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{{Short description|Languages spoken in northwest North America}}
{{Cleanup-rewrite|date=March 2011}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=March 2011}}
{{Unreferenced|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Northern Athabascan
| name = Northern Athabaskan
|altname=
| altname =
|ethnicity=[[Dene]]
| ethnicity = [[Dene]]
|region=[[Alaska]], [[Yukon]]
| region = [[Alaska]], [[Yukon]]
|familycolor=Dené-Yeniseian
| familycolor = Dené-Yeniseian
|fam2=[[Na-Dené]]
| fam2 = [[Na-Dené]]
|fam3=Athabaskan–Eyak
| fam3 = Athabaskan–Eyak
|fam4=[[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]]
| fam4 = [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]]
|glotto=nort2940
| glotto = none
| glottorefname =
| ancestor =
| glottoname =
| notes =
| map = Northern athabaskan.svg
}}
}}


'''Northern Athabaskan''' is a geographic sub-grouping of the [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan language family]] spoken by indigenous peoples in the northern part of [[North America]], particularly in [[Alaska]] ([[Alaskan Athabaskans]]) and the [[Yukon]]. The Northern Athabaskan languages consist of 31 languages that can be divided into seven geographic subgroups.
'''Northern Athabaskan''' is a geographic sub-grouping of the [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan language family]] spoken by indigenous peoples in the northern part of [[North America]], particularly in [[Alaska]] ([[Alaskan Athabaskans]]), [[Yukon]], and the [[Northwest Territories]]. The Northern Athabaskan languages consist of 31 languages that can be divided into seven geographic subgroups.


==Classification==
==Southern Alaskan==


{{tree list}}
: 1. '''[[Ahtna language|Ahtna]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Atna, Ahtena, Copper River)
* '''Northern Athabaskan'''
::* Central Copper River Ahtna</small>
** '''Southern Alaskan'''
::* Lower Copper River Ahtna</small>
*** '''[[Ahtna language|Ahtna]]''' (also known as Atna, Ahtena, Copper River)
::* Mentasta ({{sc|aka}} Upper Ahtna)</small>
**** Central Copper River Ahtna
::* Western Ahtna</small>
**** Lower Copper River Ahtna
: 2. '''[[Dena'ina language|Dena’ina]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Tanaina)
**** Mentasta (also known as Upper Ahtna)
::* Lower Inlet Dena’ina</small>
**** Western Ahtna
::: '''-''' Outer Inlet</small>
*** '''[[Dena'ina language|Dena’ina]]''' (also known as Tanaina)
::: '''-''' Iliamna</small>
**** Lower Inlet Dena’ina
::: '''-''' Inland</small>
::* Upper Inlet Dena’ina </small>
***** Outer Inlet
***** Iliamna

***** Inland
==Central Alaska–Yukon==
**** Upper Inlet Dena’ina

** '''Central Alaska–Yukon'''
A. Koyukon
*** Koyukon
: 3. '''[[Deg Xinag]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Deg Hit'an, Kaiyuhkhotana, Ingalik)
**** '''[[Deg Xinag]]''' (also known as Deg Hit'an, Kaiyuhkhotana, Ingalik)
::* Lower Yukon River</small>
***** Lower Yukon River
::* Middle Kuskokwin</small>
***** Middle Kuskokwin
: 4. '''[[Holikachuk language|Holikachuk]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Innoko, Innoka-khotana, Tlëgon-khotana)
: 5. '''[[Koyukon language|Koyukon]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Ten’a, Co-Youkon, Co-yukon)
**** '''[[Holikachuk language|Holikachuk]]''' (also known as Innoko, Innoka-khotana, Tlëgon-khotana)
**** '''[[Koyukon language|Koyukon]]''' (also known as Ten’a, Co-Youkon, Co-yukon)
::* Lower Koyukon ({{sc|aka}} Lower Yukon Koyukon)</small>
::* Central Koyukon ({{sc|aka}} Dinaakkanaaga Ts’inh Huyoza, Koyukuk River Koyukon)</small>
***** Lower Koyukon (also known as Lower Yukon Koyukon)
::* Upper Koyukon ({{sc|aka}} Upper Yukon Koyukon)</small>
***** Central Koyukon (also known as Dinaakkanaaga Ts’inh Huyoza, Koyukuk River Koyukon)
***** Upper Koyukon (also known as Upper Yukon Koyukon)

B. Tanana–Tutchone
*** Tanana–Tutchone
: 6. '''[[Upper Kuskokwim language|Upper Kuskokwim]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Kolchan, Goltsan)
**** '''[[Upper Kuskokwim language|Upper Kuskokwim]]''' (also known as Kolchan, Goltsan)
: I. [[Tanana languages|Tanana]]
***** [[Tanana languages|Tanana]]
:: 7. '''[[Lower Tanana language|Lower Tanana]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Tanana, Minto, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
****** '''[[Lower Tanana language|Lower Tanana]]''' (also known as Tanana, Minto, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
:::* Minto-Tolovana-Toklat-Nenana-Wood River</small>
******* Minto-Tolovana-Toklat-Nenana-Wood River
:::: '''-''' Minto-Tolovana</small>
******** Minto-Tolovana
:::: '''-''' Toklat</small>
******** Toklat
:::: '''-''' Nenana</small>
******** Nenana
:::: '''-''' Wood River</small>
******** Wood River
:::* Chena</small>
******* Chena
:::* Salcha-Goodpastor</small>
******* Salcha-Goodpastor
:: 8. '''[[Tanacross language|Tanacross]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Tanana, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
****** '''[[Tanacross language|Tanacross]]''' (also known as Tanana, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
:: 9. '''[[Upper Tanana language|Upper Tanana]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Tanana, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
****** '''[[Upper Tanana language|Upper Tanana]]''' (also known as Tanana, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
:::* Nabesna</small>
******* Nabesna
:::* Tetlin</small>
******* Tetlin
:::* Northway</small>
******* Northway
:::* Scottie Creek</small>
******* Scottie Creek
:::* Canadian Upper Tanana</small>
******* Canadian Upper Tanana
: II. '''[[Tutchone language|Tutchone]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Gens de Bois, Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Tutchonekutchin)
***** '''[[Tutchone language|Tutchone]]''' (also known as Gens de Bois, Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Tutchonekutchin)
:: * '''Southern Tutchone'''
****** Southern Tutchone (sometimes considered to be just a dialect)
:: * '''Northern Tutchone''' ({{sc|aka}} Mayo)
****** Northern Tutchone (also known as Mayo) (sometimes considered to be just a dialect)
*** Kutchin–Han

**** '''[[Gwich’in language|Gwich’in]]''' (also known as Gwitch’in, Kutchin, Kootchin, Loucheux, Loucheaux, Takudh, Tukudh, "Quarrelers")
C. Kutchin–Han
***** Alaskan Gwich’in (also known as Western Gwich’in)
: 12. '''[[Gwich’in language|Gwich’in]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Gwitch’in, Kutchin, Kootchin, Loucheux, Loucheaux, Takudh, Tukudh, “Quarrelers”)
::* Alaskan Gwich’in ({{sc|aka}} Western Gwich’in)</small>
***** Canadian Gwich’in (also known as Eastern Gwich’in)
**** '''[[Hän language|Hän]]''' (also known as Han, Moosehide, Dawson, Gens du Fou, Han Gwich-in, Han-Kootchin, Hankutchin)
::* Canadian Gwich’in ({{sc|aka}} Eastern Gwich’in)</small>
** '''Northwestern Canada'''
: 13. '''[[Hän language|Hän]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Han, Moosehide, Dawson, Gens du Fou, Han Gwich-in, Han-Kootchin, Hankutchin)
*** Cordillera

**** Central Cordillera (also known as Tahltan-Tagish-Kaska)
==Northwestern Canada==
***** '''[[Tagish language|Tagish]]''' (also known as Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Si-him-E-na, "Stick Indians", Tagisch, Tahgish, Tahkeesh, Tahk-heesh)

***** '''[[Tahltan language|Tahltan]]''' (also known as Nahanni, Keyehotine, Nahane, Nahani, Tahl-tan, Tatltan, Ticaxhanoten, Toltan)
A. Cordillera
***** '''[[Kaska language|Kaska]]''' (also known as Nahanni, Nahane, Nahani, Cassiar)
: I. Central Cordillera ({{sc|aka}} Tahltan-Tagish-Kaska)
**** Southeastern Cordillera
:: 14. '''[[Tagish language|Tagish]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Si-him-E-na, “Stick Indians”, Tagisch, Tahgish, Tahkeesh, Tahk-heesh)
***** '''[[Sekani language|Sekani]]'''
:: 15. '''[[Tahltan language|Tahltan]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Nahanni, Keyehotine, Nahane, Nahani, Tahl-tan, Tatltan, Ticaxhanoten, Toltan)
:: 16. '''[[Kaska language|Kaska]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Nahanni, Nahane, Nahani, Cassiar)
***** '''[[Danezaa language|Danezaa]]''' (also known as Beaver, Tsattine, Dunne-za, Deneza, Gens de Castor)
*** Mackenzie
: II. Southeastern Cordillera
:: 17. '''[[Sekani language|Sekani]]'''
**** '''[[Slavey language|Slavey–Hare]]''' (v Slave)
***** Slavey (also known as Slavey proper, South Slavey, Southern Slavey, Dene Tha, Esclave, Nahane, Nahani, Slave)
:: 18. '''[[Danezaa language|Danezaa]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Beaver, Tsattine, Dunne-za, Deneza, Gens de Castor)
***** Mountain (also known as Montagnards, Nahane, Nahani, Sih gotine, Sihta gotine)

***** Bearlake (also known as Satudine, Sahtu gotine, Bear Lake)
B. Mackenzie
***** Hare (also known as Kawchottine, Ka so gotine, Kancho, Kawchodinneh, Rabbitskins, Ta-na-tin-ne)
: I. '''[[Slavey language|Slavey–Hare]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Slave)
**** '''[[Dogrib language|Dogrib]]''' (also known as Tli Cho, Tłįchǫ or Thlingchadine)
:: 19. Slavey ({{sc|aka}} Slavey proper, South Slavey, Southern Slavey, Dene Tha, Esclave, Nahane, Nahani, Slave)
*** Chipewyan
:: 20. Mountain ({{sc|aka}} Montagnards, Nahane, Nahani, Sih gotine, Sihta gotine)
**** '''[[Dene Suline language|Dene Suline]]''' (also known as Chipewyan, Dëne Sųłiné, Dene, Yellowknife, Montagnais, "Northern Indians", Copper Indians, Coppermine Indians, Mithcocoman, Red Knife, T’atsan ottine, Tatsotine, Yellow Knife)
:: 21. Bearlake ({{sc|aka}} Satudine, Sahtu gotine, Bear Lake)
** '''[[Tsetsaut language|Tsetsaut]]''' (also known as Ts’ets’aut, Nahane, Nahani, Portland Canal, Wetalth)
:: 22. Hare ({{sc|aka}} Kawchottine, Ka so gotine, Kancho, Kawchodinneh, Rabbitskins, Ta-na-tin-ne)
** '''Central British Columbia'''
: 23. '''[[Dogrib language|Dogrib]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Tli Cho, Tłįchǫ or Thlingchadine)
*** '''[[Babine-Witsuwit'en]]''' (also known as North Carrier, Babine Carrier, Northern Carrier, Bulkley Valley, Lakes District, Western Carrier)

**** Babine (also known as Nadot’en, Nedut’en, Nat’oot’en)
C. Chipewyan
**** Takla
: 24. '''[[Dene Suline language|Dene Suline]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Chipewyan, Dëne Sųłiné, Dene, Yellowknife, Montagnais, "Northern Indians", Copper Indians, Coppermine Indians, Mithcocoman, Red Knife, T’atsan ottine, Tatsotine, Yellow Knife)
**** [[Witsuwit'en|Witsuwit’en]] (also known as Wetsuwet’en, Wets’uwet’en, Wet’suwet’en)

**** Moricetown
==Tsetsaut==
**** Francois Lake

*** '''[[Carrier language|Dakelh]]''' (also known as Carrier, Dakelhne, Takelne, Takulli, Taculli, Takulie, Porteur, Nagailer)
: 25. '''[[Tsetsaut]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Ts’ets’aut, Nahane, Nahani, Portland Canal, Wetalth)
**** Central Carrier (also known as Upper Carrier)

**** Southern Carrier (also known as Lower Carrier)
==Central British Columbia==
*** '''[[Chilcotin language|Chilcotin]]''' (also known as Tsilhqot’in, Tinneh, Chilkhodins, Tsilkotin)

*** '''[[Nicola language|Nicola]]''' (also known as [[Stuwix]], Nicola-Similkameen) ({{extinct}})
: 26. '''[[Babine-Witsuwit'en]]''' ({{sc|aka}} North Carrier, Babine Carrier, Northern Carrier, Bulkley Valley, Lakes District, Western Carrier)
** '''[[Tsuut’ina language|Sarsi]]''' (also known as Sarcee, Tsuu T’ina, or Tsuut’ina)
::* <small>Babine ({{sc|aka}} Nadot’en, Nedut’en, Nat’oot’en)</small>
** '''Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai'''
::* <small>Takla</small>
*** '''[[Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie language|Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie]]''' (also known as Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanie)
::* <small>[[Witsuwit'en|Witsuwit’en]] ({{sc|aka}} Wetsuwet’en, Wets’uwet’en, Wet’suwet’en)</small>
**** Willapa (also known as Willoopah)
::* <small>Moricetown</small>
**** Suwal-Clatskanie
::* <small>Francois Lake</small>
***** Suwal
: 27. '''[[Carrier language|Dakelh]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Carrier, Dakelhne, Takelne, Takulli, Taculli, Takulie, Porteur, Nagailer)
***** Clatskanie (also known as Tlatskanie)
::* <small>Central Carrier ({{sc|aka}} Upper Carrier)</small>
{{tree list/end}}
::* <small>Southern Carrier ({{sc|aka}} Lower Carrier)</small>
: 28. '''[[Chilcotin language|Chilcotin]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Tsilhqot’in, Tinneh, Chilkhodins, Tsilkotin)
: 29. '''[[Nicola language|Nicola]]''' ({{sc|aka}} [[Stuwix]], Nicola-Similkameen) (extinct)

==Sarsi==

: 30. '''[[Tsuut’ina language|Sarsi]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Sarcee, Tsuu T’ina, or Tsuut’ina)

==Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai==

: 31. '''[[Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie language|Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie]]''' ({{sc|aka}} Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanie)
::* <small>Willapa ({{sc|aka}} Willoopah)</small>
::* <small>Suwal-Clatskanie</small>
::: '''-''' <small>Suwal</small>
::: '''-''' <small>Clatskanie ({{sc|aka}} Tlatskanie)</small>


==References==
==References==
Line 127: Line 120:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.arcticathabaskancouncil.com/maps/dialectmap.php Map of Northern Athabaskan dialects]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070422170546/http://www.arcticathabaskancouncil.com/maps/dialectmap.php Map of Northern Athabaskan dialects]

{{Athabaskan languages}}
{{Athabaskan languages}}


[[Category:Northern Athabaskan languages]]
[[Category:Northern Athabaskan languages| ]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Alaska]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Alaska]]

Revision as of 08:19, 13 June 2024

Northern Athabaskan
EthnicityDene
Geographic
distribution
Alaska, Yukon
Linguistic classificationDené–Yeniseian?
GlottologNone

Northern Athabaskan is a geographic sub-grouping of the Athabaskan language family spoken by indigenous peoples in the northern part of North America, particularly in Alaska (Alaskan Athabaskans), Yukon, and the Northwest Territories. The Northern Athabaskan languages consist of 31 languages that can be divided into seven geographic subgroups.

Classification

  • Northern Athabaskan
    • Southern Alaskan
      • Ahtna (also known as Atna, Ahtena, Copper River)
        • Central Copper River Ahtna
        • Lower Copper River Ahtna
        • Mentasta (also known as Upper Ahtna)
        • Western Ahtna
      • Dena’ina (also known as Tanaina)
        • Lower Inlet Dena’ina
          • Outer Inlet
          • Iliamna
          • Inland
        • Upper Inlet Dena’ina
    • Central Alaska–Yukon
      • Koyukon
        • Deg Xinag (also known as Deg Hit'an, Kaiyuhkhotana, Ingalik)
          • Lower Yukon River
          • Middle Kuskokwin
        • Holikachuk (also known as Innoko, Innoka-khotana, Tlëgon-khotana)
        • Koyukon (also known as Ten’a, Co-Youkon, Co-yukon)
          • Lower Koyukon (also known as Lower Yukon Koyukon)
          • Central Koyukon (also known as Dinaakkanaaga Ts’inh Huyoza, Koyukuk River Koyukon)
          • Upper Koyukon (also known as Upper Yukon Koyukon)
      • Tanana–Tutchone
        • Upper Kuskokwim (also known as Kolchan, Goltsan)
          • Tanana
            • Lower Tanana (also known as Tanana, Minto, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
              • Minto-Tolovana-Toklat-Nenana-Wood River
                • Minto-Tolovana
                • Toklat
                • Nenana
                • Wood River
              • Chena
              • Salcha-Goodpastor
            • Tanacross (also known as Tanana, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
            • Upper Tanana (also known as Tanana, Dandey in, Dineh su, Tananatana)
              • Nabesna
              • Tetlin
              • Northway
              • Scottie Creek
              • Canadian Upper Tanana
          • Tutchone (also known as Gens de Bois, Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Tutchonekutchin)
            • Southern Tutchone (sometimes considered to be just a dialect)
            • Northern Tutchone (also known as Mayo) (sometimes considered to be just a dialect)
      • Kutchin–Han
        • Gwich’in (also known as Gwitch’in, Kutchin, Kootchin, Loucheux, Loucheaux, Takudh, Tukudh, "Quarrelers")
          • Alaskan Gwich’in (also known as Western Gwich’in)
          • Canadian Gwich’in (also known as Eastern Gwich’in)
        • Hän (also known as Han, Moosehide, Dawson, Gens du Fou, Han Gwich-in, Han-Kootchin, Hankutchin)
    • Northwestern Canada
      • Cordillera
        • Central Cordillera (also known as Tahltan-Tagish-Kaska)
          • Tagish (also known as Gunana, Nahane, Nahani, Si-him-E-na, "Stick Indians", Tagisch, Tahgish, Tahkeesh, Tahk-heesh)
          • Tahltan (also known as Nahanni, Keyehotine, Nahane, Nahani, Tahl-tan, Tatltan, Ticaxhanoten, Toltan)
          • Kaska (also known as Nahanni, Nahane, Nahani, Cassiar)
        • Southeastern Cordillera
          • Sekani
          • Danezaa (also known as Beaver, Tsattine, Dunne-za, Deneza, Gens de Castor)
      • Mackenzie
        • Slavey–Hare (v Slave)
          • Slavey (also known as Slavey proper, South Slavey, Southern Slavey, Dene Tha, Esclave, Nahane, Nahani, Slave)
          • Mountain (also known as Montagnards, Nahane, Nahani, Sih gotine, Sihta gotine)
          • Bearlake (also known as Satudine, Sahtu gotine, Bear Lake)
          • Hare (also known as Kawchottine, Ka so gotine, Kancho, Kawchodinneh, Rabbitskins, Ta-na-tin-ne)
        • Dogrib (also known as Tli Cho, Tłįchǫ or Thlingchadine)
      • Chipewyan
        • Dene Suline (also known as Chipewyan, Dëne Sųłiné, Dene, Yellowknife, Montagnais, "Northern Indians", Copper Indians, Coppermine Indians, Mithcocoman, Red Knife, T’atsan ottine, Tatsotine, Yellow Knife)
    • Tsetsaut (also known as Ts’ets’aut, Nahane, Nahani, Portland Canal, Wetalth)
    • Central British Columbia
      • Babine-Witsuwit'en (also known as North Carrier, Babine Carrier, Northern Carrier, Bulkley Valley, Lakes District, Western Carrier)
        • Babine (also known as Nadot’en, Nedut’en, Nat’oot’en)
        • Takla
        • Witsuwit’en (also known as Wetsuwet’en, Wets’uwet’en, Wet’suwet’en)
        • Moricetown
        • Francois Lake
      • Dakelh (also known as Carrier, Dakelhne, Takelne, Takulli, Taculli, Takulie, Porteur, Nagailer)
        • Central Carrier (also known as Upper Carrier)
        • Southern Carrier (also known as Lower Carrier)
      • Chilcotin (also known as Tsilhqot’in, Tinneh, Chilkhodins, Tsilkotin)
      • Nicola (also known as Stuwix, Nicola-Similkameen) ()
    • Sarsi (also known as Sarcee, Tsuu T’ina, or Tsuut’ina)
    • Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai
      • Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (also known as Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanie)
        • Willapa (also known as Willoopah)
        • Suwal-Clatskanie
          • Suwal
          • Clatskanie (also known as Tlatskanie)

References

Bibliography