Turks in Saudi Arabia: Difference between revisions

Turks in Saudi Arabia
	A group of Turkish pilgrims at Jabal Thawr to perform umrah
Total population
	Turkish Arabian minority (i.e. Ottoman descendants only):; 150,000 (1993 est.) ; Plus modern Turkish immigrants:; 120,000-200,000 ; Total:; est. 270,000-350,000
Regions with significant populations
	Riyadh, Jeddah, Mecca
Languages
	Turkish; Arabic;
Religion
	Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
	Turkish diaspora

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Turks in Saudi Arabia also referred to as Turkish Arabians, Turkish Saudi Arabians, Saudi Arabian Turks, Arabian Turks or Saudi Turks (Turkish: Suudi Arabistan Türkleri, Arabic: الأتراك في السعودية) refers to ethnic Turkish people living in Saudi Arabia. The majority of Arabian Turks descend from Ottoman settlers who arrived in the region during the Ottoman rule of Arabia. Most Ottoman Turkish descendants in Saudi Arabia trace their roots to Anatolia; however, some ethnic Turks also came from the Balkans, Cyprus, the Levant, North Africa and other regions which had significant Turkish communities. In addition to Ottoman settlement policies, Turkish pilgrims to Mecca and Medina often settled down in the area permanently.

There has also been modern migration to Saudi Arabia from the Republic of Turkey as well as other modern nation-states which were once part of the Ottoman Empire.

History[edit]

Ottoman Turkish migration[edit]

Turks have had a presence in the western Arabian peninsula for hundreds of years, culminating in the Ottoman conquest of the Hejaz in 1517. After the Great Arab Revolt and the decline of the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish minority remained in the newly founded Saudi Kingdom.

Politics[edit]

During the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum, more than 8,000 Turkish expats from Saudi Arabia cast votes whether Turkey should abolish its parliamentary system and become a presidential republic.^[5] 58.34% of the Turkish expatriates in Saudi Arabia opted for "No", while 41.66% voted for "Yes". The yes vote was concentrated in Jeddah and the Western Region, while in Riyadh no was the dominant choice. The no vote was significantly higher compared to votes of several European Turkish expat communities.^[6]

Religion[edit]

Turkish people living in Saudi Arabia are Sunni Muslims. Turkish laborers returning from Riyadh seem to be less likely to espouse Shariah (Islamic law) than those living in European countries.^[7]

Notable people[edit]

Kamal Adham, businessman (Turkish mother)
Iffat Al-Thunayan, princess and the most prominent wife of King Faisal
- children:
- Princess Sara, activist for women and children welfare
- Prince Mohammed, businessman
- Princess Latifa
- Prince Saud, served as Saudi Arabia's foreign minister from 1975 to 2015
- Prince Abdul Rahman, military officer and businessman
- Prince Bandar, military officer
- Prince Turki, chairman of King Faisal Foundation's Center for Research and Islamic Studies
- Princess Lolowah, prominent activist for women's education
- Princess Haifa
  - grandchildren:
  - Amr bin Mohammed Al Saud, businessman
  - Reem Al Faisal, photographer
  - Faisal bin Turki Al Faisal Al Saud
  - Abdulaziz bin Turki Al Faisal, racing driver and businessman
  - Reema bint Bandar Al Saud, Saudi Arabian ambassador to the United States
  - Khalid bin Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud, Saudi Arabian Ambassador to the United Kingdom
  - Faisal bin Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud, president of the Saudi Arabian Federation for Electronic and Intellectual Sports (SAFEIS) and the Arab eSports Federation
Omar Basaad, music producer
Muhammad Khashoggi, medical doctor
- children:
- Adnan Khashoggi, businessman
- Samira Khashoggi, author and the owner and editor-in chief of Alsharkiah magazine
- Soheir Khashoggi, novelist
  - grandchildren
  - Dodi Fayed, film producer
  - Emad Khashoggi, businessman and the head of COGEMAD
  - Jamal Khashoggi, general manager and editor-in-chief of Al-Arab News Channel
  - Nabila Khashoggi, businesswoman, actress, and philanthropist

References[edit]

^ Akar, Metin (1993), "Fas Arapçasında Osmanlı Türkçesinden Alınmış Kelimeler", Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7: 94–95
^ Harzig, Juteau & Schmitt 2006, 67
^ Koslowski 2004, 41.
^ Karpat 2004, 12.
^ "More than 1 million Turkish expats vote in charter referendum - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
^ "Referendum divides Turkish expats". Saudigazette. 2017-04-18. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
^ Gerald Robbins. Fostering an Islamic Reformation. American Outlook, Spring 2002 issue.

Bibliography[edit]

Ergener, Reşit (2002), About Turkey: Geography, Economy, Politics, Religion, and Culture, Pilgrims Process, ISBN 0-9710609-6-7.
Fuller, Graham E. (2008), The new Turkish republic: Turkey as a pivotal state in the Muslim world, US Institute of Peace Press, ISBN 1-60127-019-4.
Hale, William M. (1981), The Political and Economic Development of modern Turkey, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-7099-0014-7.
Harzig, Christiane; Juteau, Danielle; Schmitt, Irina (2006), The Social Construction of Diversity: Recasting the Master Narrative of Industrial Nations, Berghahn Books, ISBN 1-57181-376-4.
Jung, Dietrich; Piccoli, Wolfango (2001), Turkey at the Crossroads: Ottoman Legacies and a Greater Middle East, Zed Books, ISBN 1-85649-867-0.
Karpat, Kemal H. (2004), Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays:Volume 94 of Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-13322-4.
Koslowski, Rey (2004), Intnl Migration and Globalization Domestic Politics, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-48837-7.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1997), Trends in International Migration: Continuous Reporting System on Migration: Annual Report 1996, OECD Publishing, ISBN 92-64-15508-2.
Papademetriou, Demetrios G.; Martin, Philip L. (1991), The Unsettled Relationship: Labor Migration and Economic Development, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-25463-X.
Sirageldin, Ismail Abdel-Hamid (2003), Human Capital: Population Economics in the Middle East, American University in Cairo Press, ISBN 977-424-711-6.
Unan, Elif (2009), MICROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF TURKISH WORKERS REMITTANCES: SURVEY RESULTS FOR FRANCE-TURKEY (PDF), Galatasaray University

[Akar_1993_loc=95-1] Akar, Metin (1993), "Fas Arapçasında Osmanlı Türkçesinden Alınmış Kelimeler", Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7: 94–95

[2] Harzig, Juteau & Schmitt 2006, 67

[3] Koslowski 2004, 41.

[4] Karpat 2004, 12.

[5] "More than 1 million Turkish expats vote in charter referendum - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2021-03-01.

[6] "Referendum divides Turkish expats". Saudigazette. 2017-04-18. Retrieved 2021-03-01.

[7] Gerald Robbins. Fostering an Islamic Reformation. American Outlook, Spring 2002 issue.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox Ethnic group
 | group    = Turks in Saudi Arabia
+| image    = Turkish Pilgrims at Jabal Thawr in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 4 April 2015.jpg
-| image    =
+| caption  = A group of Turkish pilgrims at [[Jabal Thawr]] to perform [[umrah]]
-| caption  =
 | popplace = [[Riyadh]], [[Jeddah]], [[Mecca]]
 | langs    = {{hlist|[[Turkish language|Turkish]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]]}}
-| rels     = [[Islam]]
+| rels     = [[Sunni Islam]]
+| related             = [[Turkish diaspora]]
-|population={{Plainlist|'''Turkish Arabian minority (i.e. Ottoman descendants only):<br/> 150,000 (1993 est.)<ref name="Akar 1993 loc=95">{{citation|last=Akar|first=Metin|year=1993|title=Fas Arapçasında Osmanlı Türkçesinden Alınmış Kelimeler|journal=Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi|volume=7|pages=94–95}}</ref> Plus moder Turkish immigrants:<br/> 120,000-200,000<ref>{{Harvnb|Harzig|Juteau|Schmitt|2006|loc=67}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Koslowski|2004|loc=41}}.</ref>200,000<ref>{{Harvnb|Karpat|2004|loc=12}}.</ref> <br/> Total:<br/> '''est. 270,000-350,000'''
+|population={{Plainlist|'''Turkish Arabian minority''' (i.e. Ottoman descendants only):<br/> 150,000 (1993 est.)<ref name="Akar 1993 loc=95">{{citation|last=Akar|first=Metin|year=1993|title=Fas Arapçasında Osmanlı Türkçesinden Alınmış Kelimeler|journal=Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi|volume=7|pages=94–95}}</ref> <br/>'''Plus modern Turkish immigrants''':<br/> 120,000-200,000<ref>{{Harvnb|Harzig|Juteau|Schmitt|2006|loc=67}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Koslowski|2004|loc=41}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Karpat|2004|loc=12}}.</ref> <br/> Total:<br/> '''est. 270,000-350,000'''
 }}
 }}
-'''Turks in Saudi Arabia''' also referred to as '''Turkish Arabians''', '''Turkish Saudi Arabians''', '''Saudi Arabian Turks''', '''Arabian Turks''' or '''Saudi Turks''' ({{lang-tr|Suudi Arabistan Türkleri}}) refers to ethnic [[Turkish people]] living in [[Saudi Arabia]]. The majority of Arabian Turks descend from [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] settlers who arrived in the region during the [[Ottoman Arabia|Ottoman rule of Arabia]]. Most Ottoman Turkish descendants in Saudi Arabia trace their roots to [[Anatolia]]; however, some ethnic Turks also came from the [[Balkans]], [[Cyprus]], the [[Levant]], [[North Africa]] and other regions which had significant [[Turkish minorities|Turkish communities]]. In addition to Ottoman settlement policies, Turkish pilgrims to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] often settled down in the area permanently.
+'''Turks in Saudi Arabia''' also referred to as '''Turkish Arabians''', '''Turkish Saudi Arabians''', '''Saudi Arabian Turks''', '''Arabian Turks''' or '''Saudi Turks''' ({{lang-tr|Suudi Arabistan Türkleri}}, {{lang-ar|الأتراك في السعودية}}) refers to ethnic [[Turkish people]] living in [[Saudi Arabia]]. The majority of Arabian Turks descend from [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] settlers who arrived in the region during the [[Ottoman Arabia|Ottoman rule of Arabia]]. Most Ottoman Turkish descendants in Saudi Arabia trace their roots to [[Anatolia]]; however, some ethnic Turks also came from the [[Balkans]], [[Cyprus]], the [[Levant]], [[North Africa]] and other regions which had significant [[Turkish minorities|Turkish communities]]. In addition to Ottoman settlement policies, Turkish pilgrims to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] often settled down in the area permanently.
 There has also been modern migration to Saudi Arabia from the [[Republic of Turkey]] as well as other modern nation-states which were once part of the Ottoman Empire.
 == History ==
+===Ottoman Turkish migration===
 Turks have had a presence in the western Arabian peninsula for hundreds of years, culminating in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquest of the Hejaz in 1517. After the [[Great Arab Revolt]] and the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]], a Turkish minority remained in the newly founded Saudi Kingdom.
+== Politics ==
+During the [[2017 Turkish constitutional referendum]], more than 8,000 Turkish expats from Saudi Arabia cast votes whether Turkey should abolish its [[parliamentary system]] and become a [[Presidential system|presidential republic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=More than 1 million Turkish expats vote in charter referendum - Turkey News|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/more-than-1-million-turkish-expats-vote-in-charter-referendum-111829|access-date=2021-03-01|website=Hürriyet Daily News|language=en}}</ref> 58.34% of the Turkish expatriates in Saudi Arabia opted for "No", while 41.66% voted for "Yes". The yes vote was concentrated in Jeddah and the Western Region, while in Riyadh no was the dominant choice. The no vote was significantly higher compared to votes of several European Turkish expat communities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-18|title=Referendum divides Turkish expats|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/176788/Referendum-divides-Turkish-expats|access-date=2021-03-01|website=Saudigazette|language=English}}</ref>
-Starting in the 1970s, economic relations between [[Turkey]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] grew.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fuller|2008|loc=125}}.</ref> In 1977, there was 6,500 Turks in [[Saudi Arabia]], 5,000 of which were officially reported workers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hale|1981|loc=249}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sirageldin|2003|loc=236}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Jung|Piccoli|2001|loc=140}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Unan|2009|loc=43}}.</ref>
-{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width=350 align="center" rules="all" style="margin: 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 2px solid #aaa; font-size: 100%;"
-|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD
-| colspan=8 align="center" | Emigration of Turkish workers to Saudi Arabia<ref>{{Harvnb|Papademetriou|Martin|1991|loc=120}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|1997|loc=165}}.</ref>
-|- bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align="center"
-! Year
-! Population
-|-
-| 1961–1973 || 4
-|-
-| 1974–1980 || 26,739
-|-
-| 1981–1985 || 107,994
-|-
-| 1991–1995 || 150,654
-|}
-== Business ==
-There are some 2,100 [[Turkish people|Turkish]]-operated hairdresser shops, 3,200 restaurants, and 1,900 furniture stores in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ergener|2002 |loc=76}}.</ref>
 == Religion ==
@@ Line 50: / Line 32: @@
 **Princess Latifa
 **[[Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Prince Saud]], served as Saudi Arabia's foreign minister from 1975 to 2015
-**[[Abdul Rahman Al Faisal|Prince Abdul Rahman]], businessman
+**[[Abdul Rahman Al Faisal|Prince Abdul Rahman]], military officer and businessman
-**Prince Bandar
+**[[Bandar bin Faisal Al Saud|Prince Bandar]], military officer
 **[[Turki bin Faisal Al Saud|Prince Turki]], chairman of King Faisal Foundation's Center for Research and Islamic Studies
 **[[Lolowah bint Faisal Al Saud|Princess Lolowah]], prominent activist for women's education
 **[[Haifa bint Faisal|Princess Haifa]]
 ***grandchildren:
-***[[Amr bin Mohammed Al Faisal Al Saud]], businessman
+***[[Amr bin Mohammed Al Saud]], businessman
 ***[[Reem Al Faisal]], photographer
 ***[[Faisal bin Turki Al Faisal Al Saud]]
@@ Line 75: / Line 57: @@
 ***[[Nabila Khashoggi]], businesswoman, actress, and philanthropist
 == See also ==
+{{Portal|Saudi Arabia|Turkey}}
 *[[Saudi Arabia – Turkey relations]]
 *[[Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire]]
@@ Line 88: / Line 71: @@
 *{{citation |last=Fuller|first=Graham E.|year=2008|title= The new Turkish republic: Turkey as a pivotal state in the Muslim world |publisher=US Institute of Peace Press|isbn=1-60127-019-4}}.
 *{{citation |last=Hale|first=William M.|year=1981|title= The Political and Economic Development of modern Turkey|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-7099-0014-7}}.
-*{{citation |last1=Harzig|first1=Christiane|last2=Juteau|first2=Danielle|last3=Schmitt|first3=Irina|year=2006|title= The Social Construction of Diversity: Recasting the Master Narrative of Industrial Nations|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=1-57181-376-4}}.
+*{{citation |last1=Harzig|first1=Christiane|last2=Juteau|first2=Danielle|author2-link=Danielle Juteau|last3=Schmitt|first3=Irina|year=2006|title= The Social Construction of Diversity: Recasting the Master Narrative of Industrial Nations|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=1-57181-376-4}}.
 *{{citation |last1=Jung|first1=Dietrich|last2=Piccoli|first2=Wolfango|year=2001|title= Turkey at the Crossroads: Ottoman Legacies and a Greater Middle East|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1-85649-867-0}}.
 *{{citation |last=Karpat|first=Kemal H.|year=2004|title=Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays:Volume 94 of Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-13322-4}}.
@@ Line 96: / Line 79: @@
 *{{citation |last=Sirageldin|first=Ismail Abdel-Hamid|year=2003|title=Human Capital: Population Economics in the Middle East
 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=977-424-711-6}}.
-*{{citation |last=Unan|first=Elif|year=2009|title=MICROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF TURKISH WORKERS REMITTANCES: SURVEY RESULTS FOR FRANCE-TURKEY|url=http://gdri.dreem.free.fr/wp-content/g3-1unan-dreem-1.pdf|place=http://gdri.dreem.free.fr|publisher=Galatasaray University}}
+*{{citation |last=Unan|first=Elif|year=2009|title=MICROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF TURKISH WORKERS REMITTANCES: SURVEY RESULTS FOR FRANCE-TURKEY|url=http://gdri.dreem.free.fr/wp-content/g3-1unan-dreem-1.pdf|publisher=Galatasaray University}}
 {{refend}}
@@ Line 102: / Line 85: @@
 {{Demographics of Saudi Arabia}}
 {{Turkish diaspora}}
+{{Portal bar|Turkey|Saudi Arabia}}
-[[Category:Turkish diaspora by country]]
+[[Category:Turkish diaspora by country|Saudi Arabia]]
 [[Category:Turkish diaspora in Asia|Saudi Arabia]]
 [[Category:Saudi Arabian people of Turkish descent| ]]

v t e Immigration to Saudi Arabia
From Asia	Bangladeshis Filipinos Indians Indonesians Iraqis Koreans Lebanese Nepalis Pakistanis Syrians Turks
From elsewhere	Americans Australians
See also	Kafala system Human trafficking Demographics Foreign workers

v t e Demographics of Saudi Arabia
Religions	Islam Sunni Shia Ahmadiyya Christianity Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy Protestantism Jews Hinduism Buddhism
Ethnic groups	Arabs Bedoon Bedouin Rashaida
Foreign nationals	Americans Armenians Australians Bangladeshis Filipinos Indians Iraqis Indonesians Koreans Lebanese Malays Nepalis Pakistanis Syrians Turks
Related	Youth