Viola odorata: Difference between revisions

Viola odorata
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Violaceae
Genus:	Viola
Species:	V. odorata
Binomial name
	Viola odorata; L.

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Viola odorata is a species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae, native to Europe and Asia. This small hardy herbaceous perennial is commonly known as wood violet,^[1] sweet violet,^[2] English violet,^[2] common violet,^[2] florist's violet,^[2] or garden violet.^[2] It has been introduced into the Americas and Australia.

Description

Viola odorata can be distinguished by the following characteristics:

the flowers are scented^[1]
the flowers are normally either dark violet or white
the leaves and flowers are all in a basal rosette
the style is hooked (and does not end with a rounded appendage)
the leaf-stalks have hairs which point downwards
the plant spreads with stolons (above-ground shoots)

These perennial flowers mature at a height of 4–6 in (10–15 cm) and a spread of 8–24 in (20–61 cm).^[1]

Distribution and habitat

V. odorata is native to Europe and Asia and has been introduced to the Americas and Australia.^{[citation needed]}

The species can be found near the edges of forests or in clearings; it is also a common "uninvited guest" in shaded lawns or elsewhere in gardens.^{[citation needed]}

Uses

Several cultivars have been selected for garden use, of which V. odorata 'Wellsiana' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[3]^[4]

The sweet scent of this flower has proved popular, particularly in the late Victorian period, and has consequently been used in the production of many cosmetic fragrances and perfumes.^[5] The French are known for their violet syrup, most commonly made from an extract of violets.^{[citation needed]} In the United States, this French violet syrup is used to make violet scones and marshmallows.^{[citation needed]}

The scent of violet flowers is distinctive with only a few other flowers having a remotely similar odor. References to violets and the desirable nature of the fragrance go back to classical sources such as Pliny and Horace when the name "Ion" was in use to describe this flower from which the name of the distinctive chemical constituents of the flower, the ionones, is derived. In 1923, W.A. Poucher wrote that the flowers were widely cultivated both in Europe and the East for their fragrance, with both the flowers and leaves being separately collected and extracted for fragrance, and flowers also collected for use in confectionery galenical syrup^[6] and in the production of medicine.^{[citation needed]}

There is some doubt as to whether the true extract of the violet flower is still used commercially in perfumes.^[7] It was still used in the early 20th century,^[6] but by the time Steffen Arctander was writing in the late 1950s and early 1960s, production had "almost disappeared".^[5] Violet leaf absolute, however, remains widely used in modern perfumery.^[8]^[9]

The leaves are edible.^[10] Real violet flower extract is available for culinary uses, especially in European countries.^{[citation needed]}

Phytochemicals and research

V. oderata contains the alkaloid violin, about 30 cyclotides, and triterpenoids, mostly as constituents of the essential oil.^{[citation needed]} It also contains a cannabinoid peptide called "vodo-C1" that acts in vitro as a selective CB2 receptor agonist without CB1 activity.^[11]

In mythology

The violet flower was a favorite in ancient Greece and became the symbol of Athens. The scent suggested sex, so the violet was an emblematic flower of Aphrodite and of her son, Priapus, the deity of gardens and generation.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Iamus was a son of Apollo and the nymph Evadne. He was abandoned by his mother at birth. She left him lying in the Arkadian wilds on a bed of violets where he was fed honey by serpents. Eventually, he was discovered by passing shepherds who named him Iamus after the violet (ion) bed.^{[citation needed]}

The goddess Persephone and her companion Nymphs were gathering rose, crocus, violet, iris, lily, and larkspur blooms in a springtime meadow when she was abducted by the god Hades.^[15]

Gallery

form, with stolons visible
White V. odorata

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Asakawa, Bruce; Asakawa, Sharon (3 September 2001). California Gardener's Guide. Cool Springs Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-1-930604-47-6. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Viola odorata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
^ "Viola odorata 'Wellsiana' (Vt)". Royal Horticural Society. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
^ ^a ^b Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin by Steffen Arctander, First published 1961, ISBN 0-931710-36-7, ISBN 978-0-931710-36-0
^ ^a ^b Poucher, W.A. (1923). Perfumes Cosmetics and Soaps, Vol. 2, Chapter V: Monographs on Flower Perfumes.
^ "Violet". fragrantica.
^ Curtis & Williams (2009). An Introduction to Perfumery. 2nd Edition. ISBN 978-0-9608752-8-3. ISBN 978-1-870228-24-4.
^ "Essential oils". Bo Jensen.
^ "Edible Flowers Violets".
^ Tomašević, Nataša; Emser, Fabiola Susanna; Muratspahić, Edin; et al. (2024). "Discovery and development of macrocyclic peptide modulators of the cannabinoid 2 receptor". Journal of Biological Chemistry: 107330. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107330. PMC 11154713.
^ Hatfield, Audrey Wynne (1973). A Herb for Every Ill. St. Martin's Press. p. 173.
^ Roberts, Margaret (2000). Edible & Medicinal Flowers. New Africa Books. p. 79.
^ Cumo, Christopher (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants. ABC-CLIO. p. 1113. ISBN 9781598847758.
^ "Plants and flowers of Greek myth". Theoi Project.

External links

"Viola odorata L." Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
The American Violet Society

[AsakawaAsakawa2001-1] Asakawa, Bruce; Asakawa, Sharon (3 September 2001). California Gardener's Guide. Cool Springs Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-1-930604-47-6. Retrieved 25 November 2011.

[GRIN-2] "Viola odorata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 December 2017.

[3] "Viola odorata 'Wellsiana' (Vt)". Royal Horticural Society. Retrieved 1 March 2020.

[4] "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107. Retrieved 18 February 2019.

[Steffen_Arctander_1961-5] Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin by Steffen Arctander, First published 1961, ISBN 0-931710-36-7, ISBN 978-0-931710-36-0

[ReferenceA-6] Poucher, W.A. (1923). Perfumes Cosmetics and Soaps, Vol. 2, Chapter V: Monographs on Flower Perfumes.

[7] "Violet". fragrantica.

[8] Curtis & Williams (2009). An Introduction to Perfumery. 2nd Edition. ISBN 978-0-9608752-8-3. ISBN 978-1-870228-24-4.

[9] "Essential oils". Bo Jensen.

[10] "Edible Flowers Violets".

[toma-11] Tomašević, Nataša; Emser, Fabiola Susanna; Muratspahić, Edin; et al. (2024). "Discovery and development of macrocyclic peptide modulators of the cannabinoid 2 receptor". Journal of Biological Chemistry: 107330. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107330. PMC 11154713.

[12] Hatfield, Audrey Wynne (1973). A Herb for Every Ill. St. Martin's Press. p. 173.

[13] Roberts, Margaret (2000). Edible & Medicinal Flowers. New Africa Books. p. 79.

[14] Cumo, Christopher (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants. ABC-CLIO. p. 1113. ISBN 9781598847758.

[15] "Plants and flowers of Greek myth". Theoi Project.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
 {{Speciesbox
 |image = Viola odorata fg01.JPG
+| status = LC
+| status_system = IUCN3.1
 |genus = Viola (plant)
 |species = odorata
@@ Line 6: / Line 9: @@
 }}
-'''''Viola odorata''''' is commonly known as '''wood violet''',<ref name="AsakawaAsakawa2001">{{cite book|author1=Bruce Asakawa|author2=Sharon Asakawa|title=California Gardener's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ow7NMmhz5wwC|accessdate=25 November 2011|date=3 September 2001|publisher=Cool Springs Press|isbn=978-1-930604-47-6|pages=38–39}}</ref> '''sweet violet''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate = 18 December 2017}}</ref> '''English violet''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''common violet''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''florist's violet''',<ref name=GRIN/> or '''garden violet'''.<ref name=GRIN/> ''V. odorata'' is native to Europe and Asia, but has also been introduced to North America and Australia. It is a [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] [[herbaceous]] flowering [[perennial plant|perennial]].
+'''''Viola odorata''''' is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the family ''[[Violaceae]]'', [[native species|native]] to Europe and Asia. This small [[hardiness (plants)|hardy]] [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]] is commonly known as '''wood violet''',<ref name="AsakawaAsakawa2001">{{cite book|first1=Bruce |last1=Asakawa |first2=Sharon |last2=Asakawa |title=California Gardener's Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/brucesharonasaka00asak|url-access=registration|access-date=25 November 2011|date=3 September 2001|publisher=Cool Springs Press|isbn=978-1-930604-47-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/brucesharonasaka00asak/page/38 38]–39}}</ref> '''sweet violet''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 18 December 2017}}</ref> '''English violet''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''common violet''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''florist's violet''',<ref name=GRIN/> or '''garden violet'''.<ref name=GRIN/> It has been introduced into the Americas and Australia.
-==Characteristics==
+==Description<span class="anchor" id="Characteristics"></span> ==
 ''Viola odorata'' can be distinguished by the following characteristics:
 *the flowers are scented<ref name="AsakawaAsakawa2001"/>
@@ Line 17: / Line 20: @@
 *the plant spreads with [[stolon]]s (above-ground shoots)
-These perennial flowers mature at a height of {{convert|4-6|in|cm|abbr=on}} and a spread of {{convert|8-24 |in|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="AsakawaAsakawa2001"/> The species can be found near the edges of forests or in clearings; it is also a common "uninvited guest" in shaded lawns or elsewhere in gardens.
+These perennial flowers mature at a height of {{convert|4-6|in|cm|abbr=on}} and a spread of {{convert|8-24 |in|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="AsakawaAsakawa2001"/>
+==Distribution and habitat==
+''V. odorata'' is [[native species|native]] to Europe and Asia and has been introduced to the Americas and Australia.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
+The species can be found near the edges of forests or in clearings; it is also a common "uninvited guest" in shaded lawns or elsewhere in gardens.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
 ==Uses==
-Several [[cultivars]] have been selected for garden use, of which ''V. odorata'' 'Wellsiana' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4303|title=Viola odorata 'Wellsiana' (Vt)|work=Royal Horticural Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 107 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 18 February 2019}}</ref>
+Several [[cultivars]] have been selected for garden use, of which ''V. odorata'' 'Wellsiana' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/54755/Viola-odorata-Wellsiana-(Vt)/Details|title=Viola odorata 'Wellsiana' (Vt)|work=Royal Horticural Society|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 107 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 18 February 2019}}</ref>
-The sweet scent of this flower has proved popular, particularly in the late Victorian period, and has consequently been used in the production of many cosmetic fragrances and perfumes.<ref name="Steffen Arctander 1961">Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin by Steffen Arctander, First published 1961, {{ISBN|0-931710-36-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-931710-36-0}}</ref> The French are also known for their violet syrup, most commonly made from an extract of violets. In the United States, this French violet syrup is used to make violet scones and marshmallows.
+The sweet scent of this flower has proved popular, particularly in the late Victorian period, and has consequently been used in the production of many cosmetic fragrances and perfumes.<ref name="Steffen Arctander 1961">Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin by Steffen Arctander, First published 1961, {{ISBN|0-931710-36-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-931710-36-0}}</ref> The French are known for their violet syrup, most commonly made from an extract of violets.{{cn|date=August 2023}} In the United States, this French violet syrup is used to make violet scones and marshmallows.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
-The scent of violet flowers is distinctive with only a few other flowers having a remotely similar odor.  References to violets and the desirable nature of the fragrance go back to classical sources such as [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] and [[Horace]] when the name ‘Ion’ was in use to describe this flower from which the name of the distinctive chemical constituents of the flower, the [[ionones]] – is derived. In 1923, Poucher wrote that the flowers were widely cultivated both in Europe and the East for their fragrance, with both the flowers and leaves being separately collected and extracted for fragrance, and flowers also collected for use in confectionery [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Galenical galenical] syrup <ref name="ReferenceA">Perfumes Cosmetics and Soaps by ''W. A. Poucher'', Vol. 2, Chapter V ''Monographs on Flower Perfumes''.  First published 1923</ref> and in the production of medicine.
+The scent of violet flowers is distinctive with only a few other flowers having a remotely similar odor.  References to violets and the desirable nature of the fragrance go back to classical sources such as [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] and [[Horace]] when the name "Ion" was in use to describe this flower from which the name of the distinctive chemical constituents of the flower, the [[ionones]], is derived. In 1923, W.A. Poucher wrote that the flowers were widely cultivated both in Europe and the East for their fragrance, with both the flowers and leaves being separately collected and extracted for fragrance, and flowers also collected for use in confectionery {{Wikt-lang|en|galenical|galenical|i=no}} syrup<ref name="ReferenceA">Poucher, W.A. (1923). ''Perfumes Cosmetics and Soaps'', Vol. 2, Chapter V: Monographs on Flower Perfumes.</ref> and in the production of medicine.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
-There is some doubt as to whether the true extract of the violet flower is still used commercially in perfumes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fragrantica.com/notes/Violet-116.html|title=Violet|work=fragrantica}}</ref> It certainly was in the early 20th century,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> but by the time Steffen Arctander was writing in the late 1950s and early 1960s, production had "almost disappeared".<ref name="Steffen Arctander 1961"/> Violet leaf absolute, however, remains widely used in modern perfumery.<ref>An Introduction to Perfumery by Curtis & Williams 2nd Edition, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-9608752-8-3}}, {{ISBN|978-1-870228-24-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils31/EssentialOils31.htm|title=Essential oils|work=Bo Jensen}}</ref>
+There is some doubt as to whether the true extract of the violet flower is still used commercially in perfumes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fragrantica.com/notes/Violet-116.html |title=Violet |work=fragrantica}}</ref> It was still used in the early 20th century,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> but by the time Steffen Arctander was writing in the late 1950s and early 1960s, production had "almost disappeared".<ref name="Steffen Arctander 1961"/> Violet leaf absolute, however, remains widely used in modern perfumery.<ref>Curtis & Williams (2009). ''An Introduction to Perfumery''. 2nd Edition. {{ISBN|978-0-9608752-8-3}}. {{ISBN|978-1-870228-24-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils31/EssentialOils31.htm|title=Essential oils|work=Bo Jensen}}</ref>
-The leaves are edible and commonly used in salads.<ref>https://www.garden.org/ediblelandscaping/?page=edible-month-violets</ref> Real violet flower extract is available for culinary uses, especially in European countries, but it is expensive.
+The leaves are edible.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.garden.org/ediblelandscaping/?page=edible-month-violets | title=Edible Flowers Violets }}</ref> Real violet flower extract is available for culinary uses, especially in European countries.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
-==Herbal medicine==
-In [[herbal medicine]], ''V. odorata'' has been used for a variety of respiratory ailments,<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Effect of Viola odorata Flower Syrup on the Cough of Children With Asthma: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial |doi=10.1177/2156587215584862|pmid=25954025 | volume=20|date=Oct 2015|journal=J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med|pages=287–91 | last1 = Qasemzadeh | first1 = MJ | last2 = Sharifi | first2 = H | last3 = Hamedanian | first3 = M | last4 = Gharehbeglou | first4 = M | last5 = Heydari | first5 = M | last6 = Sardari | first6 = M | last7 = Akhlaghdoust | first7 = M | last8 = Minae | first8 = MB}}</ref> insomnia,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Efficacy of Viola odorata in Treatment of Chronic Insomnia |doi=10.5812/ircmj.17511|pmid=25763239 | volume=16|date=Dec 2014|journal=Iran Red Crescent Med J|pages=e17511|pmc=4341349 | last1 = Feyzabadi | first1 = Z | last2 = Jafari | first2 = F | last3 = Kamali | first3 = SH | last4 = Ashayeri | first4 = H | last5 = Badiee Aval | first5 = S | last6 = Esfahani | first6 = MM | last7 = Sadeghpour | first7 = O}}</ref> and skin disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes.|pmid=16642384 | doi=10.1007/s00436-006-0184-1 | volume=99|year=2006|journal=Parasitol. Res.|pages=478–90 | last1 = Amer | first1 = A | last2 = Mehlhorn | first2 = H}}</ref><ref name=webmd>{{cite web | url = http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-212-sweet%20violet.aspx?activeingredientid=212&activeingredientname=sweet%20violet | title = Sweet Violet | publisher = [[WebMD]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=PDR for Herbal Medicines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmRWAAAAYAAJ&q=pdr&dq=pdr&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0YpVVZDbB6uR7Ab8-4OoAw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAg}}</ref>  However, there is insufficient evidence to support its effectiveness for these uses.<ref name=webmd/>
+==Phytochemicals and research==
-==In mythology==
+''V. oderata'' contains the alkaloid violin, about 30 [[Cyclotide|cyclotides]], and triterpenoids, mostly as constituents of the [[essential oil]].{{cn|date=May 2024}} It also contains a [[cannabinoid]] peptide called "vodo-C1" that acts [[in vitro]] as a selective [[Cannabinoid receptor 2|CB2 receptor]] agonist without CB1 activity.<ref name="toma">{{cite journal | last=Tomašević | first=Nataša | last2=Emser | first2=Fabiola Susanna | last3=Muratspahić | first3=Edin | last4=Gattringer | first4=Jasmin | last5=Hasinger | first5=Simon | last6=Hellinger | first6=Roland | last7=Keov | first7=Peter | last8=Felkl | first8=Manuel | last9=Gertsch | first9=Jürg | last10=Becker | first10=Christian F.W. | last11=Gruber | first11=Christian W.|display-authors=3 | title=Discovery and development of macrocyclic peptide modulators of the cannabinoid 2 receptor | journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107330 | page=107330|url=https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(24)01831-3/fulltext| doi-access=free | pmc=11154713 }}</ref>
-The violet flower was a favorite in ancient Greece and became the symbol of [[Athens]]. Scent suggested sex, so the violet was an emblematic flower of [[Aphrodite]] and also of her son [[Priapus]], the deity of gardens and generation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Audrey Wynne Hatfield|date=1973|title=A Herb for Every Ill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0460078658|publisher=St. Martin's Press|page=173}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Margaret Roberts|date=2000|title=Edible & Medicinal Flowers|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0864864671|publisher=New Africa Books|page=79}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Cumo|date=2013|title=Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1113|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=1113}}</ref>
+==In mythology==
-[[Iamus]] was a son of [[Apollo]] and the nymph [[Evadne]]. He was abandoned by his mother at birth. She left him lying in the Arkadian wilds on a bed of violets where he was fed honey by serpents. Eventually, he was discovered by passing shepherds who named him Iamus after the violet (''ion'') bed.
+The violet flower was a favorite in ancient Greece and became the symbol of [[Athens]]. The scent suggested sex, so the violet was an emblematic flower of [[Aphrodite]] and of her son, [[Priapus]], the deity of gardens and generation.<ref>{{cite book|first=Audrey Wynne |last=Hatfield |date=1973 |title=A Herb for Every Ill|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0460078658|publisher=St. Martin's Press|page=173}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Margaret |last=Roberts |date=2000|title=Edible & Medicinal Flowers|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0864864671|publisher=New Africa Books|page=79}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Christopher |last=Cumo|date=2013|title=Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1113|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=1113|isbn=9781598847758}}</ref>
+[[Iamus]] was a son of [[Apollo]] and the nymph [[Evadne]]. He was abandoned by his mother at birth. She left him lying in the Arkadian wilds on a bed of violets where he was fed honey by serpents. Eventually, he was discovered by passing shepherds who named him Iamus after the violet (''ion'') bed.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
-The goddess [[Persephone]] and her companion Nymphs were gathering rose, crocus, violet, iris, lily and larkspur blooms in a springtime meadow when she was abducted by the god [[Hades]].<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=Plants and flowers of Greek myth|url=http://www.theoi.com/Flora2.html |publisher=Theoi Project}}</ref>
+The goddess [[Persephone]] and her companion Nymphs were gathering rose, crocus, violet, iris, lily, and larkspur blooms in a springtime meadow when she was abducted by the god [[Hades]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Plants and flowers of Greek myth|url=http://www.theoi.com/Flora2.html |publisher=Theoi Project}}</ref>
-==In culture==
-''V. odorata'' may be the species mentioned in Shakespeare's famous lines:
-:"I know a bank where the wild thyme blows,
-:Where [[Primula elatior|oxlips]] and the nodding violet grows,
-:Quite over-canopied with luscious [[Lonicera periclymenum|woodbine]],
-:With sweet [[Rosa moschata|musk-roses]] and with [[Rosa rubiginosa|eglantine]]"<ref>{{cite book|last=Shakespeare|first=William|title=A midsummer night's dream|url=https://archive.org/details/amidsummernights01778gut}}</ref>
 ==Gallery==
@@ Line 64: / Line 66: @@
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q108684}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Viola (plant)|odorata]]
-[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
+[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
 [[Category:Flora of Europe]]
-[[Category:Flora of the United Kingdom]]
 [[Category:Medicinal plants]]
 [[Category:Flora of New Jersey]]
-[[Category:Flora of Lebanon]]
 [[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]