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{{Short description|Tetragonal form of silicon dioxide}}
{{Infobox mineral
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Stishovite
| name = Stishovite
| category = [[Tectosilicate]]
| category = [[Tectosilicate]], [[quartz]] group
| boxwidth =
| boxwidth =
| boxbgcolor =
| boxbgcolor =
| image =
| image = stishovite.png
| imagesize =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| caption = Crystal structure of stishovite
| formula = SiO<sub>2</sub>
| formula = SiO<sub>2</sub>
| IMAsymbol = Sti<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| strunz = 4.DA.40
| strunz = 4.DA.40 (Oxides)
| symmetry = Tetragonal – ditetragonal dipyramidal <br/>[[H–M symbol]] (4<sub>2</sub>/m 2<sub>1</sub>/n 2<sub>1</sub>/m) <br/>[[Space group]]: P 4<sub>2</sub>/mnm (No. 136)
⚫
| unit cell = ''a'' = 4.1772(7), ''c'' = 2.6651(4) Å; ''Z'' = 2
⚫
| color = Colorless (when pure)
⚫
| habit =
| system = [[Tetragonal]]
| system = [[Tetragonal]]
| class = Ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) <br />[[H–M symbol]]: (4/m 2/m 2>/m)
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| twinning =
| symmetry = ''P''4<sub>2</sub>/mnm (No. 136)
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| cleavage =
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| unit cell = ''a'' = 4.1772(7)&nbsp;Å, <br />''c'' = 2.6651(4)&nbsp;Å; ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;2
⚫
| fracture =
⚫
| color = Colorless (when pure)
⚫
| mohs = 9–9.5<ref name=hard>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.physb.2007.06.011|url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~chima/publications/2007_PBCM_stishovite.pdf|title=Examining crystallographic orientation dependence of hardness of silica stishovite|year=2007|last1=Luo|first1=Sheng-Nian|last2=Swadener|first2=J.G.|last3=Ma|first3=Chi|last4=Tschauner|first4=Oliver|journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter|volume=399|issue=2|pages=138|bibcode = 2007PhyB..399..138L }} and references therein</ref>
⚫
| habit =
⚫
| twinning =
⚫
| cleavage =
⚫
| fracture =
⚫
| mohs = 9.5<ref name=hard>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.physb.2007.06.011|url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~chima/publications/2007_PBCM_stishovite.pdf|title=Examining crystallographic orientation dependence of hardness of silica stishovite|year=2007|last1=Luo|first1=Sheng-Nian|last2=Swadener|first2=J. G.|last3=Ma|first3=Chi|last4=Tschauner|first4=Oliver|journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter|volume=399|issue=2|pages=138|bibcode = 2007PhyB..399..138L }} and references therein</ref>
| luster = Vitreous
| luster = Vitreous
| refractive = ''n''<sub>ω</sub> = 1.799–1.800 ''n''<sub>ε</sub> = 1.826–1.845
| refractive = ''n''<sub>ω</sub> = 1.799–1.800 <br />''n''<sub>ε</sub> = 1.826–1.845
| opticalprop = Uniaxial (+)
| opticalprop = Uniaxial (+)
| birefringence = δ = 0.027
| birefringence = δ = 0.027
| pleochroism =
| pleochroism =
| streak =
| streak =
| gravity = 4.287
| gravity = 4.35 (synthetic) <br />4.29 (calculated)
| density =
| density =
| melt = (decomposes)
| melt = (decomposes)
| fusibility =
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| diagnostic =
| solubility =
| solubility =
| diaphaneity = Transparent to translucent
| diaphaneity = Transparent to translucent
| other =
| other =
| references = <ref name=HBM>{{cite book|editor1=Anthony, John W. |editor2=Bideaux, Richard A. |editor3=Bladh, Kenneth W. |editor4=Nichols, Monte C. |title= Handbook of Mineralogy|publisher= Mineralogical Society of America|place= Chantilly, VA, US|url=http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/stishovite.pdf|format=PDF|chapter=Stishovite |accessdate=December 5, 2011|isbn=0962209716 |volume=II (Silica, Silicates)|year=1995}}</ref><ref name=Mindat>[http://www.mindat.org/min-3790.html Stishovite]. Mindat.org</ref><ref name=Webmin>[http://www.mindat.org/min-3790.html Stishovite]. Webmineral.com</ref>
| references = <ref name=HBM>{{cite book|editor1=Anthony, John W. |editor2=Bideaux, Richard A. |editor3=Bladh, Kenneth W. |editor4=Nichols, Monte C. |title= Handbook of Mineralogy|publisher= [[Mineralogical Society of America]]|place= Chantilly, VA, US|url=http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/stishovite.pdf|chapter=Stishovite |access-date=December 5, 2011|isbn=0962209716 |volume=II (Silica, Silicates)|year=1995}}</ref><ref name=Mindat>[http://www.mindat.org/min-3790.html Stishovite]. Mindat.org.</ref><ref name=Webmin>[http://www.mindat.org/min-3790.html Stishovite]. Webmineral.com.</ref>
}}
}}
⚫
'''Stishovite''' is an extremely hard, dense [[tetragonal]] form ([[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorph]]) of [[silicon dioxide]]. It is very rare on the Earth's surface, however, it may be a predominant form of silicon dioxide in the Earth, especially in the lower mantle.<ref>Dmitry L. Lakshtanov et al. "The post-stishovite phase transition in hydrous alumina-bearing SiO<sub>2</sub> in the lower mantle of the earth" PNAS 2007 104 (34) 13588-13590; {{doi|10.1073/pnas.0706113104}}</ref>


⚫
'''Stishovite''' is an extremely hard, dense [[tetragonal]] form ([[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorph]]) of [[silicon dioxide]]. It is very rare on the Earth's surface; however, it may be a predominant form of silicon dioxide in the Earth, especially in the [[Lower mantle (Earth)|lower mantle]].<ref>Dmitry L. Lakshtanov et al. "The post-stishovite phase transition in hydrous alumina-bearing SiO<sub>2</sub> in the lower mantle of the earth" PNAS 2007 104 (34) 13588-13590; {{doi|10.1073/pnas.0706113104}}.</ref>
Stishovite was named after [[Sergey M. Stishov]], a Russian high-pressure physicist who first synthesized the mineral in 1961. It was discovered in [[Meteor Crater]] in 1962 by [[Edward C. T. Chao]].<ref name="Fleischer1962">{{cite journal |last1=Fleischer |first1=Michael|year=1962|title=New mineral names |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=172–174 |publisher=Mineralogical Society of America |doi= |url=http://rruff.info/uploads/AM47_805.pdf |accessdate= |format=PDF}}</ref>


Unlike other silica polymorphs, the crystal structure of stishovite resembles that of [[rutile]] (TiO<sub>2</sub>). The silicon in stishovite adopts an octahedral coordination geometry, being bound to six oxides. Similarly, the oxides are three-connected, unlike low-pressure forms of SiO<sub>2</sub>. In most silicates, silicon is tetrahedral, being bound to four oxides.<ref name="Ross1990">{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Nancy L.|year=1990|title=High pressure crystal chemistry of stishovite|journal=American Mineralogist |volume=75 |issue=7 |pages=739–747 |publisher=Mineralogical Society of America |doi= |url= http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM75/AM75_739.pdf|accessdate= |format=PDF}}</ref> It was long considered the hardest known oxide (~30 GPa Vickers<ref name=hard/>); however, [[boron suboxide]] has been discovered<ref>{{cite journal|last1=He|first1=Duanwei|last2=Zhao|first2=Yusheng|last3=Daemen|first3=L.|last4=Qian|first4=J.|last5=Shen|first5=T. D.|last6=Zerda|first6=T. W.|title=Boron suboxide: As hard as cubic boron nitride|journal=[[Applied Physics Letters]]|date=2002|volume=81|issue=4|page=643|doi=10.1063/1.1494860}}</ref> in 2002 to be much harder. At normal temperature and pressure, stishovite is metastable.
Stishovite was named after {{ill|Sergey M. Stishov|ru|Стишов, Сергей Михайлович}}, a Russian high-pressure physicist who first synthesized the mineral in 1961. It was discovered in [[Meteor Crater]] in 1962 by [[Edward C. T. Chao]].<ref name="Fleischer1962">{{cite journal |last1=Fleischer |first1=Michael|year=1962|title=New mineral names |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=172–174 |publisher=Mineralogical Society of America |url=http://rruff.info/uploads/AM47_805.pdf }}</ref>
Unlike other silica polymorphs, the crystal structure of stishovite resembles that of [[rutile]] (TiO<sub>2</sub>). The silicon in stishovite adopts an octahedral coordination geometry, being bound to six oxides. Similarly, the oxides are three-connected, unlike low-pressure forms of SiO<sub>2</sub>. In most silicates, silicon is tetrahedral, being bound to four oxides.<ref name="Ross1990">{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Nancy L.|year=1990|title=High pressure crystal chemistry of stishovite|journal=American Mineralogist |volume=75 |issue=7 |pages=739–747 |publisher=Mineralogical Society of America |url= http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM75/AM75_739.pdf}}</ref> It was long considered the hardest known oxide (~30 GPa Vickers<ref name=hard/>); however, [[boron suboxide]] has been discovered<ref>{{cite journal|last1=He|first1=Duanwei|last2=Zhao|first2=Yusheng|last3=Daemen|first3=L.|last4=Qian|first4=J.|last5=Shen|first5=T. D.|last6=Zerda|first6=T. W.|title=Boron suboxide: As hard as cubic boron nitride|journal=[[Applied Physics Letters]]|date=2002|volume=81|issue=4|page=643|doi=10.1063/1.1494860|bibcode=2002ApPhL..81..643H}}</ref> in 2002 to be much harder. At normal temperature and pressure, stishovite is metastable.


Stishovite can be separated from quartz by applying [[hydrogen fluoride]] (HF); unlike quartz, stishovite will not react.<ref name="Fleischer1962"/>
Stishovite can be separated from quartz by applying [[hydrogen fluoride]] (HF); unlike quartz, stishovite will not react.<ref name="Fleischer1962"/>
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==Synthesis==
==Synthesis==
⚫
Until recently, the only known occurrences of stishovite in nature formed at the very high shock pressures (>100 kbar, or 10 GPa) and temperatures (> 1200&nbsp;°C) present during [[hypervelocity]] [[meteorite]] [[impact event|impact]] into [[quartz]]-bearing [[Rock (geology)|rock]]. Minute amounts of stishovite have been found within diamonds,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.041|title=Inclusions of nanocrystalline hydrous aluminium silicate "Phase Egg" in superdeep diamonds from Juina (Mato Grosso State, Brazil) |year=2007 |last1=Wirth |first1=R.|last2=Vollmer|first2=C.|last3=Brenker|first3=F.|last4=Matsyuk|first4=S.|last5=Kaminsky|first5=F.|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=259|pages=384 |bibcode=2007E&PSL.259..384W|issue=3–4}}</ref> and post-stishovite phases were identified within ultra-high-pressure mantle rocks.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.010|url=http://micron.ucr.edu/public/KNB-papers/Liu-et-al-2007.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717031853/http://micron.ucr.edu/Public/KNB-papers/Liu-et-al-2007.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-07-17|title=Evidence of former stishovite in metamorphosed sediments, implying subduction to >350 km|year=2007|last1=Liu|first1=L.|last2=Zhang|first2=J.|last3=Greenii|first3=H.|last4=Jin|first4=Z.|last5=Bozhilov|first5=K.|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|bibcode=2007E&PSL.263..180L|volume=263|issue=3–4|pages=180}}</ref> Stishovite may also be synthesized by duplicating these conditions in the laboratory, either isostatically or through shock (see [[shocked quartz]]).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Discovery of hardest known oxide|year=1996|journal=Nature|volume=383|pages=401|doi=10.1038/383401a0 |author=J. M. Léger, J. Haines, M. Schmidt, J. P. Petitet, A. S. Pereira & J. A. H. da Jornada|issue=6599|bibcode = 1996Natur.383..401L |doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:stishovite.png|100px|left|thumb|Crystal structure of stishovite]]
⚫
At 4.287 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, it is the second densest polymorph of silica, after [[seifertite]]. It has [[tetragonal]] crystal symmetry, P4<sub>2</sub>/mnm, No. 136, [[Pearson symbol]] tP6.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=American Mineralogist|year=1995 |volume=80|pages=454–456|title=H in rutile-type compounds: II. Crystal chemistry of Al substitution in H-bearing stishovite|url=http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/am/vol80/AM80_454.pdf|author1=Smyth J. R. |author2=Swope R. J. |author3=Pawley A. R. |issue=5–6 |bibcode=1995AmMin..80..454S|doi=10.2138/am-1995-5-605|s2cid=196903109 }}</ref>

⚫
Until recently, the only known occurrences of stishovite in nature formed at the very high shock pressures (>100 kbar or 10 GPa) and temperatures (> 1200&nbsp;°C) present during hypervelocity [[meteorite]] [[impact crater|impact]] into [[quartz]]-bearing [[Rock (geology)|rock]]. Minute amounts of stishovite have been found within diamonds,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.041|title=Inclusions of nanocrystalline hydrous aluminium silicate "Phase Egg" in superdeep diamonds from Juina (Mato Grosso State, Brazil) |year=2007 |last1=Wirth |first1=R|last2=Vollmer|first2=C|last3=Brenker|first3=F|last4=Matsyuk|first4=S|last5=Kaminsky|first5=F|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=259|pages=384 |bibcode=2007E&PSL.259..384W|issue=3–4}}</ref> and post-stishovite phases were identified within ultra-high-pressure mantle rocks.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.010|url=http://micron.ucr.edu/public/KNB-papers/Liu-et-al-2007.pdf|title=Evidence of former stishovite in metamorphosed sediments, implying subduction to >350 km|year=2007|last1=Liu|first1=L|last2=Zhang|first2=J |last3=Greenii|first3=H |last4=Jin|first4=Z|last5=Bozhilov|first5=K|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|bibcode=2007E&PSL.263..180L|volume=263|issue=3–4|pages=180}}</ref> Stishovite may also be synthesized by duplicating these conditions in the laboratory, either isostatically or through shock (see [[shocked quartz]]).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Discovery of hardest known oxide|year=1996|journal=Nature|volume=383|pages=401|doi=10.1038/383401a0 |author=J. M. Léger, J. Haines, M. Schmidt, J. P. Petitet, A. S. Pereira & J. A. H. da Jornada|issue=6599|bibcode = 1996Natur.383..401L }}</ref>
⚫
At 4.287 g/cm<sup>3</sup> it is second densest polymorph of silica, after [[seifertite]]. It has [[tetragonal]] crystal symmetry, P4<sub>2</sub>/mnm, No.136, [[Pearson symbol]] tP6.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=American Mineralogist|year=1995 |volume=80|pages=454–456|title=H in rutile-type compounds: II. Crystal chemistry of Al substitution in H-bearing stishovite|url=http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/am/vol80/AM80_454.pdf|author1=Smyth J.R. |author2=Swope R.J. |author3=Pawley A.R. }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Coesite]], a related mineral
* [[Coesite]], a related mineral
* [[Thaumasite]], another rare mineral with hexacoordinated octahedral silica


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/oxides/stishovi/stishovi.htm Properties of stishovite]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040216002413/http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/oxides/stishovi/stishovi.htm Properties of stishovite]
*[http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/meteor.htm Stishovite's origin in meteor impacts]
* [http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/meteor.htm Stishovite's origin in meteor impacts]


{{Silica minerals}}
{{Silica minerals}}
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[[Category:Superhard materials]]
[[Category:Superhard materials]]
[[Category:Impact event minerals]]
[[Category:Impact event minerals]]
[[Category:Polymorphism (materials science)]]
[[Category:Tetragonal minerals]]
[[Category:Tetragonal minerals]]
[[Category:Minerals in space group 136]]
[[Category:Silica polymorphs]]
[[Category:Soviet inventions]]

Latest revision as of 19:16, 14 June 2024

Stishovite
Crystal structure of stishovite
Allgemein
KategorieTectosilicate, quartz group
Formula
(repeating unit)		SiO2
IMA symbolSti[1]
Strunz classification4.DA.40 (Oxides)
Crystal systemTetragonal
Crystal classDitetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm)
H–M symbol: (4/m 2/m 2>/m)
Space groupP42/mnm (No. 136)
Unit cella = 4.1772(7) Å,
c = 2.6651(4) Å; Z = 2
Identification
ColorColorless (when pure)
Mohs scale hardness9.5[2]
LusterVitreous
DiaphaneityTransparent to translucent
Specific gravity4.35 (synthetic)
4.29 (calculated)
Optical propertiesUniaxial (+)
Refractive indexnω = 1.799–1.800
nε = 1.826–1.845
Birefringenceδ = 0.027
Melting point(decomposes)
References[3][4][5]

Stishovite is an extremely hard, dense tetragonal form (polymorph) of silicon dioxide. It is very rare on the Earth's surface; however, it may be a predominant form of silicon dioxide in the Earth, especially in the lower mantle.[6]

Stishovite was named after Sergey M. Stishov [ru], a Russian high-pressure physicist who first synthesized the mineral in 1961. It was discovered in Meteor Crater in 1962 by Edward C. T. Chao.[7]

Unlike other silica polymorphs, the crystal structure of stishovite resembles that of rutile (TiO2). The silicon in stishovite adopts an octahedral coordination geometry, being bound to six oxides. Similarly, the oxides are three-connected, unlike low-pressure forms of SiO2. In most silicates, silicon is tetrahedral, being bound to four oxides.[8] It was long considered the hardest known oxide (~30 GPa Vickers[2]); however, boron suboxide has been discovered[9] in 2002 to be much harder. At normal temperature and pressure, stishovite is metastable.

Stishovite can be separated from quartz by applying hydrogen fluoride (HF); unlike quartz, stishovite will not react.[7]

Appearance

[edit]

Large natural crystals of stishovite are extremely rare and are usually found as clasts of 1 to 2 mm in length. When found, they can be difficult to distinguish from regular quartz without laboratory analysis. It has a vitreous luster, is transparent (or translucent), and is extremely hard. Stishovite usually sits as small rounded gravels in a matrix of other minerals.

Synthesis

[edit]

Until recently, the only known occurrences of stishovite in nature formed at the very high shock pressures (>100 kbar, or 10 GPa) and temperatures (> 1200 °C) present during hypervelocity meteorite impact into quartz-bearing rock. Minute amounts of stishovite have been found within diamonds,[10] and post-stishovite phases were identified within ultra-high-pressure mantle rocks.[11] Stishovite may also be synthesized by duplicating these conditions in the laboratory, either isostatically or through shock (see shocked quartz).[12] At 4.287 g/cm3, it is the second densest polymorph of silica, after seifertite. It has tetragonal crystal symmetry, P42/mnm, No. 136, Pearson symbol tP6.[13]

See also

[edit]
  • Coesite, a related mineral
  • Thaumasite, another rare mineral with hexacoordinated octahedral silica

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. ^ a b Luo, Sheng-Nian; Swadener, J. G.; Ma, Chi; Tschauner, Oliver (2007). "Examining crystallographic orientation dependence of hardness of silica stishovite" (PDF). Physica B: Condensed Matter. 399 (2): 138. Bibcode:2007PhyB..399..138L. doi:10.1016/j.physb.2007.06.011. and references therein
  3. ^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (1995). "Stishovite". Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF). Vol. II (Silica, Silicates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0962209716. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  4. ^ Stishovite. Mindat.org.
  5. ^ Stishovite. Webmineral.com.
  6. ^ Dmitry L. Lakshtanov et al. "The post-stishovite phase transition in hydrous alumina-bearing SiO2 in the lower mantle of the earth" PNAS 2007 104 (34) 13588-13590; doi:10.1073/pnas.0706113104.
  7. ^ a b Fleischer, Michael (1962). "New mineral names" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 47 (2). Mineralogical Society of America: 172–174.
  8. ^ Ross, Nancy L. (1990). "High pressure crystal chemistry of stishovite" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 75 (7). Mineralogical Society of America: 739–747.
  9. ^ He, Duanwei; Zhao, Yusheng; Daemen, L.; Qian, J.; Shen, T. D.; Zerda, T. W. (2002). "Boron suboxide: As hard as cubic boron nitride". Applied Physics Letters. 81 (4): 643. Bibcode:2002ApPhL..81..643H. doi:10.1063/1.1494860.
  10. ^ Wirth, R.; Vollmer, C.; Brenker, F.; Matsyuk, S.; Kaminsky, F. (2007). "Inclusions of nanocrystalline hydrous aluminium silicate "Phase Egg" in superdeep diamonds from Juina (Mato Grosso State, Brazil)". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 259 (3–4): 384. Bibcode:2007E&PSL.259..384W. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.041.
  11. ^ Liu, L.; Zhang, J.; Greenii, H.; Jin, Z.; Bozhilov, K. (2007). "Evidence of former stishovite in metamorphosed sediments, implying subduction to >350 km" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 263 (3–4): 180. Bibcode:2007E&PSL.263..180L. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-17.
  12. ^ J. M. Léger, J. Haines, M. Schmidt, J. P. Petitet, A. S. Pereira & J. A. H. da Jornada (1996). "Discovery of hardest known oxide". Nature. 383 (6599): 401. Bibcode:1996Natur.383..401L. doi:10.1038/383401a0.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Smyth J. R.; Swope R. J.; Pawley A. R. (1995). "H in rutile-type compounds: II. Crystal chemistry of Al substitution in H-bearing stishovite" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 80 (5–6): 454–456. Bibcode:1995AmMin..80..454S. doi:10.2138/am-1995-5-605. S2CID 196903109.
[edit]
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