Siddhanta: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 08:24, 7 June 2024

Siddhānta (Devanagari: सिद्धान्त lit. 'established end'^[1]) is a Sanskrit term denoting the established and accepted view of any particular school within Indian philosophy; literally "settled opinion or doctrine, dogma, axiom, received or admitted truth; any fixed or established or canonical text-book on any subject" (from siddha, adj. mfn.- accomplished, fulfilled; that has attained the highest object, thoroughly skilled or versed in).^[2]

Hindu philosophy

This term is an established term within Hindu philosophy which denotes a specific line of development within a Hindu religious or philosophical tradition. The traditional schools of Hindu philosophy have had their siddhāntas established by their respective founders in the form of sūtras (aphorisms). The sūtras are commented by a major philosopher in the respective traditions to elaborate upon the established doctrine by quoting from the śāstras (scriptures) and using logic and pramāṇas (accepted source of knowledge). For example, in the tradition of Vedanta, the author of the Brahma Sūtra was Veda-Vyāsa and the commentators were Ādi Śaṅkara, Rāmānuja and Mādhavācārya (each of whom eventually set up sub-schools within Vedānta). Also, in the tradition of Pūrva Mīmāṁsā, the author of the sūtra was Jaimini and the commentator was Śabarasvāmi.

Buddhist philosophy

Siddhānta (Tibetan: grub mtha') is a genre of Buddhist literature, which is quite common in Tibetan Buddhism.^[3] This genre has its antecedents in Pali suttas such as the Tevijja sutta and the Brahmajala sutta. These early Buddhist sources discuss the various worldviews of brahmins, sramanas and ascetics during the Buddha's time.^[4] Buddhist scholastic literature later expanded the discussion to numerous other Buddhist and non-Buddhist views. Indian works which discuss various competing doctrines include the Kathavatthu, the Mahavibhasa, Bhaviveka's Blaze of Reasoning and Shantaraksita's Tattvasamgraha.^[3]

Tibetan Buddhists developed the genre further and numerous siddhānta works were written by figures such as Rongzompa, Chekawa Yeshe Dorje, Sakya Pandita, Longchenpa, Jamyang Shéba, and Changkya Rölpé Dorjé.^[3] According to Daniel Cozort, Jamyang's massive Great Exposition of Tenets "are the most comprehensive of the tenets texts" (in Tibetan Buddhism).^[5] During the 18th century, Thuken Losang Chökyi Nyima (1737–1802), a student of Changkya, wrote Crystal Mirror of Philosophical Systems. According to Roger R. Jackson, this text is "arguably the widest-ranging account of religious philosophies ever written in pre-modern Tibet." This work discusses all schools of Tibetan Buddhism, Chinese Buddhism and Chinese religions as well as Indian, Mongolian and Khotanese religious systems.^[6]

Jain philosophical studies

For Jainism, the texts vary between the three primary sects, with Sthanakavasis believing in no textual authority. Both the Digambara and Śvetāmbara believe that the "purest" Jain teachings were contained within the Purvas, which have been mostly lost to antiquity. Of the surviving Jain scriptures, the Digambara tend to focus upon the Prakaranas; while the Śvetāmbara focus upon the Angas.

Astronomy

In Indian astronomy and astrology, Siddhanta (or Siddhantic) refers to a genre of texts that replaced the earlier tradition based on the Vedanga Jyotisha. The Siddhanta ("established theory") genre emerged around the beginning of the first millennium CE. Compared to the Vedanga Jyotisha, the Siddhanta texts discussed a wider range of topics including the nakshatras, the zodiac signs, precise calculations of the solar year, computations of planetary motions and positions, calculation of solar and lunar eclipses, and parallax.^[7]

Early Indian astronomy is transmitted in Siddhantas: Varahamihira (6th century) in his Pancha-Siddhantika contrasts five of these: The Surya Siddhanta besides the Paitamaha Siddhantas (which is more similar to the "classical" Vedanga Jyotisha), the Paulisha and Romaka Siddhantas (directly based on Hellenistic astronomy) and the Vasishtha Siddhanta.

References

^ Johnson, W. J. (2009-02-12). A Dictionary of Hinduism. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-861025-0.
^ "Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary sv. "siddhanta"". Archived from the original on 2015-05-20. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c Changkya Rölpai Dorjé; Lopez, Donald (translator) (2019). Beautiful Adornment of Mount Meru, Translator's Introduction. Simon and Schuster.
^ Changkya Rölpai Dorjé; Lopez, Donald (translator) (2019). Beautiful Adornment of Mount Meru, Introduction. Simon and Schuster.
^ Blo-bzaṅ-dkon-mchog, Daniel Cozort, Craig Preston (2003). Buddhist Philosophy: Losang Gönchok's Short Commentary to Jamyang Shayba's Root Text on Tenets, pp. xi-xii. Snow Lion Publications.
^ Thuken Losang Chokyi Nyima, Jackson, Roger (editor) (2017). The Crystal Mirror of Philosophical Systems: A Tibetan Study of Asian Religious Thought. Simon and Schuster.
^ S. Balachandra Rao (2014). "Classical Astronomy in India - An Overview". In Thanu Padmanabhan (ed.). Astronomy in India: A Historical Perspective. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 9788184899986.

[1] Johnson, W. J. (2009-02-12). A Dictionary of Hinduism. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-861025-0.

[2] "Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary sv. "siddhanta"". Archived from the original on 2015-05-20. Retrieved 2015-01-19.

[:0-3] Changkya Rölpai Dorjé; Lopez, Donald (translator) (2019). Beautiful Adornment of Mount Meru, Translator's Introduction. Simon and Schuster.

[4] Changkya Rölpai Dorjé; Lopez, Donald (translator) (2019). Beautiful Adornment of Mount Meru, Introduction. Simon and Schuster.

[5] Blo-bzaṅ-dkon-mchog, Daniel Cozort, Craig Preston (2003). Buddhist Philosophy: Losang Gönchok's Short Commentary to Jamyang Shayba's Root Text on Tenets, pp. xi-xii. Snow Lion Publications.

[6] Thuken Losang Chokyi Nyima, Jackson, Roger (editor) (2017). The Crystal Mirror of Philosophical Systems: A Tibetan Study of Asian Religious Thought. Simon and Schuster.

[7] S. Balachandra Rao (2014). "Classical Astronomy in India - An Overview". In Thanu Padmanabhan (ed.). Astronomy in India: A Historical Perspective. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 9788184899986.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{about|the philosophical concept|people named Siddhanta|Indian philosophy}}
+{{see also|Indian philosophy}}
 {{More citations needed|date=October 2014}}
-'''''Siddhānta''''' is a [[Sanskrit]] term denoting the established and accepted view of any particular school within [[Indian philosophy]]; literally "settled opinion or doctrine, dogma, axiom, received or admitted truth; any fixed or established or canonical text-book on any subject" (from ''siddha'', adj. mfn.- accomplished, fulfilled; that has attained the highest object, thoroughly skilled or versed in).<ref>[http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/s.html Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary sv. "siddhanta"]</ref>
+'''{{IAST|Siddhānta}}''' ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|sa|सिद्धान्त}} {{Literal translation|established end}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=W. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Dictionary_of_Hinduism.html?id=DzoOAQAAMAAJ&source=kp_book_description |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism |date=2009-02-12 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-861025-0 |language=en}}</ref>) is a [[Sanskrit]] term denoting the established and accepted view of any particular school within [[Indian philosophy]]; literally "settled opinion or doctrine, dogma, axiom, received or admitted truth; any fixed or established or canonical text-book on any subject" (from ''siddha'', adj. mfn.- accomplished, fulfilled; that has attained the highest object, thoroughly skilled or versed in).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/s.html |title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary sv. "siddhanta" |access-date=2015-01-19 |archive-date=2015-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520235218/http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/s.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 ==Hindu philosophy==
-This term is an established term within [[Hindu philosophy]] which denotes a specific line of development within a [[Hindu]] religious or philosophical tradition. The traditional schools of Hindu philosophy have had their siddhantas established by their respective founders in the form of [[Sutra]]s (aphorisms). The Sutras are commented by a major philosopher in the respective traditions to elaborate upon the established doctrine by quoting from [[Hindu scriptures|the ''shastras'']] (scriptures) and using logic and [[pramana]]s (accepted source of knowledge). For example, in the tradition of [[Vedanta]], the author of the [[Brahma Sutra]] was [[Vyasa|Veda Vyasa]] and the commentators were [[Adi Shankara]], [[Ramanuja]] and [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]] (each of whom eventually set up sub-schools within Vedanta). Also, in the tradition of [[mimamsa|Purva Mimamsa]], the author of the Sutra was [[Jaimini]] and the commentator was [[Shabaraswami]].
+This term is an established term within [[Hindu philosophy]] which denotes a specific line of development within a [[Hindu]] religious or philosophical tradition. The traditional schools of Hindu philosophy have had their ''siddhāntas'' established by their respective founders in the form of [[Sūtra|''sūtras'']] (aphorisms). The ''sūtras'' are commented by a major philosopher in the respective traditions to elaborate upon the established doctrine by quoting from [[Hindu scriptures|the ''śāstras'']] (scriptures) and using logic and [[pramāṇa]]s (accepted source of knowledge). For example, in the tradition of [[Vedanta]], the author of the [[Brahma Sutra|Brahma Sūtra]] was [[Vyasa|Veda-Vyāsa]] and the commentators were [[Adi Shankara|Ādi Śaṅkara]], [[Ramanuja|Rāmānuja]] and [[Madhvacharya|Mādhavācārya]] (each of whom eventually set up sub-schools within Vedānta). Also, in the tradition of [[Mimamsa|''Pūrva Mīmāṁsā'']], the author of the ''sūtra'' was [[Jaimini]] and the commentator was [[Shabara|Śabarasvāmi]].
 ==Buddhist philosophy==
+''Siddhānta'' ([[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]]: ''grub mtha''') is a genre of [[Buddhist literature]], which is quite common in [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<ref name=":0">Changkya Rölpai Dorjé; Lopez, Donald (translator) (2019). ''Beautiful Adornment of Mount Meru'', Translator's Introduction. Simon and Schuster.</ref> This genre has its antecedents in Pali suttas such as the ''[[Tevijja sutta]]'' and the ''[[Brahmajāla Sutta|Brahmajala sutta]].'' These early Buddhist sources discuss the various worldviews of [[Brahmin|brahmins]], [[Śramaṇa|sramanas]] and [[Asceticism|ascetics]] during the Buddha's time.<ref>Changkya Rölpai Dorjé; Lopez, Donald (translator) (2019). ''Beautiful Adornment of Mount Meru'', Introduction. Simon and Schuster.</ref> Buddhist scholastic literature later expanded the discussion to numerous other Buddhist and non-Buddhist views. Indian works which discuss various competing doctrines include the ''[[Kathāvatthu|Kathavatthu]]'', the ''[[Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra|Mahavibhasa]]'', [[Bhāviveka|Bhaviveka's]] ''Blaze of Reasoning'' and [[Śāntarakṣita|Shantaraksita's]] ''[[Tattvasamgraha]]''.<ref name=":0" />
-[[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhists]] scholars translate the term accurately as 'tenet'. In Tibetan Scholar Konchog Jigmed Wangpo's famous text on philosophical tenets, he writes: <blockquote>The etymology for 'tenet' (''siddhanta'') is: a tenet or a meaning which was made firm, decided upon, or established in reliance on the texts and reasoning and which will not be forsaken for something else. Dharmamitra's ''Clear Words'', ''A Commentary on Maitreya's Ornament for Realisations'' (''abhisamayalamkara karika prajnaparamita mitopadesha shastratike'') says: '"Established conclusion [''siddhanta''] signifies one's own established assertion which is thoroughly borne out by the texts and reasoning. Because one will not pass beyond this assertion, it is a conclusion."</blockquote>
+[[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhists]] developed the genre further and numerous ''siddhānta'' works were written by figures such as [[Rongzom Chökyi Zangpo|Rongzompa]], [[Chekawa Yeshe Dorje]], [[Sakya Pandita]], [[Longchenpa]], [[Jamyang Zhepa|Jamyang Shéba]], and [[Changkya Rölpé Dorjé]].<ref name=":0" /> According to Daniel Cozort, Jamyang's massive ''Great Exposition of Tenets'' "are the most comprehensive of the tenets texts" (in Tibetan Buddhism).<ref>Blo-bzaṅ-dkon-mchog, Daniel Cozort, Craig Preston (2003). ''Buddhist Philosophy: Losang Gönchok's Short Commentary to Jamyang Shayba's Root Text on Tenets,'' pp. xi-xii. Snow Lion Publications.</ref> During the 18th century, Thuken Losang Chökyi Nyima (1737–1802), a student of Changkya, wrote ''Crystal Mirror of Philosophical Systems.'' According to Roger R. Jackson, this text is "arguably the widest-ranging account of religious philosophies ever written in pre-modern Tibet." This work discusses all schools of Tibetan Buddhism, [[Chinese Buddhism]] and [[Religion in China|Chinese religions]] as well as [[Indian philosophy|Indian]], [[Religion in Mongolia|Mongolian]] and [[Kingdom of Khotan|Khotanese]] religious systems.<ref>Thuken Losang Chokyi Nyima, Jackson, Roger (editor) (2017). ''The Crystal Mirror of Philosophical Systems: A Tibetan Study of Asian Religious Thought.'' Simon and Schuster.</ref>
-==Jain philosophycal studies==
-For [[Jainism]], [[Jain Agamas|the texts]] vary between the three primary sects, with [[Sthanakavasis]] believing in no textual authority. Both the [[Digambara]] and [[Shvetambara]] believe that the "purest" Jain teachings were contained within the ''[[Purvas]]'', which have been mostly lost to antiquity. Of the surviving Jain scriptures, the Digambara tend to focus upon the '''Prakaranas'''; while the Shvetambara focus upon the '''Angas'''.
+==Jain philosophical studies==
+For [[Jainism]], [[Jain Agamas|the texts]] vary between the three primary sects, with [[Sthanakavasis]] believing in no textual authority. Both the [[Digambara]] and [[Śvetāmbara]] believe that the "purest" Jain teachings were contained within the ''[[Purvas]]'', which have been mostly lost to antiquity. Of the surviving Jain scriptures, the Digambara tend to focus upon the '''Prakaranas'''; while the [[Śvetāmbara]] focus upon the '''Angas'''.
 ==Astronomy==
-Early [[Indian astronomy]] is transmitted in ''Siddhanta''s: [[Varahamihira]] (6th century) in his ''[[Pancha-Siddhantika]]'' contrasts five of these: The [[Surya Siddhanta]] besides the [[Paitamaha Siddhanta]]s (which is more similar to the "classical" [[Vedanga Jyotisha]]), the [[Paulisha Siddhanta|Paulisha]] and  [[Romaka Siddhanta|Romaka]] Siddhantas (directly based on Hellenistic astronomy) and the  [[Vasishtha Siddhanta]].
+In Indian [[astronomy and astrology]], Siddhanta (or Siddhantic) refers to a genre of texts that replaced the earlier tradition based on the ''[[Vedanga Jyotisha]]''. The Siddhanta ("established theory") genre emerged around the beginning of the first millennium CE. Compared to the ''Vedanga Jyotisha'', the Siddhanta texts discussed a wider range of topics including the [[nakshatra]]s, the [[zodiac signs]], precise calculations of the solar year, computations of planetary motions and positions, calculation of solar and lunar eclipses, and parallax.<ref>{{cite book |author=S. Balachandra Rao |chapter=Classical Astronomy in India - An Overview |editor=Thanu Padmanabhan |title=Astronomy in India: A Historical Perspective |year=2014 |publisher=Springer |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grZTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |page=4 |isbn=9788184899986 }}</ref>
+Early [[Indian astronomy]] is transmitted in ''Siddhanta''s: [[Varahamihira]] (6th century) in his ''[[Pancha-Siddhantika]]'' contrasts five of these: The [[Surya Siddhanta]] besides the [[Paitamaha Siddhanta]]s (which is more similar to the "classical" ''Vedanga Jyotisha''), the [[Paulisha Siddhanta|Paulisha]] and  [[Romaka Siddhanta|Romaka]] Siddhantas (directly based on Hellenistic astronomy) and the  [[Vasishtha Siddhanta]].
 ==References==
-* Caraka samhita vimana sthana 8/37
 {{Reflist}}