Smooth breathing: Difference between revisions

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Smooth breathing
	U+0313 ̓ COMBINING COMMA ABOVE
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	Rough breathing

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The smooth breathing (Ancient Greek: ψιλὸν πνεῦμα, romanized: psilòn pneûma; Greek: ψιλή psilí; Latin: spiritus lenis) is a diacritical mark used in polytonic orthography. In Ancient Greek, it marks the absence of the voiceless glottal fricative /h/ from the beginning of a word.

Some authorities have interpreted it as representing a glottal stop, but a final vowel at the end of a word is regularly elided (removed) when the following word starts with a vowel and elision would not happen if the second word began with a glottal stop (or any other form of stop consonant). In his Vox Graeca, W. Sidney Allen accordingly regards the glottal stop interpretation as "highly improbable".^[1]

The smooth breathing mark ( ᾿ ) is written as on top of one initial vowel, on top of the second vowel of a diphthong or to the left of a capital and also, in certain editions, on the first of a pair of rhos. It did not occur on an initial upsilon, which always has rough breathing (thus the early name ὕ hy, rather than ὔ y) except in certain pre-Koine dialects which had lost aspiration much earlier.

The smooth breathing was kept in the traditional polytonic orthography even after the /h/ sound had disappeared from the language in Hellenistic times. It has been dropped in the modern monotonic orthography.

History

The origin of the sign is thought to be the right-hand half ( ┤ ) of the letter H, which was used in some archaic Greek alphabets as [h] while in others it was used for the vowel eta. It was developed by Aristophanes of Byzantium to help readers discern between similar words. For example, ὅρος horos 'boundary' (rough breathing) and ὄρος oros 'mountain' (smooth breathing).^[2] In medieval and modern script, it takes the form of a closing half moon (reverse C) or a closing single quotation mark:

ἀ
Ἀ

Smooth breathings were also used in the early Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets when writing the Old Church Slavonic language. Today it is used in Church Slavonic according to a simple rule: if a word starts with a vowel, the vowel has a psili over it. From the Russian writing system, it was eliminated by Peter the Great during his alphabet and font-style reform (1707). All other Cyrillic-based modern writing systems are based on the Petrine script, so they have never had the smooth breathing.

Coronis

The coronis (κορωνίς, korōnís, "crow's beak" or "bent mark"), the symbol written over a vowel contracted by crasis,^[4] was originally^[when?] an apostrophe after the letter: τα᾽μά. In present use, its appearances in Ancient Greek are written over the medial vowel with the smooth breathing mark—τἀμά—and appearances of crasis in modern Greek are not marked.

Letters with smooth breathing mark

Smooth breathing ◌̓
Greek: Ἀ ἀ
Ἐ ἐ
Ἠ ἠ
Ἰ ἰ
Ὀ ὀ
 ῤ
 ὐ
Ὠ ὠ

Unicode

In Unicode, the code points assigned to the smooth breathing are U+0313 ◌̓ COMBINING COMMA ABOVE for Greek and U+0486 ◌҆ COMBINING CYRILLIC PSILI PNEUMATA for Cyrillic. The pair of space + spiritus lenis is U+1FBF ᾿ GREEK PSILI. The coronis is assigned two distinct code points, U+1FBD ᾽ GREEK KORONIS and U+0343 ◌̓ COMBINING GREEK KORONIS.

References

^ Allen, W. Sidney (1987) [1968]. Vox Graeca: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Greek (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 0-521-33555-8.
^ Sturtevant, E.H. (1937). "The Smooth Breathing". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 68. Johns Hopkins University Press: 112–119. doi:10.2307/283256. JSTOR 283256. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
^ "crasis". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Note on terminology:
Crasis in English usually refers to merging of words, but the sense of the word in the original Greek used to be more general,^[3] referring to most changes related to vowel contraction, including synaeresis, though this is no longer the case.

[1] Allen, W. Sidney (1987) [1968]. Vox Graeca: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Greek (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 0-521-33555-8.

[aris-2] Sturtevant, E.H. (1937). "The Smooth Breathing". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 68. Johns Hopkins University Press: 112–119. doi:10.2307/283256. JSTOR 283256. Retrieved 29 January 2021.

[OED-3] "crasis". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[4] Note on terminology:
Crasis in English usually refers to merging of words, but the sense of the word in the original Greek used to be more general,^[3] referring to most changes related to vowel contraction, including synaeresis, though this is no longer the case.

[1]

[2]

[4]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Diacritical mark (᾿) used in polytonic orthography}}
 {{redirect|᾿|the similar character "'''ʼ'''"|Ejective consonant}}
+{{Infobox diacritic|char=◌̓
+|name=
+|unicode={{unichar|0313|COMBINING COMMA ABOVE|note=|cwith=}}
+|see_also = [[Rough breathing]]}}
+The '''smooth breathing''' ({{lang-grc|ψιλὸν πνεῦμα|psilòn pneûma}}; {{lang-ell|ψιλή}} ''psilí''; {{lang-la|spiritus lenis}}) is a [[diacritic|diacritical mark]] used in [[Greek diacritics|polytonic orthography]]. In [[Ancient Greek]], it marks the absence of the [[voiceless glottal fricative]] {{IPAslink|h}} from the beginning of a word.
-{{Diacritical marks|◌̓}}
-{{Letters with smooth breathing}}
-The '''smooth breathing''' ({{lang-grc|ψιλὸν πνεῦμα|psilòn pneûma}}; {{lang-ell|ψιλή}} ''psilí''; {{lang-la|spīritus lēnis}}) is a [[diacritic|diacritical mark]] used in [[Greek diacritics|polytonic orthography]]. In [[ancient Greek]], it marks the absence of the [[voiceless glottal fricative]] {{IPAslink|h}} from the beginning of a word.
-Some authorities have interpreted it as representing a [[glottal stop]], but a final vowel at the end of a word is regularly elided (removed) where the following word starts with a vowel — and [[elision]] would not happen if the second word began with a glottal stop (or any form of stop consonant). In his ''Vox Graeca'', [[W. Sidney Allen]] accordingly regards the glottal stop interpretation as "highly improbable".<ref>{{cite book|author=W. Sidney Allen|title= Vox Graeca: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Greek|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1968–74|isbn=0-521-20626-X}}</ref>
+Some authorities have interpreted it as representing a [[glottal stop]], but a final vowel at the end of a word is regularly elided (removed) when the following word starts with a vowel and [[elision]] would not happen if the second word began with a glottal stop (or any other form of stop consonant). In his ''Vox Graeca'', [[W. Sidney Allen]] accordingly regards the glottal stop interpretation as "highly improbable".<ref>{{cite book |last=Allen |first=W. Sidney |author-link=W. Sidney Allen |year=1987 | orig-year=1968 |title=Vox Graeca: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Greek |edition=3rd |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yws4Zey-ZnYC&pg=PA56 |isbn=0-521-33555-8}}</ref>
-The smooth breathing ( {{lang|grc|᾿}} ) is written as on top of one initial [[vowel]], on top of the second vowel of a [[diphthong]], or to the left of a capital, and also in certain editions on the first of a [[gemination|pair]] of [[rho]]s. It did not occur on an initial [[upsilon]], which always has [[rough breathing]] (thus the early name {{lang|grc|ὕ}} ''hy'', rather than {{lang|grc|ὔ}} ''y'').
+The smooth breathing mark ( {{lang|grc|᾿}} ) is written as on top of one initial [[vowel]], on top of the second vowel of a [[diphthong]] or to the left of a capital and also, in certain editions, on the first of a [[gemination|pair]] of [[rho]]s. It did not occur on an initial [[upsilon]], which always has [[rough breathing]] (thus the early name {{lang|grc|ὕ}} ''hy'', rather than {{lang|grc|ὔ}} ''y'') except in certain [[Ancient Greek dialects|pre-Koine dialects]] which had lost aspiration much earlier.
 The smooth breathing was kept in the traditional polytonic orthography even after the {{IPAslink|h}} sound had disappeared from the language in [[Koine Greek phonology|Hellenistic]] times. It has been dropped in the modern monotonic orthography.
 ==History==
-The origin of the sign is thought to be the right-hand half ( '''┤''' ) of the letter H, which was used in some Greek dialects as {{IPAblink|h}} while in others it was used for the vowel [[eta]]. In medieval and modern script, it takes the form of a closing half moon (reverse C) or a closing single quotation mark:
+The origin of the sign is thought to be the right-hand half ( '''┤''' ) of the letter H, which was used in some [[archaic Greek alphabets]] as {{IPAblink|h}} while in others it was used for the vowel [[eta]]. It was developed by [[Aristophanes of Byzantium]] to help readers discern between similar words. For example, ὅρος ''horos'' 'boundary' (rough breathing) and ὄρος ''oros'' 'mountain' (smooth breathing).<ref name="aris">{{cite journal |last1=Sturtevant |first1=E.H. |title=The Smooth Breathing |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/283256 |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |year=1937 |volume=68 |pages=112–119 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |doi=10.2307/283256 |jstor=283256 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> In medieval and modern script, it takes the form of a closing half moon (reverse C) or a closing single quotation mark:
 <DIV STYLE="FONT-SIZE: X-LARGE" >
 * {{lang|grc|ἀ}}
@@ Line 21: / Line 24: @@
 ==Coronis==
+The coronis ({{lang|grc|κορωνίς}}, ''korōnís'', "[[crow]]'s beak" or "bent mark"), the symbol written over a vowel contracted by [[crasis]],{{refn|Note on terminology:<br/>''Crasis'' in English usually refers to merging of words, but the sense of the word in the original Greek used to be more general,<ref name=OED>{{OED|crasis}}</ref> referring to most changes related to vowel contraction, including [[synaeresis]], though this is no longer the case.}} was originally{{when|date=October 2014}} an [[apostrophe]] after the letter: {{lang|grc|τα᾽μά}}. In present use, its appearances in [[Ancient Greek]] are written over the medial vowel with the smooth breathing mark&mdash;{{lang|grc|τἀμά}}&mdash;and appearances of crasis in [[modern Greek]] are not marked.
-Coronis, the symbol written over a vowel contracted by [[crasis]], was originally an [[apostrophe]] after the letter, but today is usually written as a smooth breathing.
+== Letters with smooth breathing mark==
+{{anchor|Letters with smooth breathing}}
+{{Letters with diacritic/header}}<!--
+-->{{hlist|{{Letters with diacritic/diacritic|format=char|d=smooth breathing}}<!--
+-->{{Letters with diacritic/scriptname|1=Greek}}Ἀ{{NNBSP}}ἀ
+| Ἐ{{NNBSP}}ἐ
+| Ἠ{{NNBSP}}ἠ
+| Ἰ{{NNBSP}}ἰ
+| Ὀ{{NNBSP}}ὀ
+| {{NNBSP}}ῤ
+| {{NNBSP}}ὐ
+| Ὠ{{NNBSP}}ὠ
+}}{{Letters with diacritic/footer}}<!--
+-->
 ==Unicode==
-In [[Unicode]], the [[code point]]s assigned to the smooth breathing are {{unichar|0313|COMBINING COMMA ABOVE|cwith=◌}} for Greek and {{unichar|0486|COMBINING CYRILLIC PSILI PNEUMATA|use=script|use2=Cyrs|cwith=◌}} for Cyrillic. The pair of space + spiritus lenis is {{unichar|1FBF|GREEK PSILI|cwith=◌}}. The coronis is assigned two distinct code points, {{unichar|1FBD|GREEK KORONIS}} and {{unichar|0343|COMBINING GREEK KORONIS|cwith=◌}}.
+In [[Unicode]], the [[code point]]s assigned to the smooth breathing are {{unichar|0313|COMBINING COMMA ABOVE|cwith=◌}} for Greek and {{unichar|0486|COMBINING CYRILLIC PSILI PNEUMATA|use=script|use2=Cyrs|cwith=◌}} for Cyrillic. The pair of space + spiritus lenis is {{unichar|1FBF|GREEK PSILI}}. The coronis is assigned two distinct code points, {{unichar|1FBD|GREEK KORONIS}} and {{unichar|0343|COMBINING GREEK KORONIS|cwith=◌}}.
 == See also ==
 * [[Greek diacritics]]
 ** [[Rough breathing]]
-* [[Modifier letter right half ring|{{Unicode|ʾ}}]]
+* [[Modifier letter right half ring|Modifier letter right half ring (ʾ)]]
 ** [[Aleph]]
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|25em}}
+{{Navbox diacritical marks}}
-[[Category:Alphabetic diacritics]]
+[[Category:Greek-script diacritics]]
-[[Category:Hellenic scripts]]
+[[Category:Cyrillic-script diacritics]]
-[[Category:Cyrillic script]]
+[[Category:Ancient Greek]]
-[[Category:Greek alphabet]]
-[[Category:Ancient Greek language]]

v t e Diacritics
In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek	◌́ ◌̋ acute, double acute ◌᷄ apex ◌̆ ◌̑ breve, inverted breve ◌̌ caron, háček ◌̧ cedilla ◌̂ circumflex ◌̈ diaeresis, umlaut, other ◌̇ ◌̣ dot ◌̀ ◌̏ grave, double grave ◌̉ hook above ◌̡ ◌̢ palatal hook, retroflex hook ◌̛ horn ◌ͅ iota subscript ◌̄ macron ◌̨ ogonek, nosinė ◌̊ ◌̥ overring, underring ◌͂ perispomene ◌͗ sicilicus ◌̃ tilde ◌῾ ◌᾿ rough breathing, smooth breathing
In Early Cyrillic	◌҄ kamora ◌҇ pokrytie ◌҃ titlo
In Indic	ं ং ଂ ം anusvara ऽ ঽ ଽ ఽ ഽ ྅ avagraha ँ ఁ ྃ chandrabindu ़ nuqta ् ് ్ ್ ් ် virama ः ঃ ଃ ஃ visarga
In other scripts	Arabic diacritics Greek diacritics Gurmukhī diacritics Hebrew diacritics diacritics in IPA Japanese kana diacritics ◌゙ ◌゚ dakuten, handakuten Khmer diacritics Syriac diacritics Thai diacritics
Marks used as diacritics	◌’ apostrophe ◌̸ bar ◌: colon ◌, comma ◌. full stop/period ◌˗ hyphen ◌′ prime
Non-diacritic uses	^ caret (computing) ° degree symbol ~ tilde § Mathematics
In Unicode	◌ dotted circle (placeholder glyph character) combining character § Unicode ranges
See also: English terms with diacritical marks Metal umlaut Punctuation marks Category: Diacritics