 - 通天冠.svg|Tongtianguan (通天冠) from the ''[[Gujin Tushu Jicheng]].''
File:Imperial Encyclopaedia - Ceremonial Usages - pic354 - 絳紗袍.svg|Crimson robe (絳紗袍) from the ''[[Gujin Tushu Jicheng]].''
File:Imperial Encyclopaedia - Ceremonial Usages - pic354 - 絳紗袍.svg|Crimson robe (絳紗袍) from the ''[[Gujin Tushu Jicheng]].''
File:Imperial Encyclopaedia - Ceremonial Usages - pic391 - 方心曲領.png|Fangxin quling (方心曲領) from the ''[[Gujin Tushu Jicheng]].''
File:Imperial Encyclopaedia - Ceremonial Usages - pic391 - 方心曲領.png|Fangxin quling (方心曲領) from the ''[[Gujin Tushu Jicheng]].''
File:Tongtianguan_Wu_Family_Shrines.png|[[Han dynasty]] ''tongtianguan'' seen on the [[Wu Family Shrines]] stone-relief (worn by [[King Xuan of Qi]]).
File:Tongtianguan_depicted_on_admonitions_scroll.png|[[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]] ''tongtianguan'' seen on the [[Admonitions Scroll]] by [[Gu Kaizhi]] (worn by [[Emperor Yuan of Han]]).
File:Chu Wuwang and Deng Man.png|[[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]] ''tongtianguan'' seen on a segment of ''Wise and Benevolent Women''-scroll painting by [[Gu Kaizhi]] (on the left; worn by [[King Wu of Chu]]).
File:Duke_Ling_of_Wey_(衞靈公,_detail)._Lacquer_painting_over_wood,_Northern_Wei.jpg|[[Northern Wei]] dynasty lacquer painting of [[Duke Ling of Wey]] wearing a ''tongtianguan''.
File:Liang_Wudi.jpg|Portrait of [[Emperor Wu of Liang]] wearing a ''tongtianguan''
File:Tongtianguan 通天冠 送子天王图卷 吴道子.jpg|[[Tang dynasty]] ''tongtianguan'' as depicted on [[Wu Daozi]]'s scroll-painting.
File:镂空山行金饰件06330.jpg|[[Northern Yan]] golden cicada-patterned ''dang'' plaque ornament, used on headwear such as the ''tongtianguan''.
</gallery>
</gallery>


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== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Types of Han Chinese clothing}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Types of Han Chinese clothing}}
{{Crowns}}
⚫
[[Category:Chinese traditional clothing]]


⚫
[[Category:Chinese traditional clothing]]
[[Category:Ceremonial clothing]]
{{clothing-stub}}
{{clothing-stub}}
{{china-stub}}
{{china-stub}}

Latest revision as of 15:57, 4 June 2024

Tongtianguanfu
Emperor Xuanzu (宣祖) of Song wearing tongtianguanfu.
Chinese通天冠服
Literal meaning'Direct links with Heaven' uniform

Tongtianguanfu (Chinese: 通天冠服) is a form of court attire in hanfu which was worn by the emperor during the Song dynasty on very important occasions, such as grand court sessions and during major title-granting ceremonies. The attire traces its origin from the Han dynasty.[1][2]: 91 It was also worn in the Jin dynasty emperors when the apparel system of the Song dynasty was imitated and formed their own carriages and apparel system,[3] and in the Ming dynasty.[4] The tongtianguanfu was composed of a red outer robe, a white inner robe, a bixi, and a guan called tongtianguan, and a neck accessory called fangxin quling.[1]

Terminology

[edit]

The term tongtian means "direct links with heaven".[5]

Composition and construction

[edit]

The tongtianguanfu is composed of:

The gauze outer robe (paofu), called jiangshapao (Chinese: 绛纱袍).[6] It was crimson in colour with patterns of clouds and dragons embroidery which was gold and red in colours.[1] There were black borders stitched to the collar, sleeves, lapels and hems of the crimson outer robe.[1]

The crimson outer robe was worn with a red gauze skirt and a crimson bixi (Chinese: 蔽膝, knee cover) was fastened around the waist of its wearer.[1][6] The inner garment was a white robe (Chinese: 白纱中单).[6][1]

The high crown was called tongtianguan (Chinese: 通天冠; lit. 'a hat accessing the sky'[3]), which was also known as chengtianguan (lit. 'a hat bearing the sky').[3] The tongtianguan was exclusively worn by the Emperor during some grand ceremonies.[3] The high crown was originally nine cun tall and tilting towards the back to form a "rolling shape" made by metal beams, with a "mountain"-shape and zhantong (展筒) on the front,[7] and pinned on the hair with hairpins made of jade or rhinoceros horn.[1] By the Jin dynasty, the tongtianguan added a golden mountain-shaped plaque ornament ("dāng", 珰) on the front,[8] and by the Tang dynasty, tongtianguan of the Emperor had 24 beams.[2]: 91 

Eastern Jin dynasty cicada dāng plaque ornament used on official headwear.

A pendant-like ornament called fangxin quling (Chinese: 方心曲领; lit. 'bent collar with a square center') was hung around the neck.[1][6] The fangxin quling was a notable feature in the ceremonial court attire of the Song and Ming dynasties.[9] It was made out of silk and was cut into a circle (which hung around the neck and shoulder areas) and a square (either solid or open square) which would fall over the cross-collared lapels of the paofu.[9] The shape of the circle and square symbolized the Heaven and earth respectively.[9]

A belt with ribbons was also tied to the waist.[1]

As footwear, the Emperor would have worn white stockings and black shoes.[1][6]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 5000 years of Chinese costumes. Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu. San Francisco, CA: China Books & Periodicals. 1987. pp. 108–109. ISBN 0-8351-1822-3. OCLC 19814728.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. ^ a b Fang, Alex Chengyu (2016). The Language and Iconography of Chinese Charms: Deciphering a Past Belief System. Fran?cois Thierry. [Place of publication not identified]. ISBN 978-981-10-1793-3. OCLC 966360040.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ a b c d Zhu, Ruixi; 朱瑞熙 (2016). A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu (Updated ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. pp. 7, 41. ISBN 978-1-107-16786-5. OCLC 953576345.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ 董进. (2011). Q版大明衣冠图志. Bei jing you dian da xue chu ban she. ISBN 978-7-5635-2501-0. OCLC 885837660.
  5. ^ 臧, 迎春 (2003). 中国传统服饰. 五洲传播出版社. ISBN 9787508502793.
  6. ^ a b c d e "宋代皇帝服饰：通天冠服 - 栖凤阁汉服网|最美中国风 尽在栖凤阁 Powered by Hishop". hanfudian.com. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
  7. ^ "120". Book of Later Han. 通天冠，高九寸，正竖，顶少邪却，乃直下为铁卷梁，前有山，展筒为述，乘舆所常服。
  8. ^ "25". Book of Jin. "通天冠，本秦制。高九寸，正竖，顶少斜却，乃直下，铁为卷梁，前有展筒，冠前加金博山述，乘舆所常服也。 "
  9. ^ a b c Burkus, Anne Gail (2010). Through a forest of chancellors : fugitive histories in Liu Yuan's Lingyan ge, an illustrated book from seventeenth-century Suzhou. Yuan, active Liu. Cambridge, Mass. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-68417-050-0. OCLC 956711877.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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