João da Cruz e Sousa: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Brazilian poet and journalist}} |
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{{expand Portuguese|date=June 2024|topic=bio}} |
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{{Infobox person |
{{Infobox person |
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| name = João da Cruz e Sousa |
| name = João da Cruz e Sousa |
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| birth_name = |
| birth_name = |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1861|11|24|mf=y}} |
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1861|11|24|mf=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Florianópolis]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], [[Brazil]] |
| birth_place = [[Florianópolis]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], [[Empire of Brazil]] |
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| death_date = {{Death date and age|1898|3|19|1861|11|24|mf=y}} |
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1898|3|19|1861|11|24|mf=y}} |
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| death_place = [[Antônio Carlos, Minas Gerais|Antônio Carlos]], [[Minas Gerais]], Brazil |
| death_place = [[Antônio Carlos, Minas Gerais|Antônio Carlos]], [[Minas Gerais]], Brazil |
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'''João da Cruz e Sousa''' (November |
'''João da Cruz e Sousa''' (24 November 1861 – 19 March 1898), also referred to simply as '''Cruz e Sousa''', was a Brazilian poet and journalist, famous for being one of the first Brazilian [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist]] poets. A descendant of [[Africa]]n slaves, he has received the epithets of "Black [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]" and "Black Swan". |
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He is the patron of the 15th chair of the [[Academia Catarinense de Letras]]. |
He is the patron of the 15th chair of the [[Academia Catarinense de Letras]]. |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Cruz e Sousa was born '''João da Cruz''' |
Cruz e Sousa was born '''João da Cruz''' on 24 November 1861, in the city of [[Florianópolis]] (at the time called ''Nossa Senhora do Desterro''), in the [[Provinces of Brazil|province]] of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]. His father was Guilherme da Cruz, a [[bricklayer]], and his mother was Carolina Eva da Conceição – with both of them being freed [[Afro-Brazilian]] [[Slavery in Brazil|slaves]]. Sousa's former owner, the [[Marshal (Brazil)|Marshal]] [[Guilherme Xavier de Sousa]], treated him like a close relative, teaching him how to read, write and speak [[Greek language|Greek]], [[French language|French]] and [[Latin]]. He also gave João da Cruz his surname '''Sousa'''. Cruz e Sousa also studied [[Mathematics]] and [[natural sciences]] under the guidance of famous [[Germany|German]] biologist [[Fritz Müller]]. |
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In 1881, Cruz e Sousa served as director of the newspaper ''Tribuna Popular'', where he wrote [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]] articles. In 1883, Sousa tried to become an attorney for the city of [[Laguna, Santa Catarina|Laguna]], but was not accepted for being black. In 1885 he published his first poetry book, ''Tropos e Fantasias'', in partnership with [[Virgílio Várzea]]. In 1890 he moved to [[Rio de Janeiro]], where he worked as an [[archivist]] at the [[Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil]]. In 1893 he published his two famous books ''Missal'' and ''Broquéis'', that introduced the [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist movement]] in Brazil. In November of the same year, he married Gavita Gonçalves, an educated black girl who worked as a seamstress, and had with her four children; however, all four would die prematurely due to [[tuberculosis]], what made Gavita have a mental breakdown and go [[Insanity|insane]] ever since. |
In 1881, Cruz e Sousa served as director of the newspaper ''Tribuna Popular'', where he wrote [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]] articles. In 1883, Sousa tried to become an attorney for the city of [[Laguna, Santa Catarina|Laguna]], but was not accepted for being black. In 1885 he published his first poetry book, ''Tropos e Fantasias'', in partnership with [[Virgílio Várzea]]. In 1890 he moved to [[Rio de Janeiro]], where he worked as an [[archivist]] at the [[Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil]]. In 1893 he published his two famous books ''Missal'' and ''Broquéis'', that introduced the [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist movement]] in Brazil. In November of the same year, he married Gavita Gonçalves, an educated black girl who worked as a seamstress, and had with her four children; however, all four would die prematurely due to [[tuberculosis]], what made Gavita have a mental breakdown and go [[Insanity|insane]] ever since. |
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Cruz e Sousa died in what is today the city of [[Antônio Carlos, Minas Gerais|Antônio Carlos]], in the Brazilian state of [[Minas Gerais]], |
Cruz e Sousa died in what is today the city of [[Antônio Carlos, Minas Gerais|Antônio Carlos]], in the Brazilian state of [[Minas Gerais]], on March 19, 1898, due to tuberculosis. |
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==Works== |
==Works== |
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* ''Evocações'' (1898) |
* ''Evocações'' (1898) |
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* ''Faróis'' (1900 — posthumous) |
* ''Faróis'' (1900 — posthumous) |
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* ''Últimos Sonetos'' (1905 — posthumous) |
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* ''O Livro Derradeiro'' (1945, expanded 1961 — posthumous) |
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* ''Dispersos'' (1961 — posthumous) |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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[[Category:Brazilian abolitionists]] |
[[Category:Brazilian abolitionists]] |
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[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]] |
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]] |
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[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in |
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Minas Gerais]] |
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[[Category:People from Florianópolis]] |
[[Category:People from Florianópolis]] |
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[[Category:Symbolist poets]] |
[[Category:Symbolist poets]] |
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[[Category:Sonneteers]] |
[[Category:Sonneteers]] |
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[[Category:19th-century journalists]] |
[[Category:19th-century journalists]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Brazilian male journalists]] |
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[[Category:19th-century Brazilian poets]] |
[[Category:19th-century Brazilian poets]] |
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[[Category:19th-century Brazilian male writers]] |
[[Category:19th-century Brazilian male writers]] |
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[[Category:Afro-Brazilian people]] |
Latest revision as of 03:43, 13 June 2024
![]() | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (February 2021) |
![]() | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (June 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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João da Cruz e Sousa | |
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![]() | |
Born | |
Died | March 19, 1898 Antônio Carlos, Minas Gerais, Brazil | (aged 36)
Nationality | Brazilian |
Occupation(s) | Poet, journalist |
Notable work | Broquéis, Faróis, Missal |
Spouse | Gavita Gonçalves |
Parent(s) | Guilherme da Cruz Carolina Eva da Conceição |
João da Cruz e Sousa (24 November 1861 – 19 March 1898), also referred to simply as Cruz e Sousa, was a Brazilian poet and journalist, famous for being one of the first Brazilian Symbolist poets. A descendant of African slaves, he has received the epithets of "Black Dante" and "Black Swan".
He is the patron of the 15th chair of the Academia Catarinense de Letras.
Biography
[edit]Cruz e Sousa was born João da Cruz on 24 November 1861, in the city of Florianópolis (at the time called Nossa Senhora do Desterro), in the province of Santa Catarina. His father was Guilherme da Cruz, a bricklayer, and his mother was Carolina Eva da Conceição – with both of them being freed Afro-Brazilian slaves. Sousa's former owner, the Marshal Guilherme Xavier de Sousa, treated him like a close relative, teaching him how to read, write and speak Greek, French and Latin. He also gave João da Cruz his surname Sousa. Cruz e Sousa also studied Mathematics and natural sciences under the guidance of famous German biologist Fritz Müller.
In 1881, Cruz e Sousa served as director of the newspaper Tribuna Popular, where he wrote abolitionist articles. In 1883, Sousa tried to become an attorney for the city of Laguna, but was not accepted for being black. In 1885 he published his first poetry book, Tropos e Fantasias, in partnership with Virgílio Várzea. In 1890 he moved to Rio de Janeiro, where he worked as an archivist at the Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil. In 1893 he published his two famous books Missal and Broquéis, that introduced the Symbolist movement in Brazil. In November of the same year, he married Gavita Gonçalves, an educated black girl who worked as a seamstress, and had with her four children; however, all four would die prematurely due to tuberculosis, what made Gavita have a mental breakdown and go insane ever since.
Cruz e Sousa died in what is today the city of Antônio Carlos, in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, on March 19, 1898, due to tuberculosis.
Works
[edit]- Tropos e Fantasias (1885 — in partnership with Virgílio Várzea)
- Broquéis (1893)
- Missal (1893)
- Evocações (1898)
- Faróis (1900 — posthumous)
- Últimos Sonetos (1905 — posthumous)
- O Livro Derradeiro (1945, expanded 1961 — posthumous)
- Dispersos (1961 — posthumous)
Further reading
[edit]- COUTINHO, Afrânio; SOUSA, J. Galante de. Enciclopédia da Literatura Brasileira. São Paulo: Global
- LEMINSKI, Paulo. Cruz e Sousa. São Paulo: Brasiliense. Coleção Encanto Radical, n. 24, 79 p.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)
- Cruz e Sousa - Master of the Symbolism. Biography of Cruz e Sousa written by professor Evaldo Pauli.
- Newspaper A Notícia: Cruz e Sousa
- Encyclopædia Britannica
- Works by João da Cruz e Sousa at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- 1861 births
- 1898 deaths
- Brazilian male poets
- Brazilian journalists
- Brazilian abolitionists
- 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis deaths in Minas Gerais
- People from Florianópolis
- Symbolist poets
- Sonneteers
- 19th-century journalists
- Brazilian male journalists
- 19th-century Brazilian poets
- 19th-century Brazilian male writers
- Afro-Brazilian people