Soviet Civil Administration: Difference between revisions

Soviet Civil Administration
Chosŏn'gŭl	소비에트 민정청
Hancha	소비에트 民政廳
Revised Romanization	Sobieteu Minjeongcheong
McCune–Reischauer	Sobiet'ŭ Minjŏngch'ŏng

Soviet Civil Administration in Korea
Советская гражданская администрация (Russian)
소비에트 민정청 (Korean)
Soviet Civil Administration in Korea Советская гражданская администрация (Russian); 소비에트 민정청 (Korean)
1945–1948
	Top: Flag of the Soviet Union; Bottom: Flag of North Korea (1946–1948) Emblem from July 1948
	Anthem: 소비에트 연방 찬가; "State Anthem of the Soviet Union"; (1946–1947)
	Location of northern Korea
Status	Military occupation
Capital	Pyongyang
Official languages	Russian, Korean
Regierung	Marxist–Leninist Provisional government
Head Administrator (de facto)
• 1945-1948	Terentii Shtykov
Head of the Civil Administration
• 1945–1947	Andrei Romanenko [ru]
• 1947-1948	Nikolai Lebedev
Chairman of the People's Committee
• 1946-1948	Kim Il Sung
History
• Surrender of Japan	15 August 1945
• Soviet troops stationed in Pyongyang	24 August 1945
• Provisional People's Committee of North Korea established	8 February 1946
• People's Committee of North Korea established	22 February 1947
• Democratic People's Republic of Korea proclaimed	9 September 1948
Currency	Won of the Red Army Command
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Chōsen
	People's Republic of Korea
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea
Today part of	North Korea; South Korea

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The Soviet Civil Administration (SCA; Korean: 소비에트 민정청; Russian: Советская зона оккупации Кореи, romanized: Sovetskaya zona okkupatsii Korei, lit. 'Soviet occupation zone in Korea') was the government of the northern half of Korea from 24 August 1945 to 9 September 1948 though governed concurrently after the setup of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea in 1946. Even though formally referred as civilian administration, it was originally a military organization that included civilians of different professions.^[3]

It was the administrative structure that the Soviet Union used to govern what would become the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) following the division of Korea. General Terentii Shtykov was the main proponent of setting up a centralized structure to coordinate Korean People's Committees. The setup was officially recommended by General Ivan Chistyakov and headed by General Andrei Romanenko in 1945 and by General Nikolai Lebedev in 1946.^[4]

Postwar period

In the postwar period between 1946–1949 the Soviet Sakhalin administration, in anticipation of Japanese evacuation of Karafuto and the Kuril Islands, had allegedly established a relationship with the SCA in order to secure a cheap Korean workforce to be used on Sakhalin fisheries that were about to evacuate from the islands along with Japanese civilians.^[3] By 1950 the Korean workforce grew up to 10 thousand people on Sakhalin island alone.^[3]

During the Soviet occupation, Soviet soldiers committed rape against both Japanese and Korean women alike.^[5]^[6] Soviet soldiers also looted the property of both Japanese and Koreans living in northern Korea.^[5] The Soviets claimed Japanese enterprises in northern Korea and took valuable materials and industrial equipment.^[5]

Administration

Under the Soviet Civil Administration from 1945 to 1948, North Korea was governed by a group of influential Soviet generals who played key roles in shaping the country's political landscape. Colonel General Ivan Mikhailovich Chistyakov, commanding officer of the 25th Army, played a critical role in deciding the location of the 25th Army headquarters, choosing Pyongyang as the capital of North Korea, a decision that continues to have a lasting impact to this day. Alongside him, Major General Nikolai Georgiyevich Lebedev, the political officer of the 25th Army, trained Kim Il Sung and coined the official name of North Korea, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, emphasizing the purported rule by the people.

However, the true architect of North Korea's early communist regime during this period was Colonel General Terentiy Fomich Shtykov, the political officer of the 1st Far Eastern Front. De facto leader of North Korea from 1945 to 1948, Shtykov shaped the nation's politics, economy, and education system. He edited the initial draft of North Korea's constitution, formed the first cabinet of ministers, and actively supported Kim Il Sung's invasion plans, which led to the outbreak of the Korean War. Despite being recalled to Moscow and demoted after the military disaster, Shtykov's impact on North Korea's governance was immense. His role in starting the Korean War and overseeing the Soviet influence in North Korean affairs remains a significant aspect of understanding the country's history during this critical period.

During the Soviet Civil Administration, Kim Il Sung, along with other North Korean politicians like Kim Tu Bong and Pak Hon Yong, followed the orders of Shtykov and the Soviet generals. The "Provisional People's Committee for North Korea," though officially presenting itself as the ruling government, had no autonomy and merely executed the decisions made by the Soviet Civil Administration. The generals, including Shtykov, played a decisive role in shaping North Korea's early communist regime, with their actions and decisions significantly influencing the nation's political landscape for years to come.^[1]^[7]^[2]

Notes

^ Shtykov was the de facto leader of the Soviet Civil Administration in North Korea, overseeing the creation of the North Korean communist regime.^[1]
^ Chairman of the Provisional People's Committee from 1946 to 1947.

References

^ ^a ^b "How North Korea became Kim Il Sung's Korea". NK News. 28 December 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ ^a ^b "North Korean History through the Lens of Soviet Power". Daily NK. 11 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Андрей Ланьков: Северокорейские рабочие в СССР и России. Бесправные рабы или рабочая аристократия?". polit.ru. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
^ Armstrong, Charles K. (2013-04-15). The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950 (Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University) (Kindle Location pp. 154–155, 1367). Cornell University Press. Kindle Edition.
^ ^a ^b ^c Edele, Mark (2015), Maiolo, Joseph; Bosworth, Richard (eds.), "Soviet liberations and occupations, 1939–1949", The Cambridge History of the Second World War: Volume 2: Politics and Ideology, The Cambridge History of the Second World War, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 487–508, ISBN 978-1-107-03407-5, retrieved 9 May 2021
^ Cumings, Bruce. "The North Wind: The Origins of the Korean War" (PDF).
^ "Terenti Shtykov: the other ruler of nascent N. Korea". The Korea Times. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2023.

This Korean history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[2] Shtykov was the de facto leader of the Soviet Civil Administration in North Korea, overseeing the creation of the North Korean communist regime.^[1]

[4] Chairman of the Provisional People's Committee from 1946 to 1947.

[NKnews-1] "How North Korea became Kim Il Sung's Korea". NK News. 28 December 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2023.

[Daily_NK-3] "North Korean History through the Lens of Soviet Power". Daily NK. 11 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2023.

[:0-5] "Андрей Ланьков: Северокорейские рабочие в СССР и России. Бесправные рабы или рабочая аристократия?". polit.ru. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.

[6] Armstrong, Charles K. (2013-04-15). The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950 (Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University) (Kindle Location pp. 154–155, 1367). Cornell University Press. Kindle Edition.

[Edele-7] Edele, Mark (2015), Maiolo, Joseph; Bosworth, Richard (eds.), "Soviet liberations and occupations, 1939–1949", The Cambridge History of the Second World War: Volume 2: Politics and Ideology, The Cambridge History of the Second World War, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 487–508, ISBN 978-1-107-03407-5, retrieved 9 May 2021

[8] Cumings, Bruce. "The North Wind: The Origins of the Korean War" (PDF).

[tKT-9] "Terenti Shtykov: the other ruler of nascent N. Korea". The Korea Times. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2023.

[a]

[2]

[b]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[1]

[7]

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 | image_map              = Locator map of North Korea 1945-50.svg
 | image_map_caption      = Location of northern Korea
-| national_anthem        = {{lang|ko|소비에트 연방 찬가}}<br />"[[State Anthem of the Soviet Union]]"<br />(1946–1947){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Gimn Sovetskogo Soyuza (1944 Stalinist lyrics).oga]]}}
+| national_anthem        = {{lang|ko|소비에트 연방 찬가}}<br />"[[State Anthem of the Soviet Union]]"<br />(1946–1947){{parabr}}[[File:Gimn Sovetskogo Soyuza (1944 Stalinist lyrics).oga|center]]
 | capital                = [[Pyongyang]]
 | government_type        = [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[Provisional government]]
 | image_flag             = Flag of the Soviet Union (1924–1955).svg
 | image_flag2            = Flag of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea.svg
-| flag_type              = {{nowrap|'''Top:''' [[Flag of the Soviet Union]]<br>'''Bottom:''' Flag of North Korea (1946–1948)}}
+| flag_type              = Top: [[Flag of the Soviet Union]]<br>Bottom: [[Flag of North Korea|Flag of North Korea (1946–1948)]]
 | image_coat             = Emblem of North Korea (July – September 1948).svg
-| symbol_type            = Emblem of the People's Committee
+| symbol_type            = Emblem from July 1948
 | event_pre              = [[Surrender of Japan]]
 | date_pre               = 15 August 1945
@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 }}
-The '''Soviet Civil Administration''' ('''SCA''') was the government of the northern half of [[Korea]] from 24 August 1945 to 9 September 1948 though governed concurrently after the setup of the [[Provisional People's Committee for North Korea]] in 1946. Even though formally referred as civilian administration, it was originally a military organization that included civilians of different professions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Андрей Ланьков: Северокорейские рабочие в СССР и России. Бесправные рабы или рабочая аристократия? |url=https://polit.ru/article/2021/05/10/lankovrabochie/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=polit.ru}}</ref>
+The '''Soviet Civil Administration''' ('''SCA'''; {{Korean|hangul=소비에트 민정청}}; {{lang-ru|Советская зона оккупации Кореи|Sovetskaya zona okkupatsii Korei|Soviet occupation zone in Korea}}) was the government of the northern half of [[Korea]] from 24 August 1945 to 9 September 1948 though governed concurrently after the setup of the [[Provisional People's Committee for North Korea]] in 1946. Even though formally referred as civilian administration, it was originally a military organization that included civilians of different professions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Андрей Ланьков: Северокорейские рабочие в СССР и России. Бесправные рабы или рабочая аристократия? |url=https://polit.ru/article/2021/05/10/lankovrabochie/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=polit.ru |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211105247/https://polit.ru/article/2021/05/10/lankovrabochie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-It was the administrative structure that the [[Soviet Union]] used to govern what would become [[North Korea]] following the [[division of Korea]]. General [[Terentii Shtykov]] was the main proponent of setting up a centralized structure to coordinate Korean [[People's Committee (postwar Korea)| People's Committee]]s. The setup was officially recommended by General [[Ivan Chistyakov]] and headed by General Andrei Romanenko in 1945 and by General Nikolai Lebedev in 1946.<ref>
+It was the administrative structure that the [[Soviet Union]] used to govern what would become the [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] (DPRK) following the [[division of Korea]]. General [[Terentii Shtykov]] was the main proponent of setting up a centralized structure to coordinate Korean [[People's Committee (postwar Korea)|People's Committee]]s. The setup was officially recommended by General [[Ivan Chistyakov]] and headed by General Andrei Romanenko in 1945 and by General Nikolai Lebedev in 1946.<ref>
 Armstrong, Charles K. (2013-04-15). ''The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950'' (Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University) (Kindle Location pp. 154–155, 1367). Cornell University Press. Kindle Edition.
 </ref>
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 {{Main article|World War II|Division of Korea}}
-In the postwar period between 1946–1949 the [[Sakhalin]] administration (Soviet Union) in anticipation of [[Japanese evacuation of Karafuto and the Kuril Islands]] had allegedly established a relationship with SCA in order to secure cheap Korean workforce to be used on Sakhalin [[Fishery|fisheries]] that was about to evacuate from Islands along with Japanese civilians.<ref name=":0" /> By 1950 the Korean workforce grew up to 10 thousands people on Sakhalin island only.<ref name=":0" />
+In the postwar period between 1946–1949 the Soviet [[Sakhalin]] administration, in anticipation of [[Japanese evacuation of Karafuto and the Kuril Islands]], had allegedly established a relationship with the SCA in order to secure a cheap Korean workforce to be used on Sakhalin [[Fishery|fisheries]] that were about to evacuate from the islands along with Japanese civilians.<ref name=":0" /> By 1950 the Korean workforce grew up to 10 thousand people on Sakhalin island alone.<ref name=":0" />
-During the Soviet occupation, Soviet soldiers committed rape against both [[Japanese people|Japanese]] and [[Koreans|Korean]] women alike.<ref name="Edele">{{Citation|last=Edele|first=Mark|title=Soviet liberations and occupations, 1939–1949|date=2015|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-the-second-world-war/soviet-liberations-and-occupations-19391949/348C49251BFAB830DAC03CF957F37291|work=The Cambridge History of the Second World War: Volume 2: Politics and Ideology|volume=2|pages=487–508|editor-last=Maiolo|editor-first=Joseph|series=The Cambridge History of the Second World War|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03407-5|access-date=2021-05-09|editor2-last=Bosworth|editor2-first=Richard}}{{Quote box
+During the Soviet occupation, Soviet soldiers committed rape against both [[Japanese people|Japanese]] and [[Koreans|Korean]] women alike.<ref name="Edele">{{Citation|last=Edele|first=Mark|title=Soviet liberations and occupations, 1939–1949|date=2015|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-the-second-world-war/soviet-liberations-and-occupations-19391949/348C49251BFAB830DAC03CF957F37291|work=The Cambridge History of the Second World War: Volume 2: Politics and Ideology|volume=2|pages=487–508|editor-last=Maiolo|editor-first=Joseph|series=The Cambridge History of the Second World War|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03407-5|access-date=2021-05-09|editor2-last=Bosworth|editor2-first=Richard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cumings|first=Bruce|title=The North Wind: The Origins of the Korean War|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/sangok/NorthKorea/Cumings,_Bruce_-_The_North_Wind.pdf}}</ref> Soviet soldiers also looted the property of both Japanese and Koreans living in northern Korea.<ref name="Edele" /> The Soviets claimed Japanese enterprises in northern Korea and took valuable materials and industrial equipment.<ref name="Edele" />
-| quote = In Korea, Red Army men also ‘committed depredations against the Japanese and Koreans, including rape and looting, on what appears to have been a wide scale and which went quite beyond taking revenge against the enemy and its Korean allies’
-}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cumings|first=Bruce|title=The North Wind: The Origins of the Korean War|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/sangok/NorthKorea/Cumings,_Bruce_-_The_North_Wind.pdf}}</ref> Soviet soldiers also looted the property of both Japanese and Koreans living in northern Korea.<ref name="Edele" />{{Quote box
-| quote = Even in North Korea, ‘Japanese enterprises of military and heavy industry’ were considered ‘trophies of the Red Army, since all these enterprises to one degree or another worked for the Japanese army’. These factories ‘must be transferred to the Soviet Union as partial payment of reparations’, as a December 1945 document put it.
-}} The Soviets claimed Japanese enterprises in northern Korea and took valuable materials and industrial equipment.<ref name=Edele/>
 ==Administration==
 {{see also|Provisional People's Committee of North Korea|People's Committee of North Korea|Constitution of North Korea#1948 Constitution}}
+{{History of North Korea}}
-Under the Soviet Civil Administration from 1945 to 1948, North Korea was governed by a group of influential Soviet generals who played key roles in shaping the country's political landscape. Colonel General [[Ivan Chistyakov|Ivan Mikhailovich Chistyakov]], commanding officer of the [[25th Army (Soviet Union)|25th Army]], played a critical role in deciding the location of the 25th Army headquarters, choosing [[Pyongyang]] as the capital of North Korea, a decision that continues to have a lasting impact to this day. Alongside him, Major General [[Nikolai Georgiyevich Lebedev]], the political officer of the 25th Army, trained [[Kim Il Sung]] and coined the official name of [[North Korea]], the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, emphasizing the purported rule by the people.
+Under the Soviet Civil Administration from 1945 to 1948, North Korea was governed by a group of influential Soviet generals who played key roles in shaping the country's political landscape. Colonel General [[Ivan Chistyakov|Ivan Mikhailovich Chistyakov]], commanding officer of the [[25th Army (Soviet Union)|25th Army]], played a critical role in deciding the location of the 25th Army headquarters, choosing [[Pyongyang]] as the capital of North Korea, a decision that continues to have a lasting impact to this day. Alongside him, Major General [[Nikolai Georgiyevich Lebedev]], the political officer of the 25th Army, trained [[Kim Il Sung]] and coined the official name of [[North Korea]], the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, emphasizing the purported rule by the people.
 However, the true architect of North Korea's early communist regime during this period was Colonel General [[Terenty Shtykov|Terentiy Fomich Shtykov]], the political officer of the [[1st Far Eastern Front]]. De facto leader of North Korea from 1945 to 1948, Shtykov shaped the nation's politics, economy, and education system. He edited the initial draft of North Korea's constitution, formed the first cabinet of ministers, and actively supported Kim Il Sung's invasion plans, which led to the outbreak of the [[Korean War]]. Despite being recalled to [[Moscow]] and demoted after the military disaster, Shtykov's impact on North Korea's governance was immense. His role in starting the Korean War and overseeing the Soviet influence in North Korean affairs remains a significant aspect of understanding the country's history during this critical period.
-During the Soviet Civil Administration, Kim Il Sung, along with other North Korean politicians like [[Kim Tu-bong|Kim Tu Bong]] and [[Pak Hon-yong|Pak Hon Yong]], followed the orders of Shtykov and the Soviet generals. The "[[Provisional People's Committee of North Korea|Provisional People's Committee for North Korea]]," though officially presenting itself as the ruling government, had no autonomy and merely executed the decisions made by the Soviet Civil Administration. The generals, including Shtykov, played a decisive role in shaping North Korea's early communist regime, with their actions and decisions significantly influencing the nation's political landscape for years to come.<ref name="NKnews">{{cite news |title=How North Korea became Kim Il Sung’s Korea |url=https://www.nknews.org/2015/12/how-north-korea-became-kim-il-sungs-korea/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |publisher=NK News |date=28 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="tKT">{{cite news |title=Terenti Shtykov: the other ruler of nascent N. Korea |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/08/139_103451.html |access-date=8 August 2023 |publisher=The Korean Times |date=25 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Daily NK">{{cite news |title=North Korean History through the Lens of Soviet Power |url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/north-korean-history-through-the-l/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |publisher=Daily NK |date=11 August 2018}}</ref>
+During the Soviet Civil Administration, Kim Il Sung, along with other North Korean politicians like [[Kim Tu-bong|Kim Tu Bong]] and [[Pak Hon-yong|Pak Hon Yong]], followed the orders of Shtykov and the Soviet generals. The "[[Provisional People's Committee of North Korea|Provisional People's Committee for North Korea]]," though officially presenting itself as the ruling government, had no autonomy and merely executed the decisions made by the Soviet Civil Administration. The generals, including Shtykov, played a decisive role in shaping North Korea's early communist regime, with their actions and decisions significantly influencing the nation's political landscape for years to come.<ref name="NKnews">{{cite news |title=How North Korea became Kim Il Sung's Korea |url=https://www.nknews.org/2015/12/how-north-korea-became-kim-il-sungs-korea/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |publisher=[[NK News]] |date=28 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="tKT">{{cite news |title=Terenti Shtykov: the other ruler of nascent N. Korea |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/08/139_103451.html |access-date=8 August 2023 |publisher=[[The Korea Times]] |date=25 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Daily NK">{{cite news |title=North Korean History through the Lens of Soviet Power |url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/north-korean-history-through-the-l/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |publisher=[[Daily NK]] |date=11 August 2018}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 98: / Line 96: @@
 *[[United States Army Military Government in Korea]]
+== Notes ==
+{{notelist}}
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
-{{notelist}}
-{{History of North Korea}}
 {{Korea topics}}
@@ Line 109: / Line 107: @@
 [[Category:1946 in North Korea]]
 [[Category:Soviet military occupations]]
+[[Category:Looting in Korea]]