Kadambas of Hangal: Difference between revisions

Kadambas of Hangal
Kadambas of Hangal
10th century CE – 14th century CE
	Coinage of the Kadambas of Hangal (c. 12th–13th century). Obverse with a depiction of Hanuman, reverse with floral spray.
	South Asia; 1175 CE KARAKHANID; KHANATE QARA KHITAI GHURID; EMPIRE KUMAON CHAULUKYAS CHAHAMANAS LATE; GHAZNAVIDS PARAMARAS WESTERN; CHALUKYAS KAKATIYAS SHILA-; HARAS CHOLAS CHERAS PANDYAS KADAMBAS HOYSALAS GAHADAVALAS GUHILAS KACHCHAPA-; GHATAS CHANDELAS KALACHURIS; (TRIPURI) KALACHURIS; (RATNAPURA) SENAS KARNATAS NAGVANSIS KAMARUPAS EASTERN; GANGAS GUGE MARYUL LOHA-; RAS SOOMRA; EMIRATE MAKRAN; SULTANATE Location of the Kadambas, and neighbouring South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the Ghurid invasions of the subcontinent.
Government	Monarchy
Historical era	Medieval India
• Established	10th century CE
• Disestablished	14th century CE
Today part of	India

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The Kadambas of Hangal was a South Indian dynasty during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of Hangal in Karnataka. Chatta Deva who reigned from 980–1031 CE founded the dynasty. He helped Western Chalukyas in the coup against the Rashtrakutas; re-established the Kadamba Dynasty mostly as a feudatory of Western Chalukyas, but his successors enjoyed considerable independence and were almost sovereign rulers of Goa and Konkan till 14th century CE.

The successors of Chatta Deva occupied both Banavasi and Hangal and are known as Kadambas of Hangal. Uniting Banavasi and Hangal, distinguished himself against the Cholas and carved out a kingdom (which stretched, on this side, including Ratnagiri district, up to Kolhapur).^[3] He is referred to as having conquered Konkan. When the Chalukyas under their king, Jayasimha II made an advance on Dhar (capital of the Malavas) and defeated Bhoja, who was then the Paramara king, the part played by Chaltadev (Chatta Deva), the feudatory of the Chalukyas, was significant. During 1075-1116 Kirtivarma subdued the 7 Konkans.

According to historian, George M. Moraes, Due to the struggle between the Hoysalas and the Yadavas, for supremacy, the Kadambas of Hangal under Kamdeva^[4] marched against the Konkan and compelled Vijayadatta (to transfer his allegiance to him).^[5] But during 1187 and 1188, immediately on his accession, Jayakesi III declared himself independent. Later Kadambas kept paying nominal allegiance to Yadavas and Hoysalas of Dorasamudra and thus maintained their independence.

Different families of Kadambas ruled southern India, notable were Kadambas of Hangal, Kadambas of Goa, Kadambas of Halasi and Kadambas of Banavasi.

Minor Kadamba Kingdoms

Hangal

Hangal

The various centers of the Kadambas

The Kadambas of Banavasi declined by sixth century, by the tenth century Kadamba were local chiefs, the Kadamba of Hangal emerged as a vassal of the Western Chalukyas, and the Kadambas of Goa at Goa and Konkan until the fourteenth century. Similarly some more minor Kadamba branches established, they remained vassals.^[6]

Kadambas of Bankapur

They served as regional governors for Kadambas of Banavasi and then Kadambas of Hangal.

Kadambas of Bayalnad

After the fall of the Western Gangas, the Kadambas of Bayalnad established as independent kingdom. It was founded by Kaviyammarasa, who ruled towards end of 10th century CE.

Kadambas of Nagarkhanda

Kadambas of Nagarkhanda descendants of Mayuravarma of Hangal, served as regional governors, Nagarkhanda is the district to the north-east of Banavasi. They titled as boon lords of Banavasipura, their capital was at Bandhavapura. Initially the Kadambas of Hangal refused to acknowledge suzerainty of Kalachuris of Kalyani, that led to war between them, then Kalachuris helped Somadeva as per the 1159 inscription Somadeva subordinate of Kalachuris, they conquered Banavasi and handed it over to Somadeva (in 1165).

Kadambas of Uchchangi

The Kadambas of Uchchangi were in name only kings of Banavasi actually the power remain with Kadambas of Hangal.

Coinage of Hangal Kadambas

Kadambas coins were among the heaviest and perhaps purest of all medieval Indian gold coinage.^[7] Kadambas issued 2 types of gold coins, namely Punch-marked gold coins and Die struck gold coins. During 1075-1094 CE, Shanti Varma, issued gold punch marked coin and in 1065 CE, Toyimadeva, issued die struck gold coins (Pagoda).

Punch-marked gold coins

Kadamba punch-marked gold coin issued in name of Jaysimha II Jagadekamalla (Chalukya).
Coin consists of a central punch mark of Hanuman, and 4 retrospectant lions.
2 prominent punch marks create 2 Shri alphabets depicts goddess Laxmi in Telugu-Kannada script.

Die struck gold coins (Pagoda)

In 1065 AD Kadambas Toyimadeva issued first die struck gold coins.
The gold coin of Kadambas depict god Hanuman, inside lined circle and dotted circle, flanked by two chouries and conch. Also include the figures of sun and moon. Below is the legend Nakara (Nagara, the deity of Bankapura, Nagareshwara) in Telugu-Kannada script.

References

^ Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 32, 146. ISBN 0226742210.
^ "KADAMBAS OF HANGAL. (967-1347 A. D.)". Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
^ Moraes, George M. (1990). The Kadamba Kula By George Moraes, Moraes M.George. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120605954. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
^ "KADAMBAS OF GOA (966 A. D. to 1340 A. D.), SILAHARAS OF KOLHAPUR". Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
^ "Minor Kadamba Kingdoms". Retrieved 3 September 2013.
^ "The Kadambas of Hangal". Retrieved 2 April 2009.

[8] Samuel

[9] Samuel

[10] Michaels (2004) p.39

[11] Hiltebeitel (2002)

[12] Michaels (2004) p.39

[13] Hiltebeitel (2002)

[14] Michaels (2004) p.40

[15] Michaels (2004) p.41

[1] Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.

[2] Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 32, 146. ISBN 0226742210.

[3] "KADAMBAS OF HANGAL. (967-1347 A. D.)". Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2009.

[4] Moraes, George M. (1990). The Kadamba Kula By George Moraes, Moraes M.George. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120605954. Retrieved 20 March 2009.

[5] "KADAMBAS OF GOA (966 A. D. to 1340 A. D.), SILAHARAS OF KOLHAPUR". Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2009.

[6] "Minor Kadamba Kingdoms". Retrieved 3 September 2013.

[7] "The Kadambas of Hangal". Retrieved 2 April 2009.

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[3]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Ruling dynasty of Karnataka from 980–1031 CE}}
 {{Main article|Kadamba dynasty}}
+{{Infobox country
-{{Karnataka History}}
+|conventional_long_name = Kadambas of Hangal
-In 980 AD, descendents of [[Chalukyas]] and [[Kadambas]] rose against [[Rashtrakutas]] and [[Rashtrakuta]] empire fell resulting in establishment of second [[Chalukya dynasty]] (called [[Western Chalukyas]]).
+|common_name            = Kadambas of Hangal
+|era                    = [[Medieval India]]
+|government_type        = Monarchy
+|year_start             = 10th century CE&nbsp;
+|year_end               = &nbsp;14th century CE
+|p1                     =
+|flag_p1                =
+| s1 =
+|flag_s1                =
+| s2 =
+|flag_s2               =
+|image_map              =
+{{South Asia in 1175|center||{{Annotation|102|178|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|40px]]}}||none}}
+|image_map_caption      =Location of the Kadambas, and neighbouring South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the [[Ghurid Empire|Ghurid]] invasions of the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=32, 146|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=069}}</ref>
+|capital                =
+|common_languages       =
+|religion               =
+|today = [[India]]
+| image_coat        = Kadambas of Hangal. Circa 12th-13th century with Hanuman.jpg
+| coa_size          = 280px
+| symbol_type       = Coinage of the Kadambas of Hangal ({{circa}} 12th–13th century). Obverse with a depiction of [[Hanuman]], reverse with floral spray.
+}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
+{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
+The '''Kadambas of Hangal''' was a [[South India]]n dynasty during the [[Classical India|Late Classical period]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]], which originated in the region of [[Hangal]] in [[Karnataka]]. Chatta Deva who reigned from 980–1031 CE founded the dynasty. He helped [[Western Chalukyas]] in the coup against the [[Rashtrakuta]]s; re-established the [[Kadamba Dynasty]] mostly as a feudatory of [[Western Chalukyas]], but his successors enjoyed considerable independence and were almost sovereign rulers of [[Goa]] and [[Konkan]] till 14th century CE.
-''Chatta Deva'' during 980-1031, founder of [[Kadambas of Hangal]], who helped [[Western Chalukyas]] in this coup, re-established [[Kadamba Dynasty]]. He was mostly a feudatory of [[Western Chalukyas]] but his successors enjoyed considerable independence and were almost sovereign rulers of [[Goa]] and [[Konkan]] till 14th century AD. The successors of Chatta Deva occupied both [[Banavasi]] and Hangal and are known as ''Kadambas of Hangal''. Uniting [[Banavasi]] and ''Hangal'', distinguished himself against the [[Cholas]] and carved out a kingdom (which stretched, on this side, including [[Ratnagiri district]], up to [[Kolhapur]]).<ref>{{cite web
+The successors of Chatta Deva occupied both [[Banavasi]] and Hangal and are known as Kadambas of Hangal. Uniting [[Banavasi]] and Hangal, distinguished himself against the [[Cholas]] and carved out a kingdom (which stretched, on this side, including [[Ratnagiri district]], up to [[Kolhapur]]).<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://ratnagiri.nic.in/Gazetter/GOM/his_medaieval.html
 |title=KADAMBAS OF HANGAL. (967-1347 A. D.)
 |publisher=
 |accessdate=2009-03-20
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129041008/http://ratnagiri.nic.in/Gazetter/GOM/his_medaieval.html
-}}</ref> He is referred to as having conquered [[Konkan]]. When the [[Chalukyas]] under their king, [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] made an advance on ''Dhar''(capital of the [[Malavas]]) and defeated ''Bhoja'', who was then the ''Paramar king'', the part played by ''Chaltadev''(Chatta Deva), the feudatory of the [[Chalukyas]], was significant. During 1075-1116 ''Kirtivarma'' ''subdued the 7 Konkans''.
+|archive-date=29 November 2011
+|url-status=dead
+}}</ref> He is referred to as having conquered [[Konkan]]. When the [[Chalukyas]] under their king, [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] made an advance on [[Dhar]] (capital of the [[Malavas]]) and defeated [[Bhoja]], who was then the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara king]], the part played by Chaltadev (Chatta Deva), the feudatory of the [[Chalukyas]], was significant. During 1075-1116 Kirtivarma subdued the 7 Konkans.
-Due to the struggle between the [[Hoysalas]] and the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadavas]], for supremacy, the [[Kadambas of Hangal]] ''Kamdeva''<ref>{{cite book
+According to historian, [[George M. Moraes]], Due to the struggle between the [[Hoysalas]] and the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadavas]], for supremacy, the Kadambas of Hangal under Kamdeva<ref>{{cite book
-|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUX8-PzWohgC&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&dq=Hangal+hoysala+Temple&source=bl&ots=xhw4_xmBVW&sig=9JiphEjc-dfmI3sAMUasyN37V6Q&hl=en&ei=QazDSbaPB9jgtgfA6JjJCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result#PPA146,M1
+|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUX8-PzWohgC&q=Hangal+hoysala+Temple&pg=PA145
 |title=The Kadamba Kula By George Moraes, Moraes M.George
-|publisher=
+|publisher=Asian Educational Services
+|isbn=9788120605954
 |accessdate=2009-03-20
+|last1=Moraes
-}}</ref> marched against the [[Konkan]] and compelled ''Vijayadatta'' (to transfer his allegiance to him).<ref>{{cite web
+|first1=George M.
+|year=1990
+}}</ref> marched against the [[Konkan]] and compelled Vijayadatta (to transfer his allegiance to him).<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://ratnagiri.nic.in/Gazetter/GOM/his_medaieval.html
 |title=KADAMBAS OF GOA (966 A. D. to 1340 A. D.), SILAHARAS OF KOLHAPUR.
 |publisher=
 |accessdate=2009-03-20
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129041008/http://ratnagiri.nic.in/Gazetter/GOM/his_medaieval.html
-}}</ref> But during 1187 and 1188, immediately on his accession, ''Jayakesi III'' declared himself independent.
+|archive-date=29 November 2011
-[[File:Old Kannada inscription (1200 AD) of King Kamadeva of the Kadamba dynasty of the Hangal branch.jpg|thumb|upright| Old Kannada inscription (1200 AD) of King Kamadeva of the Kadamba dynasty of the Hangal branch]]
+|url-status=dead
-Later [[Kadambas]] kept paying nominal allegiance to [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadavas]] and [[Hoysalas]] of ''Dorasamudra'' and thus maintained their independence.
+}}</ref> But during 1187 and 1188, immediately on his accession, Jayakesi III declared himself independent. Later [[Kadambas]] kept paying nominal allegiance to [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadavas]] and [[Hoysalas]] of Dorasamudra and thus maintained their independence.
-Four different families of Kadambas ruled in southern India which were [[Kadambas of Hangal]], [[Kadambas of Goa]], [[Kadambas]] of [[Belur]] and [[Kadambas]] of [[Banavasi]].
+Different families of Kadambas ruled southern India, notable were Kadambas of Hangal, [[Kadambas of Goa]], [[Kadambas of Halasi]] and [[Kadambas]] of [[Banavasi]].
 ==Minor Kadamba Kingdoms==
+[[File:Old Kannada inscription (1200 AD) of King Kamadeva of the Kadamba dynasty of the Hangal branch.jpg|thumb|250px| Old Kannada inscription (1200 CE) of King Kamadeva of the Kadamba dynasty of the Hangal branch.]]
+{{location map+|India|float=right|width=250|caption=The various centers of the Kadambas|places=
+{{location map~|India|label=Hangal|position=right|lat=14.767|long=75.126}}
+{{location map~|India|label=[[Kadambas of Goa|Goa]]|position=left|lat=15.5|long=73.83}}
+{{location map~|India|label=[[Kadambas of Halasi|Halasi]]|position=top|lat=15.54|long=74.590833}}
+{{location map~|India|label=[[Wayanad district|Bayalnad]]|position=bottom|lat=11.605|long=76.083|mark=Button Icon Brown.svg|marksize=7}}
+{{location map~|India|label=Hangal|position=right|lat=14.767|long=75.126}}
+}}
 The Kadambas of Banavasi declined by sixth century, by the tenth century Kadamba were local chiefs, the Kadamba of Hangal emerged as a vassal of the [[Western Chalukyas]], and the [[Kadambas of Goa]] at Goa and Konkan until the fourteenth century. Similarly some more minor Kadamba branches established, they remained vassals.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaKadambas.htm
@@ Line 34: / Line 76: @@
 }}</ref>
-;Kadambas of Bankapur
+===Kadambas of Bankapur===
 They served as regional governors for  Kadambas of Banavasi and then Kadambas of Hangal.
-;Kadambas of Bayalnad
+===Kadambas of Bayalnad===
-After the fall of the Western Gangas ''Kadambas of Bayalnad'' established as independent minor kingdom
+After the fall of the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]]s, the ''Kadambas of Bayalnad'' established as independent kingdom. It was founded by Kaviyammarasa, who ruled towards end of 10th century CE.
-Foundeed by Kaviyammarasa who ruled towards end of tenth century.
-;Kadambas of Nagarkhanda
+===Kadambas of Nagarkhanda===
-Kadambas of Nagarkhanda descendents of Mayuravarma of Hangal, served as regional governors, Nagarkhanda is the district to the north-east of Banavasi. They titled as ''boon lords of Banavasipura'', their capital was at ''Bandhavapura''. Initially the Kadambas of Hangal refused to acknowledge suzerainty of [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]], that led to war between them, then Kalachuris helped Somadeva as per the 1159 inscription Somadeva subordinate of Kalachuris, they conquered Banavasi and handed it over to Somadeva (in 1165).
+Kadambas of Nagarkhanda descendants of Mayuravarma of Hangal, served as regional governors, Nagarkhanda is the district to the north-east of Banavasi. They titled as ''boon lords of Banavasipura'', their capital was at Bandhavapura. Initially the Kadambas of Hangal refused to acknowledge suzerainty of [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]], that led to war between them, then Kalachuris helped Somadeva as per the 1159 inscription Somadeva subordinate of Kalachuris, they conquered Banavasi and handed it over to Somadeva (in 1165).
-;Kadambas of Uchchangi
+===Kadambas of Uchchangi===
 The Kadambas of Uchchangi were in name only kings of Banavasi actually the power remain with Kadambas of Hangal.
 ==Coinage of Hangal Kadambas==
+[[File:ಕದಂಬ - ತೊಯಿಮದೇವ.jpg|thumb|250px|1048 - 1075 CE Gold coins issued by Kadamba King Toyimadeva.]]
-[[Kadambas]] coins were one the heaviest and perhaps purest of all medieval Indian gold coinage.<ref>{{cite web
+[[Kadambas]] coins were among the heaviest and perhaps purest of all medieval Indian gold coinage.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.nupam.com/postg1.html
 |title=The Kadambas of Hangal
 |publisher=
 |accessdate=2009-04-02
-}}</ref> Kadambas issued 2 types of gold coins, namely ''Punch-marked gold coins'' and ''Die struck gold coins''. During 1075-1094 AD, Shanti Varma, issued Gold Punchmarked Coin
+}}</ref> Kadambas issued 2 types of gold coins, namely ''Punch-marked gold coins'' and ''Die struck gold coins''. During 1075-1094 CE, Shanti Varma, issued gold punch marked coin
-and in 1065 AD, Toyimadeva, issued Die struck gold coins ([[Pagoda (coin)|Pagoda]]).
+and in 1065 CE, Toyimadeva, issued die struck gold coins ([[Pagoda (coin)|Pagoda]]).
-''Punch-marked gold coins''
+===Punch-marked gold coins===
-[[File:ಕದಂಬ - ತೊಯಿಮದೇವ.jpg|thumb|Gold coins issued by Kadamba King Toyimadeva, 1048 - 1075 A.D]]
 * Kadamba punch-marked gold coin issued in name of ''Jaysimha II'' Jagadekamalla ([[Chalukya]]).
 * Coin consists of a central punch mark of [[Hanuman]], and 4 retrospectant lions.
 * 2 prominent punch marks create 2 Shri alphabets depicts goddess Laxmi in [[Telugu-Kannada script]].
-''Die struck gold coins ([[Pagoda (coin)|Pagoda]])''
+===Die struck gold coins ([[Pagoda (coin)|Pagoda]])===
 * In 1065 AD [[Kadambas]] ''Toyimadeva'' issued ''first die struck gold coins''.
-* The gold coin of Kadambas depict god [[Hanuman]], in side lined circle and doted circle, flanked by two chouries and conch. Also include the figures of sun and moon. Below is the legend Nakara (Nagara, the deity of [[Bankapura]], Nagareshwara) in [[Telugu-Kannada script]].
+* The gold coin of Kadambas depict god [[Hanuman]], inside lined circle and dotted circle, flanked by two chouries and conch. Also include the figures of sun and moon. Below is the legend Nakara (Nagara, the deity of [[Bankapura]], Nagareshwara) in [[Telugu-Kannada script]].
 {{Middle kingdoms of India}}
 ==See also==
+{{Karnataka History}}
 * [[Kadamba dynasty]]
 * [[Kadambas of Goa]]
@@ Line 78: / Line 120: @@
 * [[Vajjada II]]
 * [[Indian coinage]]
-* [[Hoysala Vinayaditya|Kadambas of Bayalnadu (Vainadu)]]
+* [[Vinayaditya (Hoysala dynasty)|Kadambas of Bayalnadu (Vainadu)]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 84: / Line 126: @@
 [[Category:History of Karnataka]]
-[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]
+[[Category:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India]]
 [[Category:Kadambas]]
 [[Category:Dynasties of India]]
@@ Line 90: / Line 132: @@
 [[Category:10th century in India]]
 [[Category:11th century in India]]
-[[Category:Ancient currencies]]