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The Echinades (/ɪˈkɪnədiːz/; Greek: αἱ Ἐχινάδες νῆσοι per Herodotus, Thucydides, and Strabo, per Homer Echinae (αἱ Ἐχῖναι νῆσοι, Italian: Curzolari) are a group of islands in the Ionian Sea, off the coast of Acarnania, Greece. The archipelago is commonly subdivided into three groups: the Drakoneres in the north, the Modia in the middle and the Ouniades in the south. Administratively, the Echinades form part of two regional units: Ithaca and Cephalonia. Six of the islands, including Oxeia, one of the largest, are owned by Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, the emir of Qatar, who purchased them for a reported £7.3 million sterling.^[1] The Battle of the Echinades in 1427 and the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 were fought at or near the islands.

History

Several of the islands have been joined to the mainland by alluvial deposits. Herodotus says that half of the islands had been already united to the mainland in his time (ii. 10); and Thucydides expected that this would be the case with all of them before long, since they lay so close together as to be easily connected by the alluvium brought down by the Achelous River (ii. 102.). This expectation, however, has not been fulfilled, which Pausanias attributed (viii. 24. § 11) to the Achelous bringing down less alluvium in consequence of the uncultivated condition of Aetolia; but there can be little doubt that it is owing to the increasing depth of the sea, which prevents any perceptible progress being made.^{[citation needed]}

The Echinades are mentioned by Homer, who, in the Iliad, says that Meges, son of Phyleus, led 40 ships to Troy from Dulichium and the sacred islands Echinae, which are situated beyond the sea, opposite Elis.^[2] Phyleus was the son of Augeas, king of the Epeians in Elis, who emigrated to Dulichium because he had incurred his father's anger. In the Odyssey, Dulichium (which may be an island in the Echniades) is frequently mentioned along with Same (Kefalonia), Zacynthus, and Ithaca as one of the islands subject to Ulysses, and is celebrated for its fertility.^[3] Strabo, and most modern writers, place Dulichium among the Echinades, most identifying it with the island of Makri. Euripides (in Iphigeneia at Aulis) identifies the Echinades with the islands of Taphos (Taphiae Insulae). However, most modern scholars, including the editors of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, place the island of Taphos at Meganisi east of Lefkada, quite northwest of the Echinades; hence, the islands of Taphos would include Meganisi, Kalamos, Kastos, and surrounding islands.

Homer, as we have already seen, describes the Echinades as inhabited; but both Thucydides and Scylax represent them as deserted.^[4] Strabo simply says that they were barren and rugged (x. p. 458). Stephanus of Byzantium names a town Apollonia situated in one of the islands (s. v. Ἀπολλωνία). Pliny the Elder gives us the names of nine of these islands — Aegialia, Cotonis, Thyatira, Geoaris, Dionysia, Cyrnus, Chalcis, Pinara, Mystus.^[5] Another of the Echinades was Artemita (Ἀρτεμίτα), which became united to the mainland.^[6] Artemidorus spoke of Artemita as a peninsula near the mouth of the Achelous, and Rhianus connected it with the Oxeiae (Oxeias, Oxiés, or Scrofés) islands. (Steph. B. s. v. Ἀπτεμίτα) The Oxeiae (αἱ Ὀξεῖαι) are sometimes spoken of as a separate group of islands to the west or south of the Echinades,^[7] but are included by Strabo under the general name of Echinades (x. p. 458). The Oxeiae, according to Strabo, are mentioned by Homer under the synonymous name of Thoae or Thoai.^[8]

Name

The Echinades derived their name from the echinus or the sea urchin, in consequence of their sharp and prickly outlines. For the same reason they were called Oxeiae, or the Sharp Islands, a name which one of them still retains under the slightly altered form of Oxeia (Oxiés, Oxiá, or Oxia). Leake remarks that the Echinades are divided into two clusters, besides Petalas (Petalá), which, being, quite barren and close to the mainland, is not claimed, or at least is not occupied by the Ithacans, though anciently it was undoubtedly one of the Echinades. The northern cluster is commonly called the Drakoneres, from Drakonera, the principal island; and the southern, the Ouniades or Oxeiae. By the Venetians they were known as the islands of Kurtzolári, which name belongs properly to a peninsula to the left of the mouth of the Achelous, near Oxeia. Seventeen of the islands have names, besides the four Modia (Stamodio or Módi Islands), two of which are mere rocks, and nine of the seventeen are cultivated. These are, beginning from the south — Oxeia (Oxiá), Makri (Makrí), Vrómonas (Vromotas or Vrómona), Pontikos (Pondikónisi), Karlonísi (Karlónísi), Prováti, Lampriní (Lambrinó), Sofía (Sofiá), also known as Gaia, Drakonera (Dhragonára). Oxeia alone is lofty (421 meters). Makri and Vrómonas are the two islands next in importance.^[9]

Name	Greek	Gemeinschaft	Subgroup	Area (km²)^[10]	Highest point^[11]	Standort
Praso	Πράσο	Pylaros	Drakoneres			38°28′58″N 20°58′10″E / 38.48278°N 20.96944°E / 38.48278; 20.96944 (Praso)
Sofia	Σοφία	Pylaros	Drakoneres	0.174		38°28′49″N 21°0′5″E / 38.48028°N 21.00139°E / 38.48028; 21.00139 (Sofia)
Lamprinos	Λαμπρινός	Pylaros	Drakoneres	0.352	61 m	38°28′22″N 21°0′18″E / 38.47278°N 21.00500°E / 38.47278; 21.00500 (Lambrinos)
Drakonera	Δρακονέρα	Ithaka	Drakoneres	2.442	137 m	38°28′51″N 21°1′15″E / 38.48083°N 21.02083°E / 38.48083; 21.02083 (Drakonera)
Filippos	Φίλιππος	Pylaros	Drakoneres	0.046^[12]		38°28′17″N 21°0′55″E / 38.47139°N 21.01528°E / 38.47139; 21.01528 (Philippos)
Pistros	Πίστρος	Pylaros	Drakoneres	0.114	41 m	38°27′51″N 21°0′58″E / 38.46417°N 21.01611°E / 38.46417; 21.01611 (Pistros)
Kalogiros	Καλόγηρος	Pylaros	Drakoneres	0.249		38°29′28″N 21°1′49″E / 38.49111°N 21.03028°E / 38.49111; 21.03028 (Kalogiros)
Karlonisi	Καρλονήσι	Ithaka	Drakoneres	0.719	77 m	38°28′32″N 21°2′35″E / 38.47556°N 21.04306°E / 38.47556; 21.04306 (Karlonisi)
Tsakalonisi	Τσακαλονήσι	Pylaros	Drakoneres	0.1		38°27′44″N 21°2′11″E / 38.46222°N 21.03639°E / 38.46222; 21.03639 (Tsakalonisi)
Provati	Προβάτι	Ithaka	Drakoneres	1.21	75 m	38°27′48″N 21°2′53″E / 38.46333°N 21.04806°E / 38.46333; 21.04806 (Provati)
Pontikos	Ποντικός	Ithaka	Drakoneres	0.736		38°27′17″N 21°3′59″E / 38.45472°N 21.06639°E / 38.45472; 21.06639 (Pondikos)
Girovaris or Gkravaris	Γηρόβαρης or Γκράβαρης	Pylaros	Modia		24 m	38°26′24″N 21°1′36″E / 38.44000°N 21.02667°E / 38.44000; 21.02667 (Gravaris)
Soros	Σωρός	Pylaros	Modia	0.038^[12]	31 m	38°26′5″N 21°1′30″E / 38.43472°N 21.02500°E / 38.43472; 21.02500 (Soros)
Apasa	Άπασα	Pylaros	Modia	0.024^[12]	17 m	38°25′53″N 21°1′29″E / 38.43139°N 21.02472°E / 38.43139; 21.02472 (Apasa)
Modio or Modi	Μοδιό or Μόδι	Pylaros	Modia	0.258	66 m	38°25′25″N 21°1′20″E / 38.42361°N 21.02222°E / 38.42361; 21.02222 (Modi)
Petalas	Πεταλάς	Pylaros	Ouniades	5.497	251 m	38°24′50″N 21°5′41″E / 38.41389°N 21.09472°E / 38.41389; 21.09472 (Petalas)
Vromonas	Βρομώνας	Ithaka	Ouniades	1.047	141 m	38°22′9″N 20°59′43″E / 38.36917°N 20.99528°E / 38.36917; 20.99528 (Vromonas)
Makri	Μάκρη	Ithaka	Ouniades	0.983	126 m	38°21′30″N 21°2′19″E / 38.35833°N 21.03861°E / 38.35833; 21.03861 (Makri)
Kouneli or Makropoula	Κουνέλι or Μακροπούλα	Ithaka	Ouniades	0.095^[12]	126 m	38°21′6″N 21°3′17″E / 38.35167°N 21.05472°E / 38.35167; 21.05472 (Kouneli)
Oxeia	Οξεία	Ithaka	Ouniades	4.223	421 m	38°18′13″N 21°6′39″E / 38.30361°N 21.11083°E / 38.30361; 21.11083 (Oxia)

References

^ "Emir of Qatar buys six Greek islands for £7m". The Telegraph (UK). 5 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Homer Iliad ii. 625.
^ Homer Odyssey i. 245, ix. 24, xiv. 397, xvi. 123, 247; Hymn. in Apoll. 429; Πολύπυρον, Od. xiv. 335, xvi. 396, xix. 292.
^ Thuc. ii. 102; Scylax, p. 14.
^ iv. 12. s. 19.
^ Strabo i. p. 59; Pliny iv. 1. s. 2.
^ comp. Pliny iv. 12. s. 19.
^ (Θοαί, Odyssey xv. 299.
^ Kruse, Hellas, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 455, seq.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 30, seq., 50, seq.; Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. i. p. 104.
^ Arnold, Charles. Die Inseln des Mittelmeers. (German.)
^ Data from GTP.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Προσδιορισμός και χαρτογράφηση των ορνιθολογικά ευαίσθητων στα αιολικά πάρκα περιοχών της Ελλάδας, Ελληνική Ορνιθολογική Εταιρεία (Griechische Ornithologische Gesellschaft) PDF Online^{[permanent dead link]} (1,883 MB), griechisch

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (ISBN 0-691-03169-X), p. 54.

External links

Official website of Municipality of Ithaca (in English and Greek)
Island of Petalas for sale
Another island for sale

38°18′13″N 21°6′39″E / 38.30361°N 21.11083°E / 38.30361; 21.11083

[Telegraph-1] "Emir of Qatar buys six Greek islands for £7m". The Telegraph (UK). 5 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.

[2] Homer Iliad ii. 625.

[3] Homer Odyssey i. 245, ix. 24, xiv. 397, xvi. 123, 247; Hymn. in Apoll. 429; Πολύπυρον, Od. xiv. 335, xvi. 396, xix. 292.

[4] Thuc. ii. 102; Scylax, p. 14.

[5] v. 12. s. 19.

[6] Strabo i. p. 59; Pliny iv. 1. s. 2.

[7] . Pliny iv. 12. s. 19.

[8] (Θοαί, Odyssey xv. 299.

[9] Kruse, Hellas, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 455, seq.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 30, seq., 50, seq.; Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. i. p. 104.

[Arnold-10] Arnold, Charles. Die Inseln des Mittelmeers. (German.)

[11] Data from GTP.

[GROrnith-12] Προσδιορισμός και χαρτογράφηση των ορνιθολογικά ευαίσθητων στα αιολικά πάρκα περιοχών της Ελλάδας, Ελληνική Ορνιθολογική Εταιρεία (Griechische Ornithologische Gesellschaft) PDF Online^{[permanent dead link]} (1,883 MB), griechisch

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+{{Short description|Group of islands in the Ionian Sea}}
-{{Cleanup|date=June 2010}}
-[[image:Echinades de.png|thumb|300px|The Echinades]]
+[[File:Echinades de.png|thumb|300px|The Echinades]]
-The '''Echinades''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|αἱ Ἐχινάδες νῆσοι}} per [[Herodotus]], [[Thucydides]], and [[Strabo]], per [[Homer]] '''Echinae''' ({{lang|grc|αἱ Ἐχῖναι νῆσοι}}, {{lang-it|Curtzolari}}) are a group of islands in the [[Ionian Sea]], off the coast of [[Acarnania]], [[Greece]]. The archipelago is commonly subdivided into three groups: the Drakoneres in the north, the Modia in the middle and the Ouniades in the south. Administratively, the Echinades form part of two regional units: [[Ithaca]] and [[Cephalonia]]. Many of the islands are privately owned and periodically one comes up for sale. The [[Battle of the Echinades (1427)|Battle of the Echinades]] in 1427 and the [[Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571 were fought at or near the islands.
+The '''Echinades''' ({{IPAc-en|ᵻ|ˈ|k|ɪ|n|ə|d|iː|z}}; [[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|αἱ Ἐχινάδες νῆσοι}} per [[Herodotus]], [[Thucydides]], and [[Strabo]], per [[Homer]] '''Echinae''' ({{lang|grc|αἱ Ἐχῖναι νῆσοι}}, {{lang-it|Curzolari}}) are a group of islands in the [[Ionian Sea]], off the coast of [[Acarnania]], [[Greece]]. The archipelago is commonly subdivided into three groups: the Drakoneres in the north, the Modia in the middle and the Ouniades in the south. Administratively, the Echinades form part of two regional units: [[Ithaca (regional unit)|Ithaca]] and [[Cephalonia]]. Six of the islands, including [[Oxeia]], one of the largest, are owned by [[Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani]], the [[List of emirs of Qatar|emir of Qatar]], who purchased them for a reported £7.3 million sterling.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news | title = Emir of Qatar buys six Greek islands for £7m | date =5 March 2013|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/9910727/Emir-of-Qatar-buys-six-Greek-islands-for-7m.html | work = [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph (UK)]]|access-date = 6 March 2013}}</ref> The [[Battle of the Echinades (1427)|Battle of the Echinades]] in 1427 and the [[Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571 were fought at or near the islands.
 ==History==
-Several of the islands have been joined to the mainland by alluvial deposits. Herodotus says that half of the islands had been already united to the mainland in his time (ii. 10); and Thucydides expected that this would be the case with all of them before long, since they lay so close together as to be easily connected by the alluvium brought down by the [[Achelous River]] (ii. 102.). This expectation, however, has not been fulfilled, which [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] attributed (viii. 24. § 11) to the Achelous bringing down less alluvium in consequence of the uncultivated condition of [[Aetolia]]; but there can be little doubt that it is owing to the increasing depth of the sea, which prevents any perceptible progress being made.
+Several of the islands have been joined to the mainland by alluvial deposits. Herodotus says that half of the islands had been already united to the mainland in his time (ii. 10); and Thucydides expected that this would be the case with all of them before long, since they lay so close together as to be easily connected by the alluvium brought down by the [[Achelous River]] (ii. 102.). This expectation, however, has not been fulfilled, which [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] attributed (viii. 24. § 11) to the Achelous bringing down less alluvium in consequence of the uncultivated condition of [[Aetolia]]; but there can be little doubt that it is owing to the increasing depth of the sea, which prevents any perceptible progress being made.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
-The Echinades are mentioned by Homer, who, in the [[Iliad]], says that [[Meges]], son of [[Phyleus]], led 40 ships to [[Troy]] from [[Dulichium]] and the sacred islands '''Echinae''', which are situated beyond the sea, opposite [[Elis]].<ref>[[Homer]] ''[[Iliad]]'' ii. 625.</ref> Phyleus was the son of [[Augeas]], king of the [[Epeians]] in Elis, who emigrated to Dulichium because he had incurred his father's anger. In the [[Odyssey]], Dulichium (which may be an island in the Echniades) is frequently mentioned along with Same ([[Kefalonia]]), [[Zacynthus]], and [[Ithaca]] as one of the islands subject to [[Odysseus|Ulysses]], and is celebrated for its fertility.<ref>Homer ''[[Odyssey]]'' i. 245, ix. 24, xiv. 397, xvi. 123, 247; Hymn. in Apoll. 429; Πολύπυρον, ''Od.'' xiv. 335, xvi. 396, xix. 292.</ref> Strabo, and most modern writers, place Dulichium among the Echinades, most identifying it with the island of [[Makri]]. [[Euripides]] (in ''[[Iphigeneia at Aulis]]'') identifies the Echinades with the islands of [[Taphos]] (Taphiae Insulae). However, most modern scholars, including the editors of the ''[[Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World]]'', place the island of Taphos at [[Meganisi]] east of [[Lefkada]], quite northwest of the Echinades; hence, the islands of Taphos would include Meganisi, [[Kalamos (island)|Kalamos]], [[Kastos]], and surrounding islands.
+The Echinades are mentioned by Homer, who, in the [[Iliad]], says that [[Meges]], son of [[Phyleus]], led 40 ships to [[Troy]] from [[Dulichium]] and the sacred islands '''Echinae''', which are situated beyond the sea, opposite [[Ancient Elis|Elis]].<ref>[[Homer]] ''[[Iliad]]'' ii. 625.</ref> Phyleus was the son of [[Augeas]], king of the [[Epeians]] in Elis, who emigrated to Dulichium because he had incurred his father's anger. In the [[Odyssey]], Dulichium (which may be an island in the Echniades) is frequently mentioned along with Same ([[Kefalonia]]), [[Zacynthus]], and [[Ithaca (island)|Ithaca]] as one of the islands subject to [[Odysseus|Ulysses]], and is celebrated for its fertility.<ref>Homer ''[[Odyssey]]'' i. 245, ix. 24, xiv. 397, xvi. 123, 247; Hymn. in Apoll. 429; Πολύπυρον, ''Od.'' xiv. 335, xvi. 396, xix. 292.</ref> Strabo, and most modern writers, place Dulichium among the Echinades, most identifying it with the island of [[Makri (island)|Makri]]. [[Euripides]] (in ''[[Iphigeneia at Aulis]]'') identifies the Echinades with the islands of [[Taphos]] (Taphiae Insulae). However, most modern scholars, including the editors of the ''[[Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World]]'', place the island of Taphos at [[Meganisi]] east of [[Lefkada]], quite northwest of the Echinades; hence, the islands of Taphos would include Meganisi, [[Kalamos (island)|Kalamos]], [[Kastos]], and surrounding islands.
-Homer, as we have already seen, describes the Echinades as inhabited; but both Thucydides and [[Scylax]] represent them as deserted.<ref>Thuc. ii. 102; Scylax, p. 14.</ref> Strabo simply says that they were barren and rugged (x. p.&nbsp;458). [[Stephanus of Byzantium]] names a town [[Apollonia (Echinades)|Apollonia]] situated in one of the islands (s. v. {{lang|grc| Ἀπολλωνία}}). [[Pliny the Elder]] gives us the names of nine of these islands — [[Aegialia]], [[Cotonis]], [[Thyatira (Echinades)|Thyatira]], [[Geoaris]], [[Dionysia (Echinades)|Dionysia]], [[Cyrnus]], [[Chalcis (Echinades)|Chalcis]], [[Pinara (Echinades)|Pinara]], [[Mystus]].<ref>iv. 12. s. 19.</ref> Another of the Echinades was [[Artemita]] ({{lang|grc|Ἀρτεμίτα}}), which became united to the mainland.<ref>Strabo i. p. 59; Pliny iv. 1. s. 2.</ref> [[Artemidorus Ephesius|Artemidorus]] spoke of Artemita as a peninsula near the mouth of the Achelous, and [[Rhianus]] connected it with the [[Oxeiae]] (Oxeias, Oxiés, or Scrofés) islands. (Steph. B. s. v. {{lang|grc|Ἀπτεμίτα}}) The Oxeiae ({{lang|grc|αἱ Ὀξεῖαι}}) are sometimes spoken of as a separate group of islands to the west or south of the Echinades,<ref>comp. Pliny iv. 12. s. 19.</ref> but are included by Strabo under the general name of Echinades (x. p.&nbsp;458). The Oxeiae, according to Strabo, are mentioned by Homer under the synonymous name of Thoae or Thoai.<ref>({{lang|grc|Θοαί}}, ''Odyssey'' xv. 299.</ref>
+Homer, as we have already seen, describes the Echinades as inhabited; but both Thucydides and [[Scylax]] represent them as deserted.<ref>Thuc. ii. 102; Scylax, p. 14.</ref> Strabo simply says that they were barren and rugged (x. p.&nbsp;458). [[Stephanus of Byzantium]] names a town [[Apollonia (Echinades)|Apollonia]] situated in one of the islands (s. v. {{lang|grc| Ἀπολλωνία}}). [[Pliny the Elder]] gives us the names of nine of these islands — [[Aegialia]], [[Cotonis]], [[Thyatira (Echinades)|Thyatira]], [[Geoaris]], [[Dionysia (Echinades)|Dionysia]], [[Cyrnus]], [[Chalcis (Echinades)|Chalcis]], [[Pinara (Echinades)|Pinara]], [[Mystus]].<ref>iv. 12. s. 19.</ref> Another of the Echinades was Artemita ({{lang|grc|Ἀρτεμίτα}}), which became united to the mainland.<ref>Strabo i. p. 59; Pliny iv. 1. s. 2.</ref> [[Artemidorus Ephesius|Artemidorus]] spoke of Artemita as a peninsula near the mouth of the Achelous, and [[Rhianus]] connected it with the [[Oxeiae]] (Oxeias, Oxiés, or Scrofés) islands. (Steph. B. s. v. {{lang|grc|Ἀπτεμίτα}}) The Oxeiae ({{lang|grc|αἱ Ὀξεῖαι}}) are sometimes spoken of as a separate group of islands to the west or south of the Echinades,<ref>comp. Pliny iv. 12. s. 19.</ref> but are included by Strabo under the general name of Echinades (x. p.&nbsp;458). The Oxeiae, according to Strabo, are mentioned by Homer under the synonymous name of Thoae or Thoai.<ref>({{lang|grc|Θοαί}}, ''Odyssey'' xv. 299.</ref>
 ==Name==
-The Echinades derived their name from the ''echinus'' or the [[sea urchin]], in consequence of their sharp and prickly outlines. For the same reason they were called '''Oxeiae''', or the Sharp Islands, a name which one of them still retains under the slightly altered form of [[Oxeia]] (Oxiés, Oxiá, or Oxia). Leake remarks that the Echinades are divided into two clusters, besides [[Petalas]] (Petalá), which, being, quite barren and close to the mainland, is not claimed, or at least is not occupied by the Ithacans, though anciently it was undoubtedly one of the Echinades. The northern cluster is commonly called the '''Drakoneres''', from [[Drakonera]], the principal island; and the southern, the '''Ouniades''' or Oxeiae. By the Venetians they were known as the islands of '''Kurtzolári''', which name belongs properly to a peninsula to the left of the mouth of the Achelous, near Oxeia. Seventeen of the islands have names, besides the four '''Modia''' (Stamodio or Módi Islands), two of which are mere rocks, and nine of the seventeen are cultivated. These are, beginning from the south — Oxeia (Oxiá), Makri (Makrí), [[Vrómonas]] (Vromotas or Vrómona), [[Pontikos]] (Pondikónisi), [[Karlonísi]] (Karlónísi), [[Prováti]], [[Lampriní]] (Lambrinó), [[Sofía (Echinades)|Sofía]] (Sofiá), Drakonera (Dhragonára). Oxeia alone is lofty (421 meters). Makri and Vrómonas are the two islands next in importance.<ref>Kruse, ''Hellas'', vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 455, seq.; Leake, ''Northern Greece'', vol. iii. pp. 30, seq., 50, seq.; Mure, ''Tour in Greece'', vol. i. p. 104.</ref>
+The Echinades derived their name from the ''echinus'' or the [[sea urchin]], in consequence of their sharp and prickly outlines. For the same reason they were called '''Oxeiae''', or the Sharp Islands, a name which one of them still retains under the slightly altered form of [[Oxeia]] (Oxiés, Oxiá, or Oxia). Leake remarks that the Echinades are divided into two clusters, besides [[Petalas]] (Petalá), which, being, quite barren and close to the mainland, is not claimed, or at least is not occupied by the Ithacans, though anciently it was undoubtedly one of the Echinades. The northern cluster is commonly called the '''Drakoneres''', from [[Drakonera]], the principal island; and the southern, the '''Ouniades''' or Oxeiae. By the Venetians they were known as the islands of '''Kurtzolári''', which name belongs properly to a peninsula to the left of the mouth of the Achelous, near Oxeia. Seventeen of the islands have names, besides the four '''Modia''' (Stamodio or Módi Islands), two of which are mere rocks, and nine of the seventeen are cultivated. These are, beginning from the south — Oxeia (Oxiá), Makri (Makrí), [[Vrómonas]] (Vromotas or Vrómona), [[Pontikos]] (Pondikónisi), [[Karlonísi]] (Karlónísi), [[Prováti]], [[Lampriní]] (Lambrinó), [[Sofía (Echinades)|Sofía]] (Sofiá), also known as Gaia, Drakonera (Dhragonára). Oxeia alone is lofty (421 meters). Makri and Vrómonas are the two islands next in importance.<ref>Kruse, ''Hellas'', vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 455, seq.; Leake, ''Northern Greece'', vol. iii. pp. 30, seq., 50, seq.; Mure, ''Tour in Greece'', vol. i. p. 104.</ref>
 {| class="wikitable sortable"
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 !align=left|Community
 !align=left|Subgroup
-!align=left|Area (km²)<ref name="Arnold">Arnold, Charles. ''Die Inseln des Mittelmeers''. (German.)</ref>
+!align=left|Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="Arnold">Arnold, Charles. ''Die Inseln des Mittelmeers''. (German.)</ref>
-!align=left|Highest<br />Point<ref>Data from [http://www.gtp.gr/LocPage.asp?id=69 GTP.]</ref>
+!align=left|Highest<br />point<ref>Data from [http://www.gtp.gr/LocPage.asp?id=69 GTP.]</ref>
 !align=left|Location
 |- valign=top
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 | Pylaros
 | Drakoneres
-| align="right" | 0.046<ref name="GROrnith">Προσδιορισμός και χαρτογράφηση των ορνιθολογικά ευαίσθητων στα αιολικά πάρκα περιοχών της Ελλάδας, Ελληνική Ορνιθολογική Εταιρεία (Griechische Ornithologische Gesellschaft) [http://www.ornithologiki.gr/docs/politiki/ape/ypomnima_aiolika_eoef_ZIP_password.pdf PDF Online] (1,883 MB), griechisch</ref>
+| align="right" | 0.046<ref name="GROrnith">Προσδιορισμός και χαρτογράφηση των ορνιθολογικά ευαίσθητων στα αιολικά πάρκα περιοχών της Ελλάδας, Ελληνική Ορνιθολογική Εταιρεία (Griechische Ornithologische Gesellschaft) [http://www.ornithologiki.gr/docs/politiki/ape/ypomnima_aiolika_eoef_ZIP_password.pdf PDF Online]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (1,883 MB), griechisch</ref>
 | align="right" |
 | {{Coord|38|28|17|N|21|0|55|E|region:GR-22_type:isle_dim:25|name=Philippos}}
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 | align="right" | 0.249
 | align="right" |
-| {{Coord|38|29|28|N|21|8|49|E|region:GR-22_type:isle_dim:25|name=Kalogiros}}
+| {{Coord|38|29|28|N|21|1|49|E|region:GR-22_type:isle_dim:25|name=Kalogiros}}
 |- valign=top
 | [[Karlonisi]]
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 | [[Provati]]
 | Προβάτι
-| Pylaros
+| Ithaka
 | Drakoneres
 | align="right" | 1.21
@@ Line 106: / Line 106: @@
 | [[Pontikos]]
 | Ποντικός
-| Pylaros
+| Ithaka
 | Drakoneres
 | align="right" | 0.736
@@ Line 160: / Line 160: @@
 | {{Coord|38|22|9|N|20|59|43|E|region:GR-22_type:isle_dim:25|name=Vromonas}}
 |- valign=top
-| [[Makri]]
+| [[Makri (island)|Makri]]
 | Μάκρη
 | Ithaka
@@ Line 188: / Line 188: @@
 {{Reflist}}
 *{{SmithDGRG}}
-*[[Richard Talbert]], [[Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World]], (ISBN 0-691-03169-X), p. 54.
+*[[Richard Talbert]], [[Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World]], ({{ISBN|0-691-03169-X}}), p. 54.
 ==External links==
-*[http://www.ithaki.gr/ Official website of Municipality of Ithaca] {{en}} {{el icon}}
+*[http://www.ithaki.gr/ Official website of Municipality of Ithaca] {{in lang|en|el}}
 *[http://www.dejavu-bg.com/index.php?p=3&l=1&id_inc=431&stype=&sprice=&slocation=&int_location=10 Island of Petalas for sale]
-*[http://www.yachting-greece.com/Greek_islands_for_sale/greek_island_for_sale_1.htm Another island for sale]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060421190557/http://www.yachting-greece.com/Greek_islands_for_sale/greek_island_for_sale_1.htm Another island for sale]
 {{Ionian Islands}}
 {{Echinades}}
 {{Coord|38|18|13|N|21|6|39|E|source:plwiki|display=title}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Echinades| ]]
-[[Category:Ionian Islands]]
+[[Category:Landforms of the Ionian Islands (region)]]
+[[Category:Archipelagoes of Greece]]
-[[br:Ec'hinades]]
-[[de:Echinaden (Inselgruppe)]]
-[[el:Εχινάδες]]
-[[es:Islas Equínadas]]
-[[fr:Îles Échinades]]
-[[gl:Illas Equínadas - αἱ Ἐχινάδες νῆσοι]]
-[[it:Echinadi]]
-[[no:Ekhinades]]
-[[nn:Ekhinádes]]
-[[pl:Echinades]]

v t e Ionian Islands
Main islands	Cephalonia Ithaca Corfu Lefkada Paxos Zakynthos Kythira
Archipelagoes	Diapontia (Largest islands: Othonoi, Ereikoussa, Mathraki) Echinades (Largest islands: Petalas, Oxeia, Drakonera) Oinousses (Largest islands: Schiza, Sapientza)
Smaller islands and islets	Antikythera Antipaxi Arkoudi Atokos Elafonisos Kalamos Kastos Kravia Kythros Lazareto (Ithaca) Lazaretto (Corfu) Meganisi Navtilos Pontikonisi Proti Sphacteria Skorpios Sparti (Lefkada) Strofades Vido
Greek islands: Aegean Islands, Saronic Islands, Crete, Cyclades, Dodecanese, Euboea, North Aegean Islands, Sporades, Ionian Islands, Echinades

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Frankreich BnF data
Geographic	Pleiades