Orange-crowned warbler: Difference between revisions

Orange-crowned warbler
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Parulidae
Genus:	Leiothlypis
Species:	L. celata
Binomial name
	Leiothlypis celata; (Say, 1822)
	Range of L. celata Breeding range Year-round range Wintering range
Synonyms
	Helmintophila celata; Vermivora celata; Oreothlypis celata

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The orange-crowned warbler (Leiothlypis celata) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.

Taxonomy

The orange-crowned warbler was formally described in 1822 by the American zoologist Thomas Say under the binomial name Sylvia celatus from a specimen collected on an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains led by Stephen Harriman Long.^[2] The specific epithet celatus is Latin and means "secret" or "hidden".^[3] The type locality is Omaha, Nebraska.^[4] The orange-crowned warbler is now placed in the genus Leiothlypis that was introduced by the Dutch ornithologist George Sangster in 2008. The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek λειος/leios meaning "plain" and θλυπις/thlupis, an unknown small bird mentioned by Aristotle.^[5]^[6]

Four subspecies are recognised:^[6]

L. c. celata (Say, 1822) – breeds in central Alaska to south Canada, winters in Guatemala
L. c. lutescens (Ridgway, 1872) – breeds in west Canada and west USA, winters in Guatemala
L. c. orestera (Oberholser, 1905) – breeds in west central Canada and west central USA, winters in Mexico
L. c. sordida (Townsend, CH, 1890) – resident in south California (southwest USA) and northwest Mexico

Description

The orange-crowned warbler has olive-grey upperparts, yellowish underparts with faint streaking and a thin pointed bill. It has a faint line over each eye and a faint broken eye ring. The orange patch on the crown is usually not visible. Females and immatures are duller in colour than males. Western birds are yellower than eastern birds. Orange-crowned warblers are distinguished by their lack of wing bars, streaking on the underparts, strong face marking or bright colouring, resembling a fall Tennessee warbler and a black-throated blue warbler, both of which are also members of the New World warbler family.

The song of is a trill, descending in pitch and volume. The call is a high chip.

Standard Measurements^[7]^[8]
length	4.8–5.3 in (120–130 mm)
weight	9 g (0.32 oz)
wingspan	7.25 in (184 mm)
wing	56.9–62.5 mm (2.24–2.46 in)
tail	46–51.5 mm (1.81–2.03 in)
culmen	10–11.2 mm (0.39–0.44 in)
tarsus	16.5–18.5 mm (0.65–0.73 in)

Distribution and habitat

Their breeding habitat is open shrubby areas across Canada, Alaska and the western United States. These birds migrate in the winter to the southern United States and south to Central America. Although they are quite common in the western United States, they are uncommon in the east.^[9]

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

The nest is a small open cup well-concealed on the ground under vegetation or low in shrubs. The female builds the nest; four to six eggs are laid in a nest on the ground or in a low bush. Both parents feed the young.^[7]

Food and feeding

They forage actively in low shrubs, flying from perch to perch, sometimes hovering. These birds eat insects, berries and nectar.^[9]

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Leiothlypis celata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22721624A94718199. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22721624A94718199.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^ Say, Thomas (1823). "Animals — Sioux and Omawhaw Indians — Winter residence". In James, Edwin (ed.). Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20 : by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: H.C. Carey and I. Lea. pp. 167–199 [169–170]. Although the year is given as 1823 on the title page, the volume was actually published on 31 December 1822. See: Woodman, Neal (2010). "History and dating of the publication of the Philadelphia (1822) and London (1823) editions of Edwin James's Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains". Archives of Natural History. 37 (1): 28–38. doi:10.3366/E0260954109001636.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 7.
^ Sangster, George (2008). "A revision of Vermivora (Parulidae) with the description of a new genus". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 128: 207–211 [210–211].
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
^ ^a ^b Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 323.
^ Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 427. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
^ ^a ^b Gilbert, William M.; Sogge, Mark K.; van Riper, C. (2020). "Orange-crowned Warbler (Leiothlypis celata), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.orcwar.01. S2CID 216482621.

Peluc, S.I.; Sillett, T.S.; Rotenberry, J.T.; Ghalambor, C.K. (2008). "Adaptive plasticity in nest site selection in response to increased predation risk". Behavioral Ecology. 19: 830–835. doi:10.1093/beheco/arn033.

External links

Orange-crowned warbler - Island Misfits at Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center
Orange-crowned warbler species account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Orange-crowned warbler - Vermivora celata - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
BirdLife species factsheet for Vermivora celata
"Oreothlypis celata". Avibase.
"Orange-crowned warbler media". Internet Bird Collection.
Orange-crowned warbler photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Audio recordings of Orange-crowned warbler on Xeno-canto.

[iucn_status_18_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Leiothlypis celata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22721624A94718199. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22721624A94718199.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.

[2] Say, Thomas (1823). "Animals — Sioux and Omawhaw Indians — Winter residence". In James, Edwin (ed.). Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20 : by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: H.C. Carey and I. Lea. pp. 167–199 [169–170]. Although the year is given as 1823 on the title page, the volume was actually published on 31 December 1822. See: Woodman, Neal (2010). "History and dating of the publication of the Philadelphia (1822) and London (1823) editions of Edwin James's Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains". Archives of Natural History. 37 (1): 28–38. doi:10.3366/E0260954109001636.

[3] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[4] Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 7.

[5] Sangster, George (2008). "A revision of Vermivora (Parulidae) with the description of a new genus". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 128: 207–211 [210–211].

[ioc-6] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 October 2020.

[BOC-7] Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 323.

[Sibley-8] Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 427. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.

[:0-9] Gilbert, William M.; Sogge, Mark K.; van Riper, C. (2020). "Orange-crowned Warbler (Leiothlypis celata), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.orcwar.01. S2CID 216482621.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Species of bird}}
 {{speciesbox
 | name = Orange-crowned warbler
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22721624 |title=''Vermivora celata'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2014.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Leiothlypis celata'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22721624A94718199 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22721624A94718199.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
-| image = Orangecrownedwarbler27.jpg]
+| image = Orangecrownedwarbler27.jpg
-| genus = Oreothlypis
+| genus = Leiothlypis
 | species = celata
-| authority = ([[Thomas Say|Say]], 1823)
+| authority = ([[Thomas Say|Say]], 1822)
 | range_map = Oreothlypis_celata_map.svg
-| range_map_caption = Range of ''O. celata'' {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#008000|Year-round range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|Wintering range|outline=gray}}
+| range_map_caption = Range of ''L. celata'' {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#008000|Year-round range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|Wintering range|outline=gray}}
 | synonyms =
 ''Helmintophila celata''<br>
 ''Vermivora celata''<br>
-''Leiothlypis celata''
+''Oreothlypis celata''
 }}
-[[File:Orange crowned warbler (oreothylpis celata) crown visible.jpg|thumb|left|Crown patch visible]]
+[[File:Orange crowned warbler (oreothylpis celata) crown visible.jpg|thumb|right|Crown patch visible]]
-The '''orange-crowned warbler''' (''Oreothlypis celata'') is a small [[songbird]] of the [[New World warbler]] family.
+The '''orange-crowned warbler''' ('''''Leiothlypis celata''''') is a small [[songbird]] of the [[New World warbler]] family.
+==Taxonomy==
+The orange-crowned warbler was [[species description|formally described]] in 1822 by the American zoologist [[Thomas Say]] under the [[binomial name]] ''Sylvia celatus'' from a specimen collected on an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains led by [[Stephen Harriman Long]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Say | first=Thomas | author-link=Thomas Say| chapter=Animals — Sioux and Omawhaw Indians — Winter residence | editor-last=James | editor-first=Edwin | editor-link=Edwin James (scientist) | year=1823 | title=Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20 : by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party | volume=1 | location=Philadelphia | publisher=H.C. Carey and I. Lea | pages=167–199 [169–170] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40216593 }} Although the year is given as 1823 on the title page, the volume was actually published on 31 December 1822. See: {{ cite journal | last=Woodman | first=Neal | year=2010 | title=History and dating of the publication of the Philadelphia (1822) and London (1823) editions of Edwin James's ''Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains'' | journal=Archives of Natural History | volume=37 | issue=1 | pages=28–38 | doi=10.3366/E0260954109001636 | url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1591&context=usgsstaffpub }}</ref> The specific epithet ''celatus'' is Latin and means "secret" or "hidden".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=96 }}</ref> The [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] is [[Omaha, Nebraska]].<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1968 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=14 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=7 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481208 }}</ref> The orange-crowned warbler is now placed in the genus ''[[Leiothlypis]]'' that was introduced by the Dutch ornithologist [[George Sangster]] in 2008. The genus name is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] λειος/''leios'' meaning "plain" and θλυπις/''thlupis'', an unknown small bird mentioned by [[Aristotle]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Sangster | first=George | author-link=George Sangster | year=2008 | title=A revision of ''Vermivora'' (Parulidae) with the description of a new genus | journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club | volume=128 | pages=207–211 [210–211] | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45653808 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/warblers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=2 October 2020 }}</ref>
+Four [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
+* ''L. c. celata'' ([[Thomas Say|Say]], 1822) – breeds in central Alaska to south Canada, winters in Guatemala
+* ''L. c. lutescens'' ([[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1872) – breeds in west Canada and west USA, winters in Guatemala
+* ''L. c. orestera'' ([[Harry C. Oberholser|Oberholser]], 1905) – breeds in west central Canada and west central USA, winters in Mexico
+* ''L. c. sordida'' ([[Charles Haskins Townsend|Townsend, CH]], 1890) – resident in south California (southwest USA) and northwest Mexico
 == Description ==
-[[File:Orange-crowned warbler1.jpg|thumb|left|Orange-crowned warbler [[Quintana, Texas]]]]
+[[File:Orange-crowned warbler1.jpg|thumb|right|Orange-crowned warbler [[Quintana, Texas]]]]
+The orange-crowned warbler has olive-grey upperparts, yellowish underparts with faint streaking and a thin pointed bill. It has a faint line over each eye and a faint broken eye ring.  The orange patch on the crown is usually not visible. Females and immatures are duller in colour than males. Western birds are yellower than eastern birds. Orange-crowned warblers are distinguished by their lack of wing bars, streaking on the underparts, strong face marking or bright colouring, resembling a fall [[Tennessee warbler]] and a [[black-throated blue warbler]], both of which are also members of the New World warbler family.
-These birds are distinguished by their lack of wing bars, streaking on the underparts, strong face marking or bright colouring, resembling a fall [[Tennessee warbler]] and a [[black-throated blue warbler]], both of which are also members of the New World warbler family. The orange patch on the crown is usually not visible. They have olive-grey upperparts, yellowish underparts with faint streaking and a thin pointed bill. They have a faint line over their eyes and a faint broken eye ring. Females and immatures are duller in colour than males. Western birds are yellower than eastern birds.
+The song of is a trill, descending in pitch and volume. The call is a high ''chip''.
 {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 87%;"
@@ Line 27: / Line 39: @@
 ! colspan="2" | Standard Measurements<ref name=BOC /><ref name=Sibley />
 |-
-| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Length|length]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|4.8|-|5.3|in|mm|abbr=on}}
+| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Total Body Length|length]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|4.8|-|5.3|in|mm|abbr=on}}
 |-
 | style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Weight|weight]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|9|g|oz|abbr=on}}
@@ Line 42: / Line 54: @@
 |}
+==Distribution and habitat==
-==Life history==
-Their breeding habitat is open shrubby areas across [[Canada]], [[Alaska]] and the western [[United States]]. The nest is a small open cup well-concealed on the ground under vegetation or low in shrubs. The female builds the nest; both parents feed the young.
+Their breeding habitat is open shrubby areas across Canada, [[Alaska]] and the western United States. These birds [[bird migration|migrate]] in the winter to the southern United States and south to Central America. Although they are quite common in the western United States, they are uncommon in the east.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=William M. |last2=Sogge |first2=Mark K. |last3=van Riper |first3=C. |date=2020 |title=Orange-crowned Warbler (Leiothlypis celata), version 1.0 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/orcwar/cur/introduction |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |doi=10.2173/bow.orcwar.01|s2cid=216482621 }}</ref>
+==Behaviour and ecology==
-These birds [[bird migration|migrate]] to the southern United States and south to [[Central America]].
+===Breeding===
+[[File:Orange-crowned Warbler is one of the species of birds jeapordized by the decline of broadleaf forests in the Pacific Northwest.jpg|thumb|Orange-crowned warbler is one of the species of birds jeopardized by the decline of broadleaf forests in the [[Pacific Northwest]]]]
+The nest is a small open cup well-concealed on the ground under vegetation or low in shrubs. The female builds the nest; four to six eggs are laid in a nest on the ground or in a low bush. Both parents feed the young.<ref name=BOC/>
+===Food and feeding===
-They forage actively in low shrubs, flying from perch to perch, sometimes hovering. These birds eat insects, berries and nectar.
+They forage actively in low shrubs, flying from perch to perch, sometimes hovering. These birds eat insects, berries and nectar.<ref name=":0" />
-Four to six eggs are laid in a nest on the ground or in a low bush.<ref name=BOC/>
-The song of this bird is a trill, descending in pitch and volume. The call is a high ''chip''.
 ==References==
@@ Line 58: / Line 70: @@
 <ref name=BOC>{{cite book |last=Godfrey |first=W. Earl |date=1966 |title=The Birds of Canada |location=Ottawa |publisher=National Museum of Canada |page=323}}</ref>
-<ref name=Sibley>{{cite book |last=Sibley |first=David Allen |authorlink=David Allen Sibley |date=2000 |title=The Sibley Guide to Birds |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |page=427 |isbn=0-679-45122-6}}</ref>
+<ref name=Sibley>{{cite book |last=Sibley |first=David Allen |author-link=David Allen Sibley |date=2000 |title=The Sibley Guide to Birds |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |page=[https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/427 427] |isbn=0-679-45122-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/427 }}</ref>
 }}
 {{refbegin}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Peluc |first1=S.I. |last2=Sillett |first2=T.S. |last3=Rotenberry |first3=J.T. |last4=Ghalambor |first4=C.K. |year=2008 |title=Adaptive plasticity in nest site selection in response to increased predation risk |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=19 |pages=830–835 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arn033}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Peluc |first1=S.I. |last2=Sillett |first2=T.S. |last3=Rotenberry |first3=J.T. |last4=Ghalambor |first4=C.K. |year=2008 |title=Adaptive plasticity in nest site selection in response to increased predation risk |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=19 |pages=830–835 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arn033|doi-access=free }}
 {{refend}}
@@ Line 67: / Line 79: @@
 {{Commons category|Leiothlypis celata}}
 {{Wikispecies|Leiothlypis celata}}
-* [http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/featured_birds/?id=306 Orange-crowned warbler - Island Misfits] at [http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/ Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140619231509/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/featured_birds/?id=306 Orange-crowned warbler - Island Misfits] at [http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/ Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center]
 * [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Orange-crowned_Warbler.html Orange-crowned warbler species account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
 * [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i6460id.html Orange-crowned warbler - ''Vermivora celata''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
@@ Line 81: / Line 93: @@
 * Sogge, M. K., W. M. Gilbert, and C. v. Riper III. 1994. ''Orange-crowned Warbler (Vermivora celata)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 101 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.
-===Thesis===
-* Bull RD. M.Sc. (2005). ''Patterns of genetic differentiation in orange-crowned warbler Vermivora celata populations across their breeding range''. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
-* Conway CJ. Ph.D. (1998). ''Ecological and physiological constraints on avian incubation behavior and nest-site selection''. University of Montana, United States, Montana.
-* Dean KL. Ph.D. (1999). ''Stopover ecology of neotropical migrant songbirds in riparian corridors in the northern Great Plains''. University of South Dakota, United States, South Dakota.
-* Hagar JC. Ph.D. (2004). ''Functional relationships among songbirds, arthropods, and understory vegetation in Douglas-fir forests, western Oregon''. Oregon State University, United States, Oregon.
-* McMartin DW. M.Sc. (1996). ''Impact of insecticide applications on the foraging behaviour and diet of three boreal forest warbler species''. University of Toronto (Canada), Canada.
 ===Articles===
@@ Line 118: / Line 122: @@
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q27075888}}
+[[Category:Leiothlypis]]
-{{DEFAULTSORT:warbler, orange-crowned}}
-[[Category:Oreothlypis|orange-crowned warbler]]
 [[Category:Birds of North America]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1823|orange-crowned warbler]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Say]]