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{{short description|Brazilian poet and journalist}}
{{short description|Brazilian poet and journalist}}
{{no footnotes|date=February 2021}}
{{expand Portuguese|date=June 2024|topic=bio}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = João da Cruz e Sousa
| name = João da Cruz e Sousa
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| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1861|11|24|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1861|11|24|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Florianópolis]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], [[Brazil]]
| birth_place = [[Florianópolis]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], [[Empire of Brazil]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1898|3|19|1861|11|24|mf=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1898|3|19|1861|11|24|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Antônio Carlos, Minas Gerais|Antônio Carlos]], [[Minas Gerais]], Brazil
| death_place = [[Antônio Carlos, Minas Gerais|Antônio Carlos]], [[Minas Gerais]], Brazil
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}}
}}


'''João da Cruz e Sousa''' (November 24, 1861 – March 19, 1898) was a [[Brazil]]ian poet and journalist, famous for being one of the first Brazilian [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist]] poets ever. A descendant of [[Africa]]n slaves, he has received the epithets of "Black [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]" and "Black Swan".
'''João da Cruz e Sousa''' (24 November 1861 – 19 March 1898), also referred to simply as '''Cruz e Sousa''', was a Brazilian poet and journalist, famous for being one of the first Brazilian [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist]] poets. A descendant of [[Africa]]n slaves, he has received the epithets of "Black [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]" and "Black Swan".


He is the patron of the 15th chair of the [[Academia Catarinense de Letras]].
He is the patron of the 15th chair of the [[Academia Catarinense de Letras]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
Cruz e Sousa was born '''João da Cruz''' on November 24, 1861, in the city of [[Florianópolis]] (at the time called Nossa Senhora do Desterro), in the Brazilian state of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]. His father was Guilherme da Cruz, a [[bricklayer]], and his mother was Carolina Eva da Conceição – with both of them being freed [[Afro-Brazilian]] [[Slavery in Brazil|slaves]]. Sousa's former owner, the [[Marshal (Brazil)|Marshal]] [[Guilherme Xavier de Sousa]], treated him like a close relative, teaching him how to read, write and speak [[Greek language|Greek]], [[French language|French]] and [[Latin]]. He also gave João da Cruz his surname '''Sousa'''. Cruz e Sousa also studied [[Mathematics]] and [[natural sciences]] under the guidance of famous [[Germany|German]] biologist [[Fritz Müller]].
Cruz e Sousa was born '''João da Cruz''' on 24 November 1861, in the city of [[Florianópolis]] (at the time called ''Nossa Senhora do Desterro''), in the [[Provinces of Brazil|province]] of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]. His father was Guilherme da Cruz, a [[bricklayer]], and his mother was Carolina Eva da Conceição – with both of them being freed [[Afro-Brazilian]] [[Slavery in Brazil|slaves]]. Sousa's former owner, the [[Marshal (Brazil)|Marshal]] [[Guilherme Xavier de Sousa]], treated him like a close relative, teaching him how to read, write and speak [[Greek language|Greek]], [[French language|French]] and [[Latin]]. He also gave João da Cruz his surname '''Sousa'''. Cruz e Sousa also studied [[Mathematics]] and [[natural sciences]] under the guidance of famous [[Germany|German]] biologist [[Fritz Müller]].


In 1881, Cruz e Sousa served as director of the newspaper ''Tribuna Popular'', where he wrote [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]] articles. In 1883, Sousa tried to become an attorney for the city of [[Laguna, Santa Catarina|Laguna]], but was not accepted for being black. In 1885 he published his first poetry book, ''Tropos e Fantasias'', in partnership with [[Virgílio Várzea]]. In 1890 he moved to [[Rio de Janeiro]], where he worked as an [[archivist]] at the [[Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil]]. In 1893 he published his two famous books ''Missal'' and ''Broquéis'', that introduced the [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist movement]] in Brazil. In November of the same year, he married Gavita Gonçalves, an educated black girl who worked as a seamstress, and had with her four children; however, all four would die prematurely due to [[tuberculosis]], what made Gavita have a mental breakdown and go [[Insanity|insane]] ever since.
In 1881, Cruz e Sousa served as director of the newspaper ''Tribuna Popular'', where he wrote [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]] articles. In 1883, Sousa tried to become an attorney for the city of [[Laguna, Santa Catarina|Laguna]], but was not accepted for being black. In 1885 he published his first poetry book, ''Tropos e Fantasias'', in partnership with [[Virgílio Várzea]]. In 1890 he moved to [[Rio de Janeiro]], where he worked as an [[archivist]] at the [[Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil]]. In 1893 he published his two famous books ''Missal'' and ''Broquéis'', that introduced the [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist movement]] in Brazil. In November of the same year, he married Gavita Gonçalves, an educated black girl who worked as a seamstress, and had with her four children; however, all four would die prematurely due to [[tuberculosis]], what made Gavita have a mental breakdown and go [[Insanity|insane]] ever since.
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* ''Evocações'' (1898)
* ''Evocações'' (1898)
* ''Faróis'' (1900 — posthumous)
* ''Faróis'' (1900 — posthumous)
* ''Últimos Sonetos'' (1905 — posthumous)
* ''O Livro Derradeiro'' (1945, expanded 1961 — posthumous)
* ''Dispersos'' (1961 — posthumous)


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
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[[Category:Sonneteers]]
[[Category:Sonneteers]]
[[Category:19th-century journalists]]
[[Category:19th-century journalists]]
[[Category:Male journalists]]
[[Category:Brazilian male journalists]]
[[Category:19th-century Brazilian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Brazilian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Brazilian male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Brazilian male writers]]

Latest revision as of 03:43, 13 June 2024

João da Cruz e Sousa
Born(1861-11-24)November 24, 1861
Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Empire of Brazil
DiedMarch 19, 1898(1898-03-19) (aged 36)
Antônio Carlos, Minas Gerais, Brazil
NationalityBrazilian
Occupation(s)Poet, journalist
Notable workBroquéis, Faróis, Missal
SpouseGavita Gonçalves
Parent(s)Guilherme da Cruz
Carolina Eva da Conceição

João da Cruz e Sousa (24 November 1861 – 19 March 1898), also referred to simply as Cruz e Sousa, was a Brazilian poet and journalist, famous for being one of the first Brazilian Symbolist poets. A descendant of African slaves, he has received the epithets of "Black Dante" and "Black Swan".

He is the patron of the 15th chair of the Academia Catarinense de Letras.

Biography

[edit]

Cruz e Sousa was born João da Cruz on 24 November 1861, in the city of Florianópolis (at the time called Nossa Senhora do Desterro), in the province of Santa Catarina. His father was Guilherme da Cruz, a bricklayer, and his mother was Carolina Eva da Conceição – with both of them being freed Afro-Brazilian slaves. Sousa's former owner, the Marshal Guilherme Xavier de Sousa, treated him like a close relative, teaching him how to read, write and speak Greek, French and Latin. He also gave João da Cruz his surname Sousa. Cruz e Sousa also studied Mathematics and natural sciences under the guidance of famous German biologist Fritz Müller.

In 1881, Cruz e Sousa served as director of the newspaper Tribuna Popular, where he wrote abolitionist articles. In 1883, Sousa tried to become an attorney for the city of Laguna, but was not accepted for being black. In 1885 he published his first poetry book, Tropos e Fantasias, in partnership with Virgílio Várzea. In 1890 he moved to Rio de Janeiro, where he worked as an archivist at the Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil. In 1893 he published his two famous books Missal and Broquéis, that introduced the Symbolist movement in Brazil. In November of the same year, he married Gavita Gonçalves, an educated black girl who worked as a seamstress, and had with her four children; however, all four would die prematurely due to tuberculosis, what made Gavita have a mental breakdown and go insane ever since.

Cruz e Sousa died in what is today the city of Antônio Carlos, in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, on March 19, 1898, due to tuberculosis.

Works

[edit]
  • Tropos e Fantasias (1885 — in partnership with Virgílio Várzea)
  • Broquéis (1893)
  • Missal (1893)
  • Evocações (1898)
  • Faróis (1900 — posthumous)
  • Últimos Sonetos (1905 — posthumous)
  • O Livro Derradeiro (1945, expanded 1961 — posthumous)
  • Dispersos (1961 — posthumous)

Further reading

[edit]
  • COUTINHO, Afrânio; SOUSA, J. Galante de. Enciclopédia da Literatura Brasileira. São Paulo: Global
  • LEMINSKI, Paulo. Cruz e Sousa. São Paulo: Brasiliense. Coleção Encanto Radical, n. 24, 79 p.
[edit]
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