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{{Short description|Archaeological culture of western Colombia}}{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}
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[[File:Museo del Oro.jpg|thumb|Calima culture gold mask, Gold Museum, Bogotá, Colombia]]
[[File:Calima Animal-Headed Figure Pendant MET DT11629 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Calima-Yotoco animal-headed figure pendant, [[Metropolitan Museum]], NYC]]
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'''Calima culture''' (200 BCE–400 CE) is a series of [[pre-Columbian culture]]s from the [[Valle del Cuaca]] in [[Colombia]].<ref name=travel>[http://www.colombia.travel/en/international-tourist/sightseeing-what-to-do/history-and-tradition/archaeological-tourism/calima-darien-archaeological-museum "Calima Darién Archaeological Museum: 10,000 Years of History."] ''Colombia''. (retrieved 1 Dec 2011)</ref>
[[File:Calima - Ceremonial Tweezers - Walters 57262.jpg|thumb|Calima culture gold ceremonial tweezers from [[Walters Art Museum]]|upright]]
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[[File:Calima banco de la republica.jpg|thumb|Calima culture sculpture, [[Gold Museum, Bogotá]], Colombia]]


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'''Calima culture''' (200 BCE–400 CE) is a series of [[Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia|pre-Columbian culture]]s from the [[Valle del Cauca]] in [[Colombia]].<ref name=travel>[http://www.colombia.travel/en/international-tourist/sightseeing-what-to-do/history-and-tradition/archaeological-tourism/calima-darien-archaeological-museum "Calima Darién Archaeological Museum: 10,000 Years of History."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817230346/http://www.colombia.travel/en/international-tourist/sightseeing-what-to-do/history-and-tradition/archaeological-tourism/calima-darien-archaeological-museum |date=2014-08-17 }} ''Colombia''. (retrieved 1 Dec 2011)</ref>
The four societies that successively occupied the valley and make up Calima culture are:
*'''Ilama culture''', characterized by red and black [[indigenous ceramics of the Americas|ceramics]] featuring religious imagery
*'''Yotoco culture''', polychrome ceramics, introduction of hammered goldware
*'''Sonso culture''', fewer ceramic styles, gold is mixed with copper and cast
*'''Malagana culture''', fine, burnished ceramics, predominantly white or terra cotta in color. [[Ocarina]]s, large bottles, and [[alcarraza]]s, [[double spout and bridge vessel]]s, become common.<ref name=travel/>


The [[Calima Darién Archaeological Museum]] features artifacts from the Calima culture.<ref name=travel/>
The four societies that successively occupied the valley and make up Calima culture are the Ilama, Yotoco, Sonso, and [[Malagana|Malagana culture]]s.<ref name=travel/>

The Calima Darién Archaeological Museum and the [[Calima Gold Museum]] feature artifacts from the Calima culture.<ref name=travel/>

==Ilama culture==
By 1500 BCE the Ilama culture, the first Agricultural-Pottery society, appeared along the [[Calima River]], near the present day towns of [[Restrepo, Valle del Cauca|Restrepo]] and [[Calima, Valle del Cauca|Darien]]. Its society had a social structure of ''Cacicazgos'' (chiefdoms) that prevailed until the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|arrival of the Spaniards]]. The economy of Ilama was based on textile weaving, metallurgy, hunting, fishing, and agriculture. Yuca and beans were primary crops. The Chief or [[Cacique]] was the leader of the settlement. Other occupations were shamans, warriors, farmers, hunters, pottery men, and goldsmiths. Their [[indigenous ceramics of the Americas|ceramics]] were typically red and black, featuring religious imagery.<ref name=travel/>

==Yotoco culture==

[[File:Calima Pendant, San Antonio Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|left|Calima alligator pendant, [[San Antonio Museum of Art]]]]

By 100 CE the Ilamas developed into the Yotoco Culture, which expanded their territory further into the Cauca River and the Pacific Ocean and to the south to the region of what is now the city of [[Cali]].

The Yotocos prevailed in the region until 1200 CE and were a highly stratified society headed by caciques, which managed several settlements. The population had increased, forcing them to develop effective agricultural techniques to feed its population which also improved the techniques on pottery and metal works. They created polychrome ceramics and introduction of hammered goldware.<ref name=travel/> The agriculture of the Yotocos was more varied than that of the Ilamas and was based on maize, [[Cassava|yuca]], [[beans]], [[arracacha]], [[achiote]] among others. The Yotoco started declining in the 6th century CE.

==Sonso culture==
Sonso culture (500–1200 CE) flourished during the Late Period I. Population increased, government became more centralized. Sonso culture was marked by fewer ceramic styles, and their goldware was mixed with copper and cast.<ref name=travel/>

==Malagana culture==
The primary archaeological site for Malagana culture is [[Malagana]]. Dating from 300 BCE to 300 CE, the site was discovered in 1992, and an estimate four tons of artifacts were looted from it in a matter of days.<ref>[http://www.eldoradocolombia.com/guaqueria.html "Hallazgo arqueológico en el estadio del Deportivo Cali ."] ''El Dorado Colombia.'' {{in lang|es}} (retrieved 1 Dec 2011)</ref> This culture produced fine, burnished ceramics, predominantly white or terra cotta in color. [[Ocarina]]s, large bottles, and [[alcarraza]]s, [[double spout and bridge vessel]]s, become common.<ref name=travel/>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nmai.si.edu/searchcollections/results.aspx?regid=2826 Calima culture artwork], National Museum of the American Indian
*[http://www.nmai.si.edu/searchcollections/results.aspx?regid=2826 Calima culture artwork] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018223838/http://www.nmai.si.edu/searchcollections/results.aspx?regid=2826 |date=2016-10-18 }}, National Museum of the American Indian
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/119785/rec/1 The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Calima culture

{{Colombian people}}
{{Pre-Columbian}}

{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Calima Culture}}
[[Category:Circum-Caribbean tribes]]
[[Category:Circum-Caribbean tribes]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in Colombia]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in Colombia]]

Latest revision as of 17:31, 13 June 2024

Calima-Yotoco animal-headed figure pendant, Metropolitan Museum, NYC
Calima culture gold ceremonial tweezers from Walters Art Museum
Calima culture sculpture, Gold Museum, Bogotá, Colombia

Calima culture (200 BCE–400 CE) is a series of pre-Columbian cultures from the Valle del Cauca in Colombia.[1]

The four societies that successively occupied the valley and make up Calima culture are the Ilama, Yotoco, Sonso, and Malagana cultures.[1]

The Calima Darién Archaeological Museum and the Calima Gold Museum feature artifacts from the Calima culture.[1]

Ilama culture

[edit]

By 1500 BCE the Ilama culture, the first Agricultural-Pottery society, appeared along the Calima River, near the present day towns of Restrepo and Darien. Its society had a social structure of Cacicazgos (chiefdoms) that prevailed until the arrival of the Spaniards. The economy of Ilama was based on textile weaving, metallurgy, hunting, fishing, and agriculture. Yuca and beans were primary crops. The Chief or Cacique was the leader of the settlement. Other occupations were shamans, warriors, farmers, hunters, pottery men, and goldsmiths. Their ceramics were typically red and black, featuring religious imagery.[1]

Yotoco culture

[edit]
Calima alligator pendant, San Antonio Museum of Art

By 100 CE the Ilamas developed into the Yotoco Culture, which expanded their territory further into the Cauca River and the Pacific Ocean and to the south to the region of what is now the city of Cali.

The Yotocos prevailed in the region until 1200 CE and were a highly stratified society headed by caciques, which managed several settlements. The population had increased, forcing them to develop effective agricultural techniques to feed its population which also improved the techniques on pottery and metal works. They created polychrome ceramics and introduction of hammered goldware.[1] The agriculture of the Yotocos was more varied than that of the Ilamas and was based on maize, yuca, beans, arracacha, achiote among others. The Yotoco started declining in the 6th century CE.

Sonso culture

[edit]

Sonso culture (500–1200 CE) flourished during the Late Period I. Population increased, government became more centralized. Sonso culture was marked by fewer ceramic styles, and their goldware was mixed with copper and cast.[1]

Malagana culture

[edit]

The primary archaeological site for Malagana culture is Malagana. Dating from 300 BCE to 300 CE, the site was discovered in 1992, and an estimate four tons of artifacts were looted from it in a matter of days.[2] This culture produced fine, burnished ceramics, predominantly white or terra cotta in color. Ocarinas, large bottles, and alcarrazas, double spout and bridge vessels, become common.[1]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Calima Darién Archaeological Museum: 10,000 Years of History." Archived 2014-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Colombia. (retrieved 1 Dec 2011)
  2. ^ "Hallazgo arqueológico en el estadio del Deportivo Cali ." El Dorado Colombia. (in Spanish) (retrieved 1 Dec 2011)
[edit]
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