Batum oblast: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Oblast of the Russian Empire}} |
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{{Italic title|string=oblast}} |
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|EnglishName=Batumi Oblast |
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{{Infobox settlement |
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|RussianName=Батумская область |
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| area_total_km2 = 6,975.65 |
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|RussianOldName= |
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| established_date = 1873 |
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|LocatorMap=Gubernias del Caucaso - Oblast de Batumi - Imperio Ruso.png |
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| established_title = Established |
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|CoatOfArms=Coat_of_Arms_of_Batum_Province.png |
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| extinct_date = 3 March 1918 |
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|CoatOfArmsLink= |
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| extinct_title = [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] |
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|AdmCtrName=[[Batumi]] |
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| image_map = Batum Oblast ATD.png |
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|FoundationDate=20 September 1878; 17 March 1903 |
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| image_shield = Coat of arms of Batum Oblast 1881.svg |
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|AbolishmentDate=12 June 1883; 1917 |
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| map_caption = Administrative map of the Batum Oblast |
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|PoliticalStatus=Oblast |
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| mapsize = 220px |
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|PoliticalStatusLink=Oblast |
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| coordinates = |
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|Region=[[Caucasus]] |
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{{coord|41|38|45|N|41|38|30|E|type:admin2_region:GE|display=title,inline}} |
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|Area= 61092 |
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| name = Batum ''oblast'' |
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|Population=142032 |
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| native_name = Батумская область |
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|UrbanPopulation= |
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| native_name_lang = ru |
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|RuralPopulation= |
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| population_as_of = 1916 |
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|CensusYear=1897 |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
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|GovAsOf= |
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| population_rural = 87.98% |
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|HeadTitle= |
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| population_total = 122,811 |
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|HeadName= |
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| population_urban = 22.02% |
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|}} |
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| seat = Batum<br>(present-day [[Batumi]]) |
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| seat_type = Capital |
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| settlement_type = ''[[Oblasts of the Russian Empire|Oblast]]'' |
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| subdivision_name = [[Russian Empire]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus]] |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[List of viceroyalties of the Russian Empire|Viceroyalty]] |
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| total_type = Total |
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}} |
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The '''Batum ''oblast'''''{{efn|{{bulletedlist|{{lang-ru|Батумская область|translit=Batumskaya oblast}} {{IPA|ru|bətʊmskəjə ɐbɫəsʲtʲ|}}|{{lang-ka|ბათუმის ოლქი|tr}} {{IPA|ka|b̥atʰumis olkʰi|}}|{{lang-tr|Batum Oblastı}} {{IPA-tr|batum obɫastɯ|}}}}}} was a province (''[[oblast]]'') of the [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]] of the [[Russian Empire]], with the [[Black Sea]] port of Batum (present-day [[Batumi]]) as its administrative center. The Batum ''oblast'' roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and part of the [[Artvin Province]] of [[Turkey]].{{sfn|Tsutsiev|2014}} |
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==History== |
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The '''Batumi Oblast''' was an [[oblast]] (province) of the [[Russian Empire]], with the maritime city of [[Batumi]] as its center. It roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. It was created out of the territories of the former Ottoman Sanjak of Batumi. |
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The Batum ''oblast'' was created out of the territories of the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s sanjak of Batum following the region's annexation into the [[Russian Empire]] in the aftermath of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|1878 Russo-Turkish War]]. Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903). |
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According to the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the [[Transcaucasian Seim]], the authority in [[Transcaucasia]] by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent [[Treaty of Batum]], which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire. |
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After the [[Armistice of Mudros|Mudros Armistice]], in which the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Russian Transcaucasus]] including Batum, [[British Army|British troops]] under the [[27th Division (United Kingdom)|27th Division]] occupied the district to support the British military presence in the Transcaucasus, and to serve as a terminal for supplying [[Anton Denikin|Denikin's]] [[Volunteer Army]]. |
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The Batum Oblast was finally evacuated by the British in the summer of 1920, and handed over to the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], whom administered the district until it was occupied by [[Turkish Revolutionaries|Turkish revolutionaries]], leading to the [[Treaty of Kars]] which resulted in the partition of the district. The north including the port of Batum was retained by [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgia]] as an [[Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|autonomy]], and the southern Artvin district was incorporated into [[Turkey]] as the [[Artvin Province]]. |
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== Administrative divisions == |
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The districts (''[[okrug]]s'') of the Batum ''oblast'' in 1917 were as follows:<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Кавказский календарь на 1917 год|pp=182–185}} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! rowspan="2" |Name |
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! rowspan="2" |Administrative centre |
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! colspan="2" |Population |
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! rowspan="2" |Area |
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|- |
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!1897 |
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!1916 |
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|- |
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|[[Artvin okrug]] ({{Lang|ru|Артвинский округ}}) |
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|[[Artvin]] |
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| align="right" |56,140 |
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| align="right" |37,414 |
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|{{Convert|2875.06|verst2|km2 mi2|lk=on}} |
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|- |
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|[[Batumi okrug]] ({{Lang|ru|Батумский округ}}) |
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|Batum ([[Batumi]]) |
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| align="right" |88,444 |
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| align="right" |85,397 |
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|{{Convert|3254.05|verst2|km2 mi2|lk=on}} |
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|} |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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As of 1897, 88,444 people populated the oblast. The [[Adjarians]], then-mostly Muslim Georgian group, constituted the majority of the population. Significant minorities consisted of [[Russians]], [[Armenians]], [[Caucasus Greeks]], and [[Turkish people|Turks]]. |
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=== Russian Empire Census === |
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=== Ethnic groups in 1897<ref>http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=450</ref>=== |
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According to the [[Russian Empire Census]], the Batum ''oblast'' (at the time part of the Kutaisi Governorate) had a population of 144,584 on {{OldStyleDate|28 January|1897|15 January}}, including 82,213 men and 62,371 women. The plurality of the population indicated [[Georgian language|Georgian]] to be their mother tongue, with significant [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] speaking minorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=447 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.demoscope.ru}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|+Linguistic composition of the Batum ''oblast'' in 1897<ref name=":1" /> |
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!Language |
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!Native speakers |
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!% |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Georgian language|Georgian]] |
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! TOTAL |
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| align="right" |62,004 |
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! 88,444 |
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| align="right" |42.88 |
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! 100% |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Turkish language|Turkish]] |
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| [[Adjarians]] |
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| align="right" |44,667 |
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| 56,498 |
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| align="right" |30.89 |
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| 63,4% |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Armenian language|Armenian]] |
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| [[Russians]] |
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| align="right" |14,939 |
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| 7,217 |
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| align="right" |10.33 |
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| 8,2% |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Russian language|Russian]] |
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| [[Armenians]] |
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| align="right" |7,525 |
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| 7,120 |
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| align="right" |5.20 |
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| 8,1% |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
|[[Greek language|Greek]] |
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| align="right" |4,717 |
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| 3,199 |
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| align="right" |3.26 |
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| 3,6% |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |
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| align="right" |2,351 |
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| align="right" |1.63 |
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|- |
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|[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] |
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| align="right" |1,811 |
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| align="right" |1.25 |
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|- |
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|[[Jewish languages|Jewish]] |
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| align="right" |1,076 |
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| align="right" |0.74 |
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|- |
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|[[Polish language|Polish]] |
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| align="right" |911 |
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| align="right" |0.63 |
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|- |
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|[[Persian language|Persian]] |
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| align="right" | 767 |
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| align="right" |0.53 |
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|- |
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|[[Abkhaz language|Abkhazian]] |
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| align="right" |693 |
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| align="right" |0.48 |
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|- |
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|[[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] |
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| align="right" |635 |
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| align="right" |0.44 |
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|- |
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|[[German language|German]] |
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| align="right" |369 |
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| align="right" |0.26 |
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|- |
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|[[Imeretian language|Imeretian]] |
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| align="right" |356 |
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| align="right" |0.25 |
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|- |
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|Tatar{{Caucasian Tatars}} |
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| align="right" |355 |
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| align="right" |0.25 |
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|- |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] |
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| align="right" |157 |
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| align="right" | 0.11 |
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|- |
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|[[Inuit languages|Sartic]] |
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| align="right" |156 |
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| align="right" |0.11 |
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|- |
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|[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] |
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| align="right" |80 |
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| align="right" |0.06 |
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|- |
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|[[Avar language|Avar-Andean]] |
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| align="right" |56 |
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| align="right" |0.04 |
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|- |
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|[[Gazikumukh Khanate|Kazi-Kumukh]] |
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| align="right" |47 |
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| align="right" |0.03 |
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|- |
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|[[English language|English]] |
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| align="right" |38 |
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| align="right" |0.03 |
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|- |
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|[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] |
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| align="right" |29 |
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| align="right" |0.02 |
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|- |
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|[[Romanian language|Romanian]] |
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| align="right" |27 |
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| align="right" |0.02 |
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|- |
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|[[Svan language|Svan]] |
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| align="right" |17 |
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| align="right" | 0.01 |
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|- |
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|[[Estonian language|Estonian]] |
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| align="right" |11 |
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| align="right" |0.01 |
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|- |
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|Other |
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| align="right" |790 |
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| align="right" |0.55 |
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|- |
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!ТОТАL |
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!144,584 |
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!100.00 |
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|} |
|} |
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=== ''Kavkazskiy kalendar'' === |
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According to the 1917 publication of ''[[Kavkazskiy kalendar]]'', the Batum ''oblast'' had a population of 122,811 on {{OldStyleDate|14 January|1916|1 January}}, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents:{{sfn|Кавказский календарь на 1917 год|pp=182–185}} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! rowspan="2" |Nationality |
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! colspan="2" |[[Urban area|Urban]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Rural area|Rural]] |
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! colspan="2" |TOTAL |
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|- |
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!Number |
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!% |
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!Number |
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!% |
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!Number |
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!% |
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|- |
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|[[Georgians]] |
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| align="right" |7,363 |
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| align="right" |27.25 |
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| align="right" |71,476 |
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| align="right" |74.61 |
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| align="right" |78,839 |
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| align="right" |64.20 |
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|- |
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|[[Armenians]] |
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| align="right" |10,975 |
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| align="right" |40.62 |
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| align="right" |4,217 |
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| align="right" |4.40 |
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| align="right" |15,192 |
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| align="right" |12.37 |
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|- |
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|[[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]]{{Efn|Primarily Turco-Tatars.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=67}}}} |
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| align="right" |75 |
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| align="right" |0.28 |
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| align="right" |14,267 |
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| align="right" |14.89 |
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| align="right" |14,342 |
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| align="right" |11.68 |
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|- |
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|[[Russians]] |
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| align="right" |5,042 |
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| align="right" |18.66 |
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| align="right" |3,503 |
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| align="right" |3.66 |
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| align="right" |8,545 |
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| align="right" |6.96 |
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|- |
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|[[Christianity in Asia|Asiatic Christians]] |
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| align="right" |1,097 |
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| align="right" |4.06 |
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| align="right" |1,147 |
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| align="right" |1.20 |
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| align="right" |2,244 |
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| align="right" |1.83 |
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|- |
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|[[Europeans|Other Europeans]] |
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| align="right" |855 |
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| align="right" |3.16 |
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| align="right" |120 |
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| align="right" |0.13 |
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| align="right" |975 |
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| align="right" |0.79 |
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|- |
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|[[Shia Muslims]]{{Efn|Primarily Tatars.{{sfn|Hovannisian|1971|p=67}}}} |
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| align="right" |529 |
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| align="right" |1.96 |
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| align="right" |165 |
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| align="right" |0.17 |
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| align="right" |694 |
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| align="right" |0.57 |
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|- |
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|[[Peoples of the Caucasus|North Caucasians]] |
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| align="right" |476 |
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| align="right" |1.76 |
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| align="right" |180 |
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| align="right" |0.19 |
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| align="right" |656 |
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| align="right" |0.53 |
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|- |
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|[[Jews]] |
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| align="right" |597 |
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| align="right" |2.21 |
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| align="right" |10 |
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| align="right" |0.01 |
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| align="right" |607 |
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| align="right" |0.49 |
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|- |
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|[[Kurds]] |
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| align="right" |8 |
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| align="right" |0.03 |
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| align="right" |544 |
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| align="right" |0.57 |
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| align="right" |552 |
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| align="right" |0.45 |
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|- |
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|[[Romani people|Roma]] |
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| align="right" |0 |
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| align="right" |0.00 |
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| align="right" |165 |
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| align="right" |0.17 |
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| align="right" |165 |
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| align="right" |0.13 |
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|- |
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!TOTAL |
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!27,017 |
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!100.00 |
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!95,794 |
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!100.00 |
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!122,811 |
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!100.00 |
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|} |
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== See also == |
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* [[Artvin Okrug]] |
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* [[Batum Okrug]] |
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* [[Kars Oblast]] |
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* [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)]] |
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* [[Treaty of San Stefano]] |
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== Notes == |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== Bibliography == |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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*{{Cite Armenia and Imperial Decline}} |
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*{{Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 1}} |
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*{{Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1917}} |
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*{{Cite Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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{{Subdivisions of the Russian Empire}} |
{{Subdivisions of the Russian Empire}} |
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{{Caucasus Viceroyalty}} |
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[[Category:Batum Oblast| ]] |
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{{coord missing|Russia}} |
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[[Category:1870s establishments in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:1878 establishments in the Russian Empire]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:1880s disestablishments in the Russian Empire]] |
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[[Category:1900s in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:1903 establishments in the Russian Empire]] |
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[[Category:1910s in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:1917 disestablishments in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:1917 disestablishments in Russia]] |
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[[Category:19th century in Georgia (country)]] |
[[Category:19th century in Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)]] |
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[[Category:History of Adjara]] |
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[[Category:Modern history of Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:Oblasts of the Russian Empire]] |
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[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1883]] |
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1883]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1903]] |
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[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1917]] |
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1917]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1878]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1903]] |
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{{Georgia-hist-stub}} |
Revision as of 23:36, 6 June 2024
Batum oblast
Батумская область | |
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![]() Administrative map of the Batum Oblast | |
Coordinates: 41°38′45″N 41°38′30″E / 41.64583°N 41.64167°E | |
Land | Russian Empire |
Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
Established | 1873 |
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | 3 March 1918 |
Capital | Batum (present-day Batumi) |
Area | |
• Total | 6,975.65 km2 (2,693.31 sq mi) |
Population (1916) | |
• Total | 122,811 |
• Density | 18/km2 (46/sq mi) |
• Urban | 22.02% |
• Rural | 87.98% |
The Batum oblast[a] was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with the Black Sea port of Batum (present-day Batumi) as its administrative center. The Batum oblast roughly corresponded to most of present-day southwestern Georgia, and part of the Artvin Province of Turkey.[1]
History
The Batum oblast was created out of the territories of the Ottoman Empire's sanjak of Batum following the region's annexation into the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the 1878 Russo-Turkish War. Established in 1878, the Batum Oblast was later downgraded to an okrug in 1883 and incorporated into the Kutais Governorate (until 1903).
According to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Russian SFSR ceded the Batum Oblast to the Ottoman Empire, however, the Transcaucasian Seim, the authority in Transcaucasia by 1918, rejected the treaty, opting to negotiate with the Ottoman Empire on its own terms. Such action led to the former's dissolution and the subsequent Treaty of Batum, which resulted in the inevitable reannexation of Batum to the Ottoman Empire.
After the Mudros Armistice, in which the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former Russian Transcaucasus including Batum, British troops under the 27th Division occupied the district to support the British military presence in the Transcaucasus, and to serve as a terminal for supplying Denikin's Volunteer Army.
The Batum Oblast was finally evacuated by the British in the summer of 1920, and handed over to the Democratic Republic of Georgia, whom administered the district until it was occupied by Turkish revolutionaries, leading to the Treaty of Kars which resulted in the partition of the district. The north including the port of Batum was retained by Georgia as an autonomy, and the southern Artvin district was incorporated into Turkey as the Artvin Province.
Administrative divisions
The districts (okrugs) of the Batum oblast in 1917 were as follows:[2][3]
Name | Administrative centre | Population | Area | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1897 | 1916 | |||
Artvin okrug (Артвинский округ) | Artvin | 56,140 | 37,414 | 2,875.06 square versts (3,272.00 km2; 1,263.33 sq mi) |
Batumi okrug (Батумский округ) | Batum (Batumi) | 88,444 | 85,397 | 3,254.05 square versts (3,703.31 km2; 1,429.86 sq mi) |
Demographics
Russian Empire Census
According to the Russian Empire Census, the Batum oblast (at the time part of the Kutaisi Governorate) had a population of 144,584 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 82,213 men and 62,371 women. The plurality of the population indicated Georgian to be their mother tongue, with significant Turkish, Armenian and Russian speaking minorities.[2]
Sprache | Native speakers | % |
---|---|---|
Georgian | 62,004 | 42.88 |
Turkish | 44,667 | 30.89 |
Armenian | 14,939 | 10.33 |
Russian | 7,525 | 5.20 |
Greek | 4,717 | 3.26 |
Ukrainian | 2,351 | 1.63 |
Kurdish | 1,811 | 1.25 |
Jewish | 1,076 | 0.74 |
Polish | 911 | 0.63 |
Persian | 767 | 0.53 |
Abkhazian | 693 | 0.48 |
Mingrelian | 635 | 0.44 |
German | 369 | 0.26 |
Imeretian | 356 | 0.25 |
Tatar[b] | 355 | 0.25 |
Lithuanian | 157 | 0.11 |
Sartic | 156 | 0.11 |
Belarusian | 80 | 0.06 |
Avar-Andean | 56 | 0.04 |
Kazi-Kumukh | 47 | 0.03 |
Englisch | 38 | 0.03 |
Ossetian | 29 | 0.02 |
Romanian | 27 | 0.02 |
Svan | 17 | 0.01 |
Estonian | 11 | 0.01 |
Other | 790 | 0.55 |
ТОТАL | 144,584 | 100.00 |
Kavkazskiy kalendar
According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Batum oblast had a population of 122,811 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 66,808 men and 56,003 women, 95,292 of whom were the permanent population, and 27,519 were temporary residents:[3]
Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Georgians | 7,363 | 27.25 | 71,476 | 74.61 | 78,839 | 64.20 |
Armenians | 10,975 | 40.62 | 4,217 | 4.40 | 15,192 | 12.37 |
Sunni Muslims[c] | 75 | 0.28 | 14,267 | 14.89 | 14,342 | 11.68 |
Russians | 5,042 | 18.66 | 3,503 | 3.66 | 8,545 | 6.96 |
Asiatic Christians | 1,097 | 4.06 | 1,147 | 1.20 | 2,244 | 1.83 |
Other Europeans | 855 | 3.16 | 120 | 0.13 | 975 | 0.79 |
Shia Muslims[d] | 529 | 1.96 | 165 | 0.17 | 694 | 0.57 |
North Caucasians | 476 | 1.76 | 180 | 0.19 | 656 | 0.53 |
Jews | 597 | 2.21 | 10 | 0.01 | 607 | 0.49 |
Kurds | 8 | 0.03 | 544 | 0.57 | 552 | 0.45 |
Roma | 0 | 0.00 | 165 | 0.17 | 165 | 0.13 |
TOTAL | 27,017 | 100.00 | 95,794 | 100.00 | 122,811 | 100.00 |
See also
Notes
- ^
- Russian: Батумская область, romanized: Batumskaya oblast [bətʊmskəjə ɐbɫəsʲtʲ]
- Georgian: ბათუმის ოლქი, romanized: batumis olki [b̥atʰumis olkʰi]
- Turkish: Batum Oblastı [batum obɫastɯ]
- ^ Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[4][5]
- ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[6]
- ^ Primarily Tatars.[6]
References
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014.
- ^ a b c "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
- ^ a b Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 182–185.
- ^ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
- ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
Bibliography
- Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.
- Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.
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