Armenian diaspora: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 19:21, 14 June 2024

The Armenian diaspora refers to the communities of Armenians outside Armenia and other locations where Armenians are considered an indigenous population. Since antiquity, Armenians have established communities in many regions throughout the world. However, the modern Armenian diaspora was largely formed as a result of World War I, when the genocide which was committed by the Ottoman Empire forced Armenians who were living in their homeland to flee from it or risk being killed.^[1]^[2] Another wave of emigration started during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.^[3]

The High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs established in 2019 is in charge of coordinating and developing Armenia's relations with the diaspora.

Terminology

In Armenian, the diaspora is referred to as spyurk (pronounced [spʰʏrkʰ]), spelled սփիւռք in classical orthography and սփյուռք in reformed orthography.^[4]^[5] In the past, the word gaghut (գաղութ pronounced [ɡɑˈʁutʰ]) was used mostly to refer to the Armenian communities outside the Armenian homeland. It is borrowed from the Aramaic (Classical Syriac) cognate^[6] of Hebrew galut (גלות).^[7]^[8]

History

The Armenian diaspora has been present for over 1,700 years.^[9] The modern Armenian diaspora was largely formed after World War I as a result of the Armenian genocide. According to Randall Hansen, "Both in the past and today, the Armenian communities around the world have developed in significantly different ways within the constraints and opportunities found in varied host cultures and countries."^[1]

In the fourth century, Armenian communities already existed outside Greater Armenia. Diasporic Armenian communities emerged in the Achaemenid and Sassanid empires, and they also defended the eastern and northern borders of the Byzantine Empire.^[10] In order to populate the less populated areas of Byzantium, Armenians were relocated to those regions. Some Armenians converted to Greek Orthodoxy while retaining Armenian as their primary language, whereas others remained in the Armenian Apostolic Church despite pressure from official authorities. A growing number of Armenians migrated to Cilicia during the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries as a result of the Seljuk Turk invasions. After the fall of the kingdom to the Mamelukes and loss of Armenian statehood in 1375, up to 150,000 went to Cyprus, the Balkans, and Italy.^[10] Although an Armenian diaspora existed during Antiquity and the Middle Ages, it grew in size due to emigration from the Ottoman Empire, Iran, Russia, and the Caucasus.

The Armenian diaspora is divided into two communities – those communities from Ottoman Armenia (or Western Armenia) and those communities which are from the former Soviet Union, independent Armenia and Iran (or Eastern Armenia).

Armenians in Turkey, such as Hrant Dink, do not consider themselves a part of the Armenian Diaspora, since they have been living in their historical homeland for more than four thousand years.^[11]^[12] They are not considered part of the diaspora either by the Ministry of Diaspora Hranush Hakobyan: "Diaspora represents all the Armenians who live beyond the Armenian Highland. In this context, we have singled out the Armenians of Istanbul and those living on the territory of Western Armenia. Those people have inhabited the lands for thousands of years, and they are not considered Diaspora [representatives]."^[13]

Before 1870, 60 Armenian immigrants settled in New England.^[14] Armenian immigration rose to 1,500 by the end of the 1880s, and rose to 2,500 in the mid-1890s due to massacres caused by the Ottoman Empire. Armenians who immigrated to the United States before WWI were primarily from Asia Minor and settled on the East Coast.^[14]

The Armenian diaspora grew considerably both during and after the First World War due to the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.^[15] In the year 1910, over 5,500 Armenians immigrated to the United States, and by 1913, 9,355 more Armenians entered the North American borders.^[14] As World War I approached, the rate of Armenian immigration rose to about 60,000. In 1920 and until the Immigration Act of 1924, 30,771 Armenians came to the United States; the immigrants were predominantly widowed women, children, and orphans.^[14] Although many Armenians perished during the Armenian genocide, some of the Armenians who managed to escape, established themselves in various parts of the world.

By 1966, around 40 years after the start of the Armenian genocide, 2 million Armenians still lived in Armenia, while 330,000 Armenians lived in Russia, and 450,000 Armenians lived in the United States and Canada.^[16]

In the United States, the rate of immigration increased after the Immigration Act was passed in 1965.^[14] The outbreak of the civil War in Lebanon in 1975 and the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution in Iran during 1978 were factors which pushed Armenians to immigrate. The 1980 U.S. Census reported that 90 percent of the immigration to the United States was undertaken by Iranian-Armenians during the years from 1975 and 1980.^[14]

Distribution

Less than one third of the world's Armenian population lives in Armenia. Their pre-World War I population area was six times larger than that of present-day Armenia, including the eastern regions of Turkey, northern part of Iran, and the southern part of Georgia.^[17]

By 2000, there were 7,580,000 Armenians living abroad in total.^[16]

Sources

Ayvazyan, Hovhannes (2003). Հայ Սփյուռք հանրագիտարան [Encyclopedia of Armenian Diaspora] (in Armenian). Vol. 1. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia publishing. ISBN 5-89700-020-4.
de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1945-9.

References

^ ^a ^b Hansen, Randall. Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present. p. 13.
^ Lewis, Martin W. (2015-05-27). "The Armenian Diaspora Is An Ongoing Phenomenon". In Berlatsky, Noah (ed.). The Armenian Genocide. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. pp. 66–72. ISBN 978-0-7377-7319-4.
^ "Diaspora - Armenian Diaspora Communities". diaspora.gov.am. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
^ Dufoix, Stéphane (2008). Diasporas. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-520-25359-9.
^ Harutyunyan, Arus (2009). Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. Western Michigan University. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-109-12012-7.
^ Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1971–1979). Hayerēn Armatakan Baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words]. Vol. 1. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press. p. 505.
^ Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard (2004). Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
^ Diaspora: Volume 1, Issue 1. Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-19-507081-1.
^ Herzig, Edmund (2004-12-10). The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. ISBN 9780203004937.
^ ^a ^b Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World. Springer. pp. 36–43. ISBN 0-306-48321-1.
^ Baronian, Marie-Aude; Besser, Stephan; Jansen, Yolande (2006-01-01). Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789401203807_006. ISBN 978-94-012-0380-7.
^ Baser, Bahar; Swain, Ashok (2009). "Diaspora Design Versus Homeland Realities: Case Study of Armenian Diaspora". Caucasian Review of International Affairs: 57.
^ "Minister denies calling Armenians 'Diaspora representatives' in Istanbul". www.tert.am. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bakalian, Anny P. (1993). Armenian-Americans : from being to feeling Armenian. New Brunswick (U.S.A.): Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-025-2. OCLC 24538802.
^ Harutyunyan, Arus (April 2009). Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization (PhD thesis). Western Michigan University.
^ ^a ^b Cohen, Robin (2010). Global Diasporas: An Introduction. Routledge. pp. 48–63.
^ Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard (2004). Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9. Currently, only one-sixth of that land [ancestral territory] is inhabited by Armenians, due first to variously coerced emigrations and finally to the genocide of the Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Turkish Empire in 1915.

External links

Office of the High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs
Ovenk.com, Armenian Diaspora Memory and Innovation
The Armenian Diaspora Today: Anthropological Perspectives. Articles in the Caucasus Anallytical Digest No. 29
Neruzh Diaspora Tech Startup Program

[RHansen-1] Hansen, Randall. Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present. p. 13.

[2] Lewis, Martin W. (2015-05-27). "The Armenian Diaspora Is An Ongoing Phenomenon". In Berlatsky, Noah (ed.). The Armenian Genocide. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. pp. 66–72. ISBN 978-0-7377-7319-4.

[3] "Diaspora - Armenian Diaspora Communities". diaspora.gov.am. Retrieved 2021-11-04.

[4] Dufoix, Stéphane (2008). Diasporas. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-520-25359-9.

[5] Harutyunyan, Arus (2009). Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. Western Michigan University. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-109-12012-7.

[6] Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1971–1979). Hayerēn Armatakan Baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words]. Vol. 1. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press. p. 505.

[7] Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard (2004). Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.

[8] Diaspora: Volume 1, Issue 1. Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-19-507081-1.

[9] Herzig, Edmund (2004-12-10). The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. ISBN 9780203004937.

[Encyclopedia_of_Diasporas-10] Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World. Springer. pp. 36–43. ISBN 0-306-48321-1.

[11] Baronian, Marie-Aude; Besser, Stephan; Jansen, Yolande (2006-01-01). Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789401203807_006. ISBN 978-94-012-0380-7.

[12] Baser, Bahar; Swain, Ashok (2009). "Diaspora Design Versus Homeland Realities: Case Study of Armenian Diaspora". Caucasian Review of International Affairs: 57.

[13] "Minister denies calling Armenians 'Diaspora representatives' in Istanbul". www.tert.am. Retrieved 2023-10-08.

[:0-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bakalian, Anny P. (1993). Armenian-Americans : from being to feeling Armenian. New Brunswick (U.S.A.): Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-025-2. OCLC 24538802.

[15] Harutyunyan, Arus (April 2009). Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization (PhD thesis). Western Michigan University.

[Cohen_2010_48–63-16] Cohen, Robin (2010). Global Diasporas: An Introduction. Routledge. pp. 48–63.

[Encyclopedia_of_diasporas-17] Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard (2004). Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9. Currently, only one-sixth of that land [ancestral territory] is inhabited by Armenians, due first to variously coerced emigrations and finally to the genocide of the Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Turkish Empire in 1915.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:Armenian people around the world.svg|thumb|300x300px|Map of the Armenian diaspora in the world (includes people with Armenian ancestry or citizenship). For detailed statistics, see [[Armenian population by country]]<br>
+{{Short description|Communities of Armenians outside Armenia}}[[File:Map of the Armenian Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|300x300px|Map of the Armenian diaspora in the world (includes people with Armenian ancestry or citizenship). For detailed statistics, see [[Armenian population by country]].<br>
 {{Legend|#000000|Armenia}}
 {{Legend|#B57900|+ 1,000,000}}
 {{Legend|#F2A800|+ 100,000}}
-{{Legend|#F9D493|+ 10,000}}]]{{Armenians}}
+{{Legend|#f9d493|+ 10,000}}
+{{Legend|#fff0cc|+ 1,000}}]]{{Armenians}}
-The '''Armenian diaspora''' refers to the communities of [[Armenians]] outside [[Armenia]] and other locations where Armenians are considered an indigenous population. Since antiquity, Armenians have established communities in many regions throughout the world. However, the modern Armenian diaspora was largely formed as a result of [[World War I]], when the [[Armenian genocide]] committed by the [[Ottoman Empire]] forced Armenians living in their homeland to flee or risk being killed.<ref name=RHansen />
+The '''Armenian diaspora''' refers to the communities of [[Armenians]] outside [[Armenia]] and other locations where Armenians are considered an indigenous population. Since antiquity, Armenians have established communities in many regions throughout the world. However, the modern Armenian diaspora was largely formed as a result of [[World War I]], when the [[Armenian genocide|genocide]] which was committed by the [[Ottoman Empire]] forced [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenians]] who were living in their homeland to flee from it or risk being killed.<ref name=RHansen /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Martin W.|editor-last=Berlatsky|editor-first=Noah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoFmDwAAQBAJ|title=The Armenian Genocide|date=2015-05-27|publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC|isbn=978-0-7377-7319-4|language=en|chapter=The Armenian Diaspora Is An Ongoing Phenomenon|pages=66–72}}</ref> Another wave of emigration started during the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diaspora - Armenian Diaspora Communities|url=http://diaspora.gov.am/en/diasporas|access-date=2021-11-04|website=diaspora.gov.am|language=en}}</ref>
+The [[High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs (Armenia)|High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs]] established in 2019 is in charge of coordinating and developing Armenia's relations with the diaspora.
 ==Terminology==
@@ Line 10: / Line 13: @@
 ==History==
-The Armenian diaspora has been present for over 1,700 years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herzig|first=Edmund|title=The Armenians: Past And Present In The Making Of National Identity|page=126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEVR88DKpGgC&pg=PA126 |isbn=9780203004937|date=2004-12-10}}</ref> The modern Armenian diaspora was formed largely after [[World War I]] as a result of the [[Armenian genocide]]. According to [[Randall Hansen]], "Both in the past and today, the Armenian communities around the world have developed in significantly different ways within the constraints and opportunities found in varied host cultures and countries."<ref name=RHansen>{{cite book|last=Hansen|first=Randall|title=Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c6ifbjx2wMC&pg=PA13 }}</ref>
+The Armenian diaspora has been present for over 1,700 years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herzig|first=Edmund|title=The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity|page=126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEVR88DKpGgC&pg=PA126 |isbn=9780203004937|date=2004-12-10|publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref> The modern Armenian diaspora was largely formed after [[World War I]] as a result of the [[Armenian genocide]]. According to [[Randall Hansen]], "Both in the past and today, the Armenian communities around the world have developed in significantly different ways within the constraints and opportunities found in varied host cultures and countries."<ref name=RHansen>{{cite book|last=Hansen|first=Randall|title=Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c6ifbjx2wMC&pg=PA13 }}</ref>
-In the fourth century, Armenian communities already existed outside of [[Greater Armenia]]. [[Diaspora|Diasporic]] Armenian communities emerged in the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]] and [[Persian Empire|Persian]] empires, and also to defend the eastern and northern borders of the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Diasporas"/> In order to populate the less populated areas of Byzantium, Armenians were relocated to those regions. Some Armenians converted to Greek Orthodoxy while retaining [[Armenian language|Armenian]] as their primary language, whereas others remained in the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] despite pressure from official authorities. A growing number of Armenians migrated to [[Cilicia]] during the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries as a result of the Seljuk Turk invasions. After the fall of the kingdom to the [[Mamelukes]] and loss of Armenian statehood in 1375, up to 150,000 went to [[Cyprus]], [[the Balkans]], and [[Italy]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Diasporas">{{cite book | last1 =Ember | first1 =Melvin | last2 =Ember | first2 =Carol R. | last3 =Skoggard | first3 =Ian | title =Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World | publisher =Springer | year =2004 | isbn =0-306-48321-1 | pages =36–43}}</ref> Although an Armenian diaspora existed during [[Classical Antiquity|Antiquity]] and the [[Middle Ages]], it grew in size due to emigration from the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Iran]], [[Russia]], and the [[Caucasus]].
+In the fourth century, Armenian communities already existed outside [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Greater Armenia]]. [[Diaspora|Diasporic]] Armenian communities emerged in the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] and [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]] empires, and they also defended the eastern and northern borders of the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Diasporas"/> In order to populate the less populated areas of Byzantium, Armenians were relocated to those regions. Some Armenians converted to Greek Orthodoxy while retaining [[Armenian language|Armenian]] as their primary language, whereas others remained in the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] despite pressure from official authorities. A growing number of Armenians migrated to [[Cilicia]] during the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries as a result of the Seljuk Turk invasions. After the fall of the kingdom to the [[Mamelukes]] and loss of Armenian statehood in 1375, up to 150,000 went to [[Cyprus]], [[the Balkans]], and [[Italy]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Diasporas">{{cite book | last1 =Ember | first1 =Melvin | last2 =Ember | first2 =Carol R. | last3 =Skoggard | first3 =Ian | title =Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World | publisher =Springer | year =2004 | isbn =0-306-48321-1 | pages =36–43}}</ref> Although an Armenian diaspora existed during [[Classical Antiquity|Antiquity]] and the [[Middle Ages]], it grew in size due to emigration from the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Iran]], [[Russia]], and the [[Caucasus]].
-The Armenian diaspora is divided into two communities – those from Ottoman Armenia (or [[Western Armenia]]) and those who are from the former [[Soviet Union]], the independent Armenia and Iran (or [[Eastern Armenia]]).
+The Armenian diaspora is divided into two communities – those communities from Ottoman Armenia (or [[Western Armenia]]) and those communities which are from the former [[Soviet Union]], independent Armenia and Iran (or [[Eastern Armenia]]).
+[[Armenians in Turkey]], such as [[Hrant Dink]], do not consider themselves a part of the Armenian Diaspora, since they have been living in their historical homeland for more than four thousand years.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baronian |first1=Marie-Aude |url=https://brill.com/view/title/30915 |title=Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics |last2=Besser |first2=Stephan |last3=Jansen |first3=Yolande |date=2006-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-94-012-0380-7 |doi=10.1163/9789401203807_006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baser |first1=Bahar |last2=Swain |first2=Ashok |date=2009 |title=Diaspora Design Versus Homeland Realities: Case Study of Armenian Diaspora |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/10967 |language=en|journal=Caucasian Review of International Affairs|page=57}}</ref> They are not considered part of the diaspora either by the [[Ministry of Diaspora]] [[Hranush Hakobyan]]: "Diaspora represents all the Armenians who live beyond the Armenian Highland. In this context, we have singled out the Armenians of Istanbul and those living on the territory of Western Armenia. Those people have inhabited the lands for thousands of years, and they are not considered Diaspora [representatives]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister denies calling Armenians 'Diaspora representatives' in Istanbul |url=https://www.tert.am/en/news/2011/05/12/diaspora-minister-hurriyet/279878 |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=www.tert.am |language=en}}</ref>
-Armenians of the modern Republic of Turkey do not consider themselves as part of the Armenian Diaspora, since they believe that they continue residing in their historical homeland.
+Before 1870, 60 Armenian immigrants settled in New England.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bakalian|first=Anny P.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24538802|title=Armenian-Americans : from being to feeling Armenian|date=1993|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=1-56000-025-2|location=New Brunswick (U.S.A.)|oclc=24538802}}</ref> Armenian immigration rose to 1,500 by the end of the 1880s, and rose to 2,500 in the mid-1890s due to massacres caused by the Ottoman Empire. Armenians who immigrated to the United States before WWI were primarily from Asia Minor and settled on the East Coast.<ref name=":0" />
-The Armenian diaspora grew considerably during and after the [[First World War]] due to the dissolution of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Harutyunyan|first=Arus|title=Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization|publisher=Western Michigan University|page=192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTc8Pt8mX6wC&q=armenian+diaspora+history&pg=PA192|isbn=9781109120127}}</ref> Although many Armenians perished during the [[Armenian genocide]], some of the Armenians who managed to escape, established themselves in various parts of the world.
+The Armenian diaspora grew considerably both during and after the [[World War I|First World War]] due to the [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|dissolution]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Harutyunyan |first=Arus |title=Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization |date=April 2009 |degree=PhD |publisher=Western Michigan University |url=https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/667}}</ref> In the year 1910, over 5,500 Armenians immigrated to the United States, and by 1913, 9,355 more Armenians entered the North American borders.<ref name=":0" /> As World War I approached, the rate of Armenian immigration rose to about 60,000. In 1920 and until the [[Immigration Act of 1924]], 30,771 Armenians came to the United States; the immigrants were predominantly widowed women, children, and orphans.<ref name=":0" /> Although many Armenians perished during the [[Armenian genocide]], some of the Armenians who managed to escape, established themselves in various parts of the world.
-By 1966, around 40 years after the start of the Armenian genocide, 2 million Armenians still lived in Armenia, while 330,000 lived in Russia, and 450,000 lived in the United States and Canada.<ref name="Cohen 2010 48–63">{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Robin|title=Global Diasporas: An Introduction|publisher=Routledge|year=2010|pages=48–63}}</ref>
+By 1966, around 40 years after the start of the Armenian genocide, 2 million Armenians still lived in Armenia, while 330,000 Armenians lived in Russia, and 450,000 Armenians lived in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref name="Cohen 2010 48–63">{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Robin|title=Global Diasporas: An Introduction|publisher=Routledge|year=2010|pages=48–63}}</ref>
+In the United States, the rate of immigration increased after the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|Immigration Act]] was passed in 1965.<ref name=":0" /> The outbreak of the [[Lebanese Civil War|civil War in Lebanon]] in 1975 and the outbreak of the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution in Iran]] during 1978 were factors which pushed Armenians to immigrate. The 1980 U.S. Census reported that 90 percent of the immigration to the United States was undertaken by Iranian-Armenians during the years from 1975 and 1980.<ref name=":0" />
 ==Distribution==
@@ Line 28: / Line 35: @@
 Less than one third of the world's Armenian population lives in Armenia. Their pre-[[World War I]] population area was six times larger than that of present-day Armenia, including the [[Western Armenia|eastern regions of Turkey]], northern part of [[Iran]], and the [[Samtskhe-Javakheti|southern part of Georgia]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of diasporas">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world|year=2004|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|location=Dordrecht, Netherlands|isbn=978-0-306-48321-9|author1=Melvin Ember |author2=Carol R. Ember |author3=Ian A. Skoggard |page=36|quote=Currently, only one-sixth of that land [ancestral territory] is inhabited by Armenians, due first to variously coerced emigrations and finally to the genocide of the Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Turkish Empire in 1915.}}</ref>
-By the year 2000, there were 7,580,000 Armenians living abroad in total.<ref name="Cohen 2010 48–63"/>
+By 2000, there were 7,580,000 Armenians living abroad in total.<ref name="Cohen 2010 48–63"/>
-Today, the Armenian diaspora refers to communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia. The total Armenian population living worldwide is estimated to be 11,000,000. Of those, approximately 3 million currently live in Armenia, 130,000 in the ''de facto'' independent [[Republic of Artsakh]] and 120,000 in the region of [[Javakheti]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alanishvil|title=Iveria|year=1893|pages=227}}</ref> in neighboring [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. This leaves approximately 7,000,000 throughout the diaspora (with the largest populations in Russia, the United States, France, Argentina, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Canada, Ukraine, Greece, Cyprus, and Australia).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6382703.stm|access-date=2008-09-05|title=Armenia seeks to boost population|agency=[[BBC News]]|date=2007-02-21|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080903224928/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6382703.stm|archive-date=3 September 2008}}</ref> One of the largest and most established Armenian communities abroad exists in the United States: in the year 2000, there were 945,615 Armenians living in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref name="Cohen 2010 48–63"/>
 ==See also==
-*[[Armenia–European Union relations]]
+*[[Armenia–Azerbaijan relations]]
+*[[Armenia–European Union relations]]
+*[[Armenia–Russia relations]]
+*[[Armenia–Turkey relations]]
+*[[Armenia–United States relations]]
 *[[Foreign relations of Armenia]]
 *[[Largest Armenian diaspora communities]]
 *[[List of diasporas]]
+*[[Office of the High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs]]
 *[[Visa requirements for Armenian citizens]]
+*[[White genocide (Armenians)]]
-{{clear}}
-==References==
+==Sources==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
-;Bibliography
 *{{cite book|last=Ayvazyan|first=Hovhannes|script-title=hy:Հայ Սփյուռք հանրագիտարան|trans-title=Encyclopedia of Armenian Diaspora|volume=1|year=2003|isbn=5-89700-020-4|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia publishing|location=Yerevan|language=hy}}
 *{{cite book|last=de Waal|first=Thomas|title=[[Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War]]|year=2003|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-1945-9|author-link=Thomas de Waal}}
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category|Armenian diaspora}}
+* [http://diaspora.gov.am/en Office of the High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs]
-*[https://ovenk.com/ Ovenk.com]
+* [https://ovenk.com Ovenk.com], Armenian Diaspora Memory and Innovation
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191010071743/http://www.mindiaspora.am/ Armenian Ministry of Diaspora official website]
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181023005228/http://hayernaysor.am/ ''Hayern Aysor'' ''(Armenians Today)'' Official site of the Armenian Ministry of the Diaspora]
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415152905/http://www.armdiasporamuseum.com/ ArmDiasporaMuseum.com]
 * The Armenian Diaspora Today: Anthropological Perspectives. Articles in the [http://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CaucasusAnalyticalDigest29.pdf Caucasus Anallytical Digest No. 29]
+* [https://neruzh.am Neruzh Diaspora Tech Startup Program]
 {{Armenian diaspora |state=expanded}}
+{{Diasporas}}
 {{European diasporas}}
+{{Overseas Asians}}
 {{Armenia topics}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 62: / Line 73: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Armenian Diaspora}}
 [[Category:Armenian diaspora| ]]
-[[Category:Diasporas by origin country]]

v t e Armenian diaspora
Population by country historical Population by urban area Ethnic enclaves
Historic areas of Armenian settlement	Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh) Javakhk Nakhichevan Türkei Bolis/Istanbul Cilicia Hidden Armenians Western Armenia
Caucasus	Aserbaidschan Baku Zoks Georgien Abkhazia Tbilisi
Former Soviet Union	Baltic states Litauen Weißrussland Central Asia Moldawien Russland Circassia Ukraine Crimea
Americas	Argentinien Brasilien Kanada Mexiko Vereinigte Staaten Los Angeles San Francisco Boston Uruguay
Europa	Österreich Belgien Bulgarien Zypern Tschechische Republik Frankreich Deutschland Griechenland Hayhurum Ungarn Italien Malta The Netherlands North Macedonia Polen Rumänien Serbien Spanien Schweden Schweiz Vereinigtes Königreich
Middle East	Ägypten Iran Iraq Israel Jordanien Kuwait Libanon Katar Syria Vereinigte Arabische Emirate
Asia	Afghanistan Bangladesch China Indien Indonesien Surabaya Myanmar Pakistan Singapur
Africa	Äthiopien
Oceania	Australien Neuseeland

v t e European diasporas
Britain and Ireland	Cornish Englisch Irish Manx Scottish Welsh
Caucasus	Armenians Azerbaijanis Circassians Chechens Georgians
Central Europe	Austrians Czechs Croats Germans Volksdeutsche Hungarians Kashubians Poles Slovaks Slovenes Swiss
Eastern Europe	Belarusians Crimean Tatars Russians Ukrainians
Northern Europe	Danes Estonians Finns Icelanders Latvians Lithuanians Norwegians Swedes
Southeastern Europe	Albanians Kosovars Aromanians Bosnians Bulgarians Cypriots Greek Cypriots Turkish Cypriots Greeks Macedonians Romanians Moldovans Serbs Turks Meskhetian Turks
Southwestern Europe	Italians Maltese Portuguese Spaniards Asturians Basques Canarians Catalans Galicians
Western Europe	Belgians Flanders Walloons Dutch French Quebecois Bretons Corsicans Luxembourgers
Comprehensive group	America Argentinien Australien Brasilien Kanada Marokko Neuseeland Pakistan Peru Tunesien Venezuela