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{{short description|Heads of state of India}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{For|historical heads of state in the Indian Subcontinent|List of Indian monarchs}}
{{For|historical heads of state in the Indian Subcontinent|List of Indian monarchs}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Politics of India}}
This is a '''list of the heads of state of India''', from the independence of [[Dominion of India|India]] in 1947 to the present day. The current head of state of India is [[Ram Nath Kovind]], elected in [[2017 Indian presidential election|2017]] after being nominated by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], the party run by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].
This is a '''list of the heads of state of India''', from independence in 1947 to the present day. The current head of state of India is [[Droupadi Murmu]], elected in [[2022 Indian presidential election|2022]] after being nominated by the [[National Democratic Alliance]].


From 1947 to 1950 the head of state under the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] was [[King of India]], who was also the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch of the United Kingdom]] and of the other [[Dominion]]s of the [[British Commonwealth]]. The monarch was represented in India by a [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]]. India became a republic under the [[Constitution of India|Constitution of 1950]] and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial [[President of India|President]].
From 1947 to 1950, the head of state under the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] was [[King of India]],<ref>{{citation|quote=On independence in 1947, George VI became 'King of India' until the adoption of republican status in 1950.|page=22|title=The Contemporary Commonwealth: An Assessment 1965-2009|year=2009|isbn=9781135238308|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref><ref>{{citation|quote=King George was in effect King of India and it was as such that he functioned as the Head of the Indian State. He did not function in India as the King of England.|page=363|title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru: 21 June to 15 August 1949|year=1991|author=Jawaharlal Nehru|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund}}</ref> who was also the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|monarch of the United Kingdom]] and of the other [[Dominion]]s of the [[British Commonwealth]]. The monarch was represented in India by a [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]]. India became a republic under the [[Constitution of India|Constitution of 1950]] and the monarch and governor-general were replaced by a [[Figurehead|ceremonial]] [[President of India|president]].


==Monarch (1947–1950)==
==Monarch of India (1947–1950)==
The succession to the throne was the same as the [[succession to the British throne]].
The succession to the throne was the same as the [[succession to the British throne]].
{{Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title = King
| realm = India
| border =
| coatofarms = Emblem of India (without motto).svg
| coatofarmssize =
| image = King George VI LOC matpc.14736 (cleaned).jpg
| coatofarmscaption = [[Emblem of India|Emblem]] of the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]]
| first_monarch = [[George VI]] as successor of the [[Emperor of India]]
| last_monarch = George VI
| style = [[Majesty|His Majesty]]
| began = 15 August 1947
| ended = 26 January 1950
| appointer = [[Succession to the British throne|Hereditary]]
}}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|№
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Monarch<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Monarch<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=2|Reign
!colspan=2|Reign
!rowspan=2|Royal House
!rowspan=2|Royal House
Line 22: Line 37:
!Reign end
!Reign end
|-
|-
!rowspan=2|1
! rowspan=2 |1
|rowspan=2| King '''[[George VI]]<br>{{small|(1895–1952)}}'''
| rowspan=2 |[[File:King George VI LOC matpc.14736 A (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|[[File:King George VI.jpg|60px]]
| rowspan=2 |'''[[George VI]]'''<br>{{small|(1895–1952)}}
|rowspan=2| {{nowrap|15 August}} 1947
| rowspan=2 |{{nowrap|15 August}} 1947
|rowspan=2| {{nowrap|26 January}} 1950
| rowspan=2 |{{nowrap|26 January}} 1950
|rowspan=2| [[House of Windsor|Windsor]]
| rowspan=2 |[[House of Windsor|Windsor]]
|rowspan=2| [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]
|[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]]<br>{{small|(1947–1948)}}
| [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]]<br>{{small|(1947–1948)}}
|-
|[[C. Rajagopalachari|Rajagopalachari]]<br>{{small|(1948–1950)}}
|-
|-
| [[C. Rajagopalachari|Rajagopalachari]]<br>{{small|(1948–1950)}}
|}
|}


===Governor-General===
===Governor-General===
The [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] was the representative of the Monarch in India and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. After the passage of the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]], the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the [[Cabinet of India]] without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] served as [[Administrator of the Government|Officer Administering the Government]].
The [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] was the representative of the Monarch in India and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. Following independence in 1947, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the [[Cabinet of India]] without the involvement of the British government.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|№
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Governor-General<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Governor-General<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=2|Tenure
!colspan=2|Tenure
!rowspan=2|Monarch
!rowspan=2|[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
!rowspan=2|[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
|-
|-
!Took office
!Took office
!Left office
!Left office
|-
! colspan="7" |[[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30px]] Appointed by [[George VI]] {{small|(1947–1950)}} {{small|(As [[King of India]])}}
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
! [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|The Rt. Hon. The Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]<br>{{small|(1900–1979)}}
| [[File:Lord Mountbatten 4 Allan Warren.jpg|90px]]
| '''[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|The Rt. Hon. The Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]'''<br>{{small|(1900–1979)}}
| [[File:Lord Mountbatten 4 Allan Warren.jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|15 August}} 1947
| {{nowrap|15 August}} 1947
| {{nowrap|21 June}} 1948
| {{nowrap|21 June}} 1948
| rowspan=2 |George VI
| rowspan=2 |[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
! [[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]<br>{{small|(1878–1972)}}
| [[File:C Rajagopalachari Feb 17 2011.JPG|90px]]
| [[File:C Rajagopalachari Feb 17 2011.JPG|60px]]
| '''[[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]'''<br>{{small|(1878–1972)}}
| {{nowrap|21 June}} 1948
| {{nowrap|21 June}} 1948
| {{nowrap|26 January}} 1950
| {{nowrap|26 January}} 1950
|-
|}
|}


==President of India==
==President of India (1950–present)==
Under the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]], of the Republic of India, the President replaced the Monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President is elected by the [[Electoral College (India)|Electoral College]] for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the [[Vice-President of India|Vice-President]] serves as [[acting (law)|Acting]] President.
Under the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]], of the Republic of India, the [[President of India|president]] replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state. The president is elected by the [[Electoral College (India)|Electoral College]] for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy, the [[Vice President of India|vice president]] serves as [[acting (law)|acting]] president.


;Status
;Status
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes Vice-President acting as President}}
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes Vice-President acting as President}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|№
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|President<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|President<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2|Elected
!colspan=2|Tenure
!colspan=2|Tenure
!rowspan=2|Elected
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Political affiliation<br>(at time of appointment)
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Political affiliation<br>(at time of appointment)
!rowspan=2|[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
!rowspan=2|[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
Line 83: Line 96:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| [[File:Food Minister Rajendra Prasad during a radio broadcast in Dec 1947 cropped.jpg|100px]]
! [[Rajendra Prasad]]<br>{{small|(1884–1963)}}
| '''[[Rajendra Prasad]]'''<br>{{small|(1884–1963)}}
| [[File:Food Minister Rajendra Prasad during a radio broadcast in Dec 1947 cropped.jpg|60px]]
| [[1952 Indian presidential election|1952]]<br>[[1957 Indian presidential election|1957]]
| {{nowrap|26 January}} 1950
| {{nowrap|26 January}} 1950
| {{nowrap|13 May}} 1962
| {{nowrap|13 May}} 1962
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
| [[1952 Indian presidential election|1952]]<br>[[1957 Indian presidential election|1957]]
| style="background: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}};" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
! [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]<br>{{small|(1888–1975)}}
| [[File:Photograph of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan presented to First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Photograph of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan presented to First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]'''<br>{{small|(1888–1975)}}
| [[1962 Indian presidential election|1962]]
| {{nowrap|13 May}} 1962
| {{nowrap|13 May}} 1962
| {{nowrap|13 May}} 1967
| {{nowrap|13 May}} 1967
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" |
| [[1962 Indian presidential election|1962]]
| style="background: {{Independent/meta/color}};" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| Nehru<br>[[Gulzarilal Nanda|Nanda]]<br>[[Lal Bahadur Shastri|Shastri]]<br>Nanda<br>[[Indira Gandhi|Gandhi]]
| Nehru<br>[[Gulzarilal Nanda|Nanda]]<br>[[Lal Bahadur Shastri|Shastri]]<br>Nanda<br>[[Indira Gandhi|I. Gandhi]]
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| [[File:DR. ZAKIR HUSAIN - PICTORIAL BIOGRAPHY 0005.jpg|100px]]
! [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]<br>{{small|(1897–1969)}}
| '''[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]'''<br>{{small|(1897–1969)}}
| [[File:DR. ZAKIR HUSAIN - PICTORIAL BIOGRAPHY 0005.jpg|60px]]
| [[1967 Indian presidential election|1967]]
| {{nowrap|13 May}} 1967
| {{nowrap|13 May}} 1967
| {{nowrap|3 May}} 1969<br>{{small|(''died in office.'')}}
| {{nowrap|3 May}} 1969<br>{{small|(''died in office.'')}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" |
| [[1967 Indian presidential election|1967]]
| style="background: {{Independent/meta/color}};" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| Gandhi
| I. Gandhi
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
| –
| –
| '''[[V. V. Giri]]<br>{{small|(1894–1980)}}'''
| [[File:V.V.Giri.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:V.V.Giri.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[V. V. Giri]]'''<br>{{small|(1894–1980)}}
| –
| {{nowrap|3 May}} 1969
| {{nowrap|3 May}} 1969
| {{nowrap|20 July}} 1969
| {{nowrap|20 July}} 1969
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" |
| –
| style="background: {{Independent/meta/color}};" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| Gandhi
| I. Gandhi
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
| –
| –
| '''[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]<br>{{small|(1905–1992)}}'''
| [[File:Hidayatullah.png|100px]]
| '''[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]'''<br>{{small|(1905–1992)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]
| –
| {{nowrap|20 July}} 1969
| {{nowrap|20 July}} 1969
| {{nowrap|24 August}} 1969
| {{nowrap|24 August}} 1969
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" |
| –
| style="background: {{Independent/meta/color}};" |
| <ref>Was Chief Justice of India</ref>
| <ref>Was Chief Justice of India</ref>
| Gandhi
| I. Gandhi
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
! [[V. V. Giri]]<br>{{small|(1894–1980)}}
| [[File:V.V.Giri.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:V.V.Giri.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[V. V. Giri]]'''<br>{{small|(1894–1980)}}
| [[1969 Indian presidential election|1969]]
| {{nowrap|24 August}} 1969
| {{nowrap|24 August}} 1969
| {{nowrap|24 August}} 1974
| {{nowrap|24 August}} 1974
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" |
| [[1969 Indian presidential election|1969]]
| style="background: {{Independent/meta/color}};" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| Gandhi
| I. Gandhi
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
! [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]<br>{{small|(1905–1977)}}
| [[File:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 1977 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]'''<br>{{small|(1905–1977)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]
| [[1974 Indian presidential election|1974]]
| {{nowrap|24 August}} 1974
| {{nowrap|24 August}} 1974
| {{nowrap|11 February}} 1977<br>{{small|(''died in office.'')}}
| {{nowrap|11 February}} 1977<br>{{small|(''died in office.'')}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
| [[1974 Indian presidential election|1974]]
| style="background: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}};" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Gandhi
| I. Gandhi
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
| –
| –
| [[File:President Shri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed administering Oath of Vice President of India to Shri B.D. Jatti at Rashtrapati Bhavan.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[B. D. Jatti]]<br>{{small|(1912–2002)}}'''
| '''[[B. D. Jatti|Basappa Danappa Jatti]]'''<br>{{small|(1912–2002)}}
| [[File:No image.png|60px]]
| –
| {{nowrap|11 February}} 1977
| {{nowrap|11 February}} 1977
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1977
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1977
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
| –
| style="background: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}};" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Gandhi<br>[[Morarji Desai|Desai]]
| I. Gandhi<br>[[Morarji Desai|Desai]]
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| [[File:NeelamSanjeevaReddy.jpg|100px]]
! [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]<br>{{small|(1913–1996)}}
| '''[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]'''<br>{{small|(1913–1996)}}
| [[File:NeelamSanjeevaReddy.jpg|60px]]
| [[1977 Indian presidential election|1977]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1977
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1977
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1982
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1982
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}};" |
| [[1977 Indian presidential election|1977]]
| style="background: {{Janata Party/meta/color}};" |
| [[Janata Party]]
| [[Janata Party]]
| Desai<br>[[Charan Singh|Singh]]<br>Gandhi
| Desai<br>[[Charan Singh|C. Singh]]<br>I. Gandhi
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
! [[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]]<br>{{small|(1916–1994)}}
| [[File:Giani Zail Singh 1995 stamp of India (cropped).png|100px]]
| [[File:Giani Zail Singh 1995 stamp of India (cropped).png|60px]]
| '''[[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]]'''<br>{{small|(1916–1994)}}
| [[1982 Indian presidential election|1982]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1982
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1982
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1987
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1987
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
| [[1982 Indian presidential election|1982]]
| style="background: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}};" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Gandhi<br>[[Rajiv Gandhi|Gandhi]]
| I. Gandhi<br>[[Rajiv Gandhi|R. Gandhi]]
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
! [[R. Venkataraman]]<br>{{small|(1910–2009)}}
| [[File:R Venkataraman.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:R Venkataraman.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[R. Venkataraman]]'''<br>{{small|(1910–2009)}}
| [[1987 Indian presidential election|1987]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1987
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1987
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1992
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1992
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
| [[1987 Indian presidential election|1987]]
| style="background: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}};" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Gandhi<br>[[V. P. Singh|Singh]]<br>[[Chandra Shekhar|Shekhar]]<br>[[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Rao]]
| R. Gandhi<br>[[V. P. Singh]]<br>[[Chandra Shekhar|Shekhar]]<br>[[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Rao]]
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
! [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]<br>{{small|(1918–1999)}}
| [[File:Shankar Dayal Sharma 36.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Shankar Dayal Sharma 36.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]'''<br>{{small|(1918–1999)}}
| [[1992 Indian presidential election|1992]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1992
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1992
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1997
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1997
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
| [[1992 Indian presidential election|1992]]
| style="background: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}};" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Rao<br>[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]]<br>[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]<br>[[I. K. Gujral|Gujral]]
| Rao<br>[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]]<br>[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]<br>[[I. K. Gujral|Gujral]]
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
! [[K. R. Narayanan]]<br>{{small|(1920–2005)}}
| [[File:K. R. Narayanan.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:K. R. Narayanan.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[K. R. Narayanan]]'''<br>{{small|(1920–2005)}}
| [[1997 Indian presidential election|1997]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1997
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1997
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2002
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2002
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
| [[1997 Indian presidential election|1997]]
| style="background: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}};" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Gujral<br>[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]]
| Gujral<br>Vajpayee
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
! [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]<br>{{small|(1931–2015)}}
| [[File:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in 2008.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in 2008.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]'''<br>{{small|(1931–2015)}}
| [[2002 Indian presidential election|2002]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2002
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2002
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2007
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2007
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" |
| [[2002 Indian presidential election|2002]]
| style="background: {{Independent/meta/color}};" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| Vajpayee<br>[[Manmohan Singh|Singh]]
| Vajpayee<br>[[Manmohan Singh|M. Singh]]
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
| [[File:PratibhaIndia.jpg|100px]]
! [[Pratibha Patil]]<br>{{small|(1934–)}}
| '''[[Pratibha Patil]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1934)}}
| [[File:PratibhaIndia.jpg|60px]]
| [[2007 Indian presidential election|2007]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2007
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2007
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2012
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2012
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
| [[2007 Indian presidential election|2007]]
| style="background: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}};" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Manmohan Singh|Singh]]
| M. Singh
|-
|-
! 13
! 13
| [[File:Secretary Tim Geithner and Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee 2010 crop.jpg|100px]]
! [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br>{{small|(1935–2020)}}
| '''[[Pranab Mukherjee]]'''<br>{{small|(1935–2020)}}
| [[File:Secretary Tim Geithner and Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee 2010 crop.jpg|60px]]
| 25 July 2012
| 25 July 2017
| [[2012 Indian presidential election|2012]]
| [[2012 Indian presidential election|2012]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2012
| style="background: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}};" |
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2017
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Manmohan Singh|Singh]]<br>[[Narendra Modi|Modi]]
| M. Singh<br>[[Narendra Modi|Modi]]
|-
|-
! 14
! 14
! [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br>{{small|(1945–)}}
| [[File:Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[Ram Nath Kovind]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1945)}}
| 25 July 2017
| {{nowrap|''Incumbent''}}
| [[2017 Indian presidential election|2017]]
| [[2017 Indian presidential election|2017]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2017
| style="background: {{Bharatiya Janata Party/meta/color}};" |
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2022
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Narendra Modi|Modi]]
| Modi
|-
|-
! 15
| [[File:President Droupadi Murmu official portrait higher version.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Droupadi Murmu]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1958)}}
| [[2022 Indian presidential election|2022]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2022
| {{nowrap|''Incumbent''}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Modi
|}
|}


==Standards==
==Standards==
<gallery class="center">
<gallery class="center">
File:Badge of the Monarchy of India (1947-50).png|Badge of Monarch of India (1947–1950)
File:Flag of the Governor-General of India (1947-1950).svg|Governor-General's Standard (1947–1950)
File:Flag of the Governor-General of India (1947-1950).svg|Governor-General's Standard (1947–1950)
File:Flag of the President of India (1950–1971).svg|Presidential Standard (1950–1971)
File:Flag of the President of India (1950–1971).svg|Presidential Standard (1950–1971)
</gallery>
</gallery>


== Notes ==
==Living former heads of state==
{{Notelist}}
There is only one living former Indian heads of state:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image
! Name
! Term/reign
! Office
! Date of birth
|-
| [[File:PratibhaIndia.jpg|60px]]
| [[Pratibha Patil]]
| 2007–2012
| President of India
| {{birth date and age|1934|12|19|df=y}}
|-
|}


==References==
==References==
Line 286: Line 292:
* [http://rulers.org/ruli.html#india Rulers.org – India]
* [http://rulers.org/ruli.html#india Rulers.org – India]


{{Heads of State of India}}
{{Presidents of India}}


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Revision as of 08:01, 14 June 2024

For historical heads of state in the Indian Subcontinent, see List of Indian monarchs.

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This is a list of the heads of state of India, from independence in 1947 to the present day. The current head of state of India is Droupadi Murmu, elected in 2022 after being nominated by the National Democratic Alliance.

From 1947 to 1950, the head of state under the Indian Independence Act 1947 was King of India,[1][2] who was also the monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other Dominions of the British Commonwealth. The monarch was represented in India by a governor-general. India became a republic under the Constitution of 1950 and the monarch and governor-general were replaced by a ceremonial president.

Monarch of India (1947–1950)

The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.

King of India
Emblem of the Union of India
Details
StyleHis Majesty
First monarchGeorge VI as successor of the Emperor of India
Last monarchGeorge VI
Formation15 August 1947
Abolition26 January 1950
AppointerHereditary
No. Portrait Monarch
(Birth–Death) 		Reign Royal House Prime Minister Governor General
Reign start Reign end
1 George VI
(1895–1952) 		15 August 1947 26 January 1950 Windsor Nehru Mountbatten
(1947–1948)
Rajagopalachari
(1948–1950)

Governor-General

The Governor-General was the representative of the Monarch in India and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. Following independence in 1947, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of India without the involvement of the British government.

No. Portrait Governor-General
(Birth–Death) 		Tenure Prime Minister
Took office Left office
Appointed by George VI (1947–1950) (As King of India)
1 The Rt. Hon. The Earl Mountbatten of Burma
(1900–1979) 		15 August 1947 21 June 1948 Jawaharlal Nehru
2 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
(1878–1972) 		21 June 1948 26 January 1950

President of India (1950–present)

Under the Constitution, of the Republic of India, the president replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state. The president is elected by the Electoral College for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy, the vice president serves as acting president.

Status
  Denotes Vice-President acting as President
No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Tenure Political affiliation
(at time of appointment) 		Prime Minister
Took office Left office
1 Rajendra Prasad
(1884–1963) 		1952
1957 		26 January 1950 13 May 1962 Indian National Congress Nehru
2 Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(1888–1975) 		1962 13 May 1962 13 May 1967 Independent Nehru
Nanda
Shastri
Nanda
I. Gandhi
3 Zakir Husain
(1897–1969) 		1967 13 May 1967 3 May 1969
(died in office.) 		Independent I. Gandhi
- V. V. Giri
(1894–1980) 		- 3 May 1969 20 July 1969 Independent I. Gandhi
- Mohammad Hidayatullah
(1905–1992) 		- 20 July 1969 24 August 1969 [3] I. Gandhi
4 V. V. Giri
(1894–1980) 		1969 24 August 1969 24 August 1974 Independent I. Gandhi
5 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
(1905–1977) 		1974 24 August 1974 11 February 1977
(died in office.) 		Indian National Congress I. Gandhi
- Basappa Danappa Jatti
(1912–2002) 		- 11 February 1977 25 July 1977 Indian National Congress I. Gandhi
Desai
6 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
(1913–1996) 		1977 25 July 1977 25 July 1982 Janata Party Desai
C. Singh
I. Gandhi
7 Giani Zail Singh
(1916–1994) 		1982 25 July 1982 25 July 1987 Indian National Congress I. Gandhi
R. Gandhi
8 R. Venkataraman
(1910–2009) 		1987 25 July 1987 25 July 1992 Indian National Congress R. Gandhi
V. P. Singh
Shekhar
Rao
9 Shankar Dayal Sharma
(1918–1999) 		1992 25 July 1992 25 July 1997 Indian National Congress Rao
Vajpayee
Deve Gowda
Gujral
10 K. R. Narayanan
(1920–2005) 		1997 25 July 1997 25 July 2002 Indian National Congress Gujral
Vajpayee
11 A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
(1931–2015) 		2002 25 July 2002 25 July 2007 Independent Vajpayee
M. Singh
12 Pratibha Patil
(born 1934) 		2007 25 July 2007 25 July 2012 Indian National Congress M. Singh
13 Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–2020) 		2012 25 July 2012 25 July 2017 Indian National Congress M. Singh
Modi
14 Ram Nath Kovind
(born 1945) 		2017 25 July 2017 25 July 2022 Bharatiya Janata Party Modi
15 Droupadi Murmu
(born 1958) 		2022 25 July 2022 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party Modi

Standards

  • Governor-General's Standard (1947–1950)
    Governor-General's Standard (1947–1950)
  • Presidential Standard (1950–1971)
    Presidential Standard (1950–1971)

Notes

References

  1. ^ The Contemporary Commonwealth: An Assessment 1965-2009, Taylor & Francis, 2009, p. 22, ISBN 9781135238308, On independence in 1947, George VI became 'King of India' until the adoption of republican status in 1950.
  2. ^ Jawaharlal Nehru (1991), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru: 21 June to 15 August 1949, Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, p. 363, King George was in effect King of India and it was as such that he functioned as the Head of the Indian State. He did not function in India as the King of England.
  3. ^ Was Chief Justice of India
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