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{{Short description|Naval battle between Aceh and Portugal in the Malay peninsula.}}
{{Short description|Naval battle between Aceh and Portugal in the Malay peninsula.}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Formoso River
| conflict = Battle of Formoso River
| partof = [[Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts]]
|partof=[[Acehnese-Portuguese conflicts]]; [[List of Portuguese battles east of the Cape of Good Hope|Portuguese Battles in the East]]
|date=27 November - 2 December 1615<ref name="Monteiro"/>
| date = 27 November – 2 December 1615<ref name="Monteiro"/>
|place=Formoso River<ref name="Monteiro"/>
| place = Formoso River<ref name="Monteiro"/>
|result=Portuguese victory<ref name="Monteiro"/><ref name="Adam"/>
| result = Portuguese victory<ref name="Monteiro"/><ref name="Adam"/>
|combatant1=[[File:Flag of Portugal (1578).svg|24px|border]] [[Portuguese Empire]]|
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of Portugal (1578).svg|24px|border]] [[Portuguese Empire]]|
|combatant2=[[Aceh Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Aceh Sultanate]]
|commander1=[[File:Flag of Portugal (1578).svg|24px|border]] Francisco de Miranda Henriques<br>[[File:Flag of Portugal (1578).svg|24px|border]] Diogo de Mendonça Furtado
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of Portugal (1578).svg|24px|border]] Francisco de Miranda Henriques<br>[[File:Flag of Portugal (1578).svg|24px|border]] Diogo de Mendonça Furtado
|commander2= [[Iskandar Muda]]
| commander2 = [[Iskandar Muda]]
|strength1=4 [[galleon]]s<ref name="Monteiro"/><br>
| strength1 = 4 [[galleon]]s<ref name="Monteiro"/><br>
6 half-galleys, 10 jáleas.<ref name="Monteiro">Saturnino Monteiro (1992): ''Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa'' volume V, Livrariu Sá da Costa Editora, pp. 193-199.</ref>
6 half-galleys<br>10 jáleas<ref name="Monteiro">Saturnino Monteiro (1992): ''Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa'' volume V, Livrariu Sá da Costa Editora, pp. 193-199.</ref>
|strength2= 300<ref name="borschberg"/> - 500 vessels<ref name="danvers"/><ref name="Adam"/>
| strength2 = 300<ref name="borschberg"/> – 500 vessels<ref name="danvers"/><ref name="Adam"/>
*100 galleys<ref name="Monteiro"/>
*100 galleys<ref name="Monteiro"/>
*150 [[ghurab]]s.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
*150 [[ghurab]]s.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
*250 junks, lancharas, calaluzes.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
*250 junks, lancharas, calaluzes.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
30,000,<ref name="borschberg"/> 40,000<ref name="Monteiro"/> or 60,000 men.<ref name="Adam"/><ref name="danvers">Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India: A.D. 1571-1894'', part II, 1894, W.H. Allen & Company, limited, pp. 175-176.</ref>
30,000,<ref name="borschberg"/> 40,000<ref name="Monteiro"/> or 60,000 men<ref name="Adam"/><ref name="danvers">Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India: A.D. 1571-1894'', part II, 1894, W.H. Allen & Company, limited, pp. 175-176.</ref>
|casualties1= 1 galleon, 1 half-galley, 100 dead, 30 [[Prisoner of war|POWs]].<ref name="Monteiro"/>
| casualties1 = 1 galleon, 1 half-galley, 100 dead, 30 [[Prisoner of war|POWs]].<ref name="Monteiro"/>
|casualties2= 20,000 men, 200 [[Prisoner of war|POWs]].<ref name="Monteiro"/>
| casualties2 = 20,000 men, 200 [[Prisoner of war|POWs]].<ref name="Monteiro"/>
}}
}}
{{Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean}}
{{Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}


The '''Battle of Formoso River of 1615''' was an naval battle that took place in Malaysia within Formoso River, between a Portuguese fleet and a large fleet of the [[Aceh Sultanate|Sultanate of Aceh]], one of the largest Aceh had ever mobilized against the Portuguese in Malacca.<ref name="Monteiro"/><ref>Clemens R. Markham: ''Ocean Highways, The Geographical Review'', 1874, p. 181.</ref>
The '''Battle of Formoso River of 1615''' was an naval battle that took place in the [[Malay Peninsula]] in the Formoso River, between a Portuguese fleet and a large fleet of the [[Aceh Sultanate|Sultanate of Aceh]], one of the largest Aceh had ever mobilized against the Portuguese in Malacca.<ref name="Monteiro"/><ref>Clemens R. Markham: ''Ocean Highways, The Geographical Review'', 1874, p. 181.</ref>


In what was "one of the bloodiest battles the Portuguese fought in south-east Asia", the Acehnese suffered so much damage they were forced to call off their plans to attack Malacca and returned to Aceh.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
In what was "one of the bloodiest battles the Portuguese fought in south-east Asia", the Acehnese suffered so much damage they were forced to call off their plans to attack Malacca and returned to Aceh.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
Line 30: Line 30:
In 1613, the Sultan of Aceh [[Iskandar Muda]] undertook a campaign against the [[Johor Sultanate|Sultanate of Johor]], and succeeded in installing a pro-Aceh sultan on the throne, [[Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah of Johor|Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah]]. Iskandar Muda instructed Sultan Abdullah to prepare a large fleet to jointly attack [[Portuguese Malacca]].
In 1613, the Sultan of Aceh [[Iskandar Muda]] undertook a campaign against the [[Johor Sultanate|Sultanate of Johor]], and succeeded in installing a pro-Aceh sultan on the throne, [[Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah of Johor|Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah]]. Iskandar Muda instructed Sultan Abdullah to prepare a large fleet to jointly attack [[Portuguese Malacca]].


Having gotten wind of the plan, the Portuguese captain of Malacca dispatched to Johor an embassy headed by a distinguished ''fidalgo'' who convinced the Sultan of Johor to turn his back on Aceh, expel the Acehnese dignitaries on Johor and sign a treaty with Portugal instead.<ref name="Monteiro"/> As a result of this, in 1615, Iskandar Muda led a second successful campaign against Johor with a large fleet of 100 [[galley]]s, 150 [[ghurab]], 250 [[Junk (ship)|junks]], lancharas, calaluzes and 40,000 men.<ref name="Monteiro"/> Sultan Abdullah fled to [[Bintan Island]]. On the way back, Sultan Muda intended to conduct a surprise attack against Portuguese Malacca.<ref name="Adam">Ahmat Adam: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EfKfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 The Sejarah Melayu Revisited]'' 2022.</ref> He anchored his fleet within Formoso River. It was the largest fleet the Acehnese had ever mobilized for an attack against Malacca.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
Having learned of the plan, the Portuguese captain of Malacca sent an embassy to Johor headed by a distinguished ''fidalgo'' who convinced the Sultan of Johor to end his alliance Aceh, expel the Acehnese dignitaries on Johor and sign a treaty with Portugal instead.<ref name="Monteiro"/> As a result of this, in 1615, Iskandar Muda led a second successful campaign against Johor with a large fleet of 100 [[galley]]s, 150 [[ghurab]], 250 [[Junk (ship)|junks]], lancharas, calaluzes and 40,000 men.<ref name="Monteiro"/> Sultan Abdullah fled to [[Bintan Island]]. On the way back, Sultan Muda intended to conduct a surprise attack against Portuguese Malacca.<ref name="Adam">Ahmat Adam: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EfKfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 The Sejarah Melayu Revisited]'' 2022.</ref> He anchored his fleet in the Formoso River. It was the largest fleet the Acehnese had ever mobilized for an attack against Malacca.<ref name="Monteiro"/>


On November 27, 1615, however, the Acehnese were detected by a fleet under the command of captain-major Diogo de Mendonça Furtado, who had left Malacca with six half-galleys and 10 light oarships to patrol the [[Singapore Strait]] and verify reports that a large Acehnese fleet was approaching.<ref name="Monteiro"/><ref name="danvers"/> Upon reaching the River Formoso, Furtado realized the magnitude of the threat, and dispatched a vessel to warn Malacca.<ref name="Monteiro"/> As a result, the captain of the city dispatched Francisco de Miranda with 4 galleons to support Furtado.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
On November 27, 1615, the Acehnese were detected by a fleet under the command of captain-major Diogo de Mendonça Furtado, who had left Malacca with six half-galleys and 10 light oarships to patrol the [[Singapore Strait]] and verify reports that a large Acehnese fleet was approaching.<ref name="Monteiro"/><ref name="danvers"/> Upon reaching the Formoso River, Furtado realized the magnitude of the threat, and dispatched a vessel to warn Malacca.<ref name="Monteiro"/> As a result, the captain of the city dispatched Francisco de Miranda with 4 galleons to support Furtado.<ref name="Monteiro"/>


==Battle==
==Battle==
[[File:Manuel Fernandes - Livro de Traças de Carpintaria - 500 tonne galleon.jpg|thumb|1616 Portuguese technical drawing of a galleon.]]
[[File:Manuel Fernandes - Livro de Traças de Carpintaria - 500 tonne galleon.jpg|thumb|1616 Portuguese technical drawing of a galleon.]]
Come night, Diogo Mendonça Furtado boarded sailed his light oar-vessels into the midst of the Acehnese fleet under cover of the darkness to scout it and conduct a surprise attack.<ref name="Monteiro"/> Opening fire, the Acehnese were caught by surprise and thrown into disarray, chaos and confusion set in and the Acehnese inflicted casualties among each other.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
Come night, Diogo Mendonça Furtado sailed his light oar-vessels into the midst of the Acehnese fleet under cover of the darkness to scout it and conduct a surprise attack.<ref name="Monteiro"/> Opening fire, the Acehnese were caught by surprise and thrown into disarray, chaos and confusion set in and the Acehnese inflicted casualties among each other.<ref name="Monteiro"/>


Francisco de Miranda joined Furtado with 4 galleons in reinforcement on the morning of December 1. By noon they engaged the Acehnese with their artillery. Due to their large numbers, Portuguese artillery caused great damage to the compact Acehnese fleet.<ref name="danvers"/> By evening, a storm scattered the fleet, and visual contact between the two fleets was lost as the Portuguese headed north and the Acehnese south.<ref name="Monteiro"/> By midday of the following day, the Acehnese returned to the mouth of River Formoso and found the Portuguese galleons becalmed, therefore vulnerable, and separated into two groups due to a lack of wind.<ref name="Monteiro"/> Furtado transferred all his soldiers to the galleons in expectation of the fight to come and withdrew to a safe distance with this empty vessels. The Acehnese admiral realized the vulnerability of the Portuguese galleons, and convinced the sultan to try and board them en masse.
Francisco de Miranda joined Furtado with 4 galleons in reinforcement on the morning of December 1. By noon they engaged the Acehnese with their artillery. Due to their large numbers, Portuguese artillery caused great damage to the compact Acehnese fleet.<ref name="danvers"/> By evening, a storm scattered the fleet, and visual contact between the two fleets was lost as the Portuguese headed north and the Acehnese south.<ref name="Monteiro"/> By midday of the following day, the Acehnese returned to the mouth of the Formoso River and found the Portuguese galleons becalmed, therefore vulnerable, and separated into two groups due to a lack of wind.<ref name="Monteiro"/> Furtado transferred all his soldiers to the galleons in expectation of the fight to come and withdrew to a safe distance with this empty vessels. The Acehnese admiral realized the vulnerability of the Portuguese galleons, and convinced the sultan to try and board them en masse.
[[File:Three-masted Aceh ship in Malacca 1568.png|thumb|Three-masted Acehnese galley depicted by the Portuguese.]]
[[File:Three-masted Aceh ship in Malacca 1568.png|thumb|Three-masted Acehnese galley depicted by the Portuguese.]]


Captain Dom João da Silveira ordered the lower gun-ports of his galleon closed, fearing that the Acehnese might climb into his ship through them, thereby preventing his heavy guns from being used. The Acehnese managed to close in and set fire to his ship from the stern sector; many Portuguese jumped overboard, to be cut down by the Acehnese, though 30 were taken prisoner.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
Captain Dom João da Silveira ordered the lower gun-ports of his galleon closed, fearing that the Acehnese might climb into his ship through them, thereby preventing his heavy guns from being used. The Acehnese managed to close in and set fire to his ship from the stern sector; many Portuguese jumped overboard, to be cut down by the Acehnese, whilst 30 were taken prisoner.<ref name="Monteiro"/>


The Acehnese tried to tow the burning galleon towards the flagship of Henriques, but Portuguese heavy artillery prevented the maneuvre. The flagship of Francisco de Miranda Henriques, the ''São Bento'' was set on fire eighteen times, grappled fourteen times, boarded three times but the Acehnese were always repulsed.<ref name="danvers"/> The battle lasted from 4 in the afternoon to 11pm, when wind began to pick up, allowing the two remaining Portuguese galleon to sail to the aid the flagship. With mounting losses, having come under heavy fire, and threatened by the galleons, Sultan Iskandar Muda finally ordered a retreat.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
The Acehnese tried to tow the burning galleon towards the flagship of Henriques, but Portuguese heavy artillery prevented the maneuvre. The flagship of Francisco de Miranda Henriques, the ''São Bento'' was set on fire eighteen times, grappled fourteen times, boarded three times but the Acehnese were repulsed each time.<ref name="danvers"/> The battle lasted from 4 pm to 11 pm, when wind began to pick up, allowing the two remaining Portuguese galleon to sail to the aid the flagship. With mounting losses, having come under heavy fire, and threatened by the galleons, Sultan Iskandar Muda ordered a retreat.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
[[File:Codice Casanatense Acehnese.jpg|thumb|Portuguese depiction of an Acehnese warrior with a [[Blowgun|blow-gun]], a [[kris]] and his wife, in the [[Códice Casanatense]].]]
[[File:Codice Casanatense Acehnese.jpg|thumb|Portuguese depiction of an Acehnese warrior with a [[Blowgun|blow-gun]], a [[kris]] and his wife, in the [[Códice Casanatense]].]]


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
The Portuguese estimated to have inflicted several thousands of casualties on the Acehnese fleet among warriors and sailors.<ref name="Monteiro"/> The Portuguese lost one galleon, one half-galley, about 100 dead, most of them Indian auxiliaries, and 30 prisoners of war.<ref name="Monteiro"/> As a result of the damage suffered, the Acehnese were forced to abandon their plans to siege Malacca, and instead set sail to Aceh.
The Portuguese estimated to have inflicted several thousands of casualties on the Acehnese fleet among warriors and sailors.<ref name="Monteiro"/> The Portuguese lost one galleon, one half-galley, about 100 dead, most of them Indian auxiliaries, and 30 prisoners of war.<ref name="Monteiro"/> As a result of the damage suffered, the Acehnese were forced to abandon their plans to siege Malacca, and left for Aceh.


Francisco de Miranda Henriques and his men were given a heroes reception upon returning to Malacca.<ref name="borschberg">Peter Borschberg, 2010, ''The Singapore and Melaka Straits, Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century'' Singapore University Press, p. 143.</ref>
Francisco de Miranda Henriques and his men were given a heroes reception upon returning to Malacca.<ref name="borschberg">Peter Borschberg, 2010, ''The Singapore and Melaka Straits, Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century'' Singapore University Press, p. 143.</ref>


Diogo de Mendonça Furtado followed the Acehnese fleet to the island of Bengkalis (''Bancale'' in Portuguese), where he ambushed an Acehnese force that was taking in water and captured 200 men.<ref name="Monteiro"/><ref name="Adam"/> Fearing that the Portuguese might set upon him, Iskandar Muda wrote to the captain of Malacca offering to release all prisoners.<ref name="Monteiro"/> When the Portuguese were about to catch up the Acehnese fleet and conclude its destruction however, they were warned by a Dutch fleet had been spotted in the Strait of Singapore, hence pursuit was abandoned, furtuitously allowing the Acehnese to return home.<ref name="Monteiro"/>
Diogo de Mendonça Furtado followed the Acehnese fleet to the island of [[Bengkalis Island|Bengkalis]], where he ambushed an Acehnese force that was taking in water and captured 200 men.<ref name="Monteiro"/><ref name="Adam"/> Fearing that the Portuguese might set upon him, Iskandar Muda wrote to the captain of Malacca offering to release all prisoners.<ref name="Monteiro"/> When the Portuguese were about to catch up the Acehnese fleet, they were warned that a Dutch fleet had been spotted in the Singapore Strait, causing the pursuit to be abandoned, allowing the Acehnese to return home.<ref name="Monteiro"/>


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:Portuguese Malacca]]
[[Category:Portuguese Malacca]]
[[Category:Aceh Sultanate]]
[[Category:Aceh Sultanate]]
[[Category:History of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Military history of Malaysia]]

Latest revision as of 07:39, 15 June 2024

Battle of Formoso River
Part of Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts
Date27 November – 2 December 1615[1]
Standort
Formoso River[1]
Result Portuguese victory[1][2]
Belligerents
Portuguese Empire Aceh Sultanate
Commanders and leaders
Francisco de Miranda Henriques
Diogo de Mendonça Furtado		 Iskandar Muda
Strength

4 galleons[1]

6 half-galleys
10 jáleas[1]

300[3] – 500 vessels[4][2]

30,000,[3] 40,000[1] or 60,000 men[2][4]
Casualties and losses
1 galleon, 1 half-galley, 100 dead, 30 POWs.[1] 20,000 men, 200 POWs.[1]

The Battle of Formoso River of 1615 was an naval battle that took place in the Malay Peninsula in the Formoso River, between a Portuguese fleet and a large fleet of the Sultanate of Aceh, one of the largest Aceh had ever mobilized against the Portuguese in Malacca.[1][5]

In what was "one of the bloodiest battles the Portuguese fought in south-east Asia", the Acehnese suffered so much damage they were forced to call off their plans to attack Malacca and returned to Aceh.[1]

Background

[edit]

In 1613, the Sultan of Aceh Iskandar Muda undertook a campaign against the Sultanate of Johor, and succeeded in installing a pro-Aceh sultan on the throne, Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah. Iskandar Muda instructed Sultan Abdullah to prepare a large fleet to jointly attack Portuguese Malacca.

Having learned of the plan, the Portuguese captain of Malacca sent an embassy to Johor headed by a distinguished fidalgo who convinced the Sultan of Johor to end his alliance Aceh, expel the Acehnese dignitaries on Johor and sign a treaty with Portugal instead.[1] As a result of this, in 1615, Iskandar Muda led a second successful campaign against Johor with a large fleet of 100 galleys, 150 ghurab, 250 junks, lancharas, calaluzes and 40,000 men.[1] Sultan Abdullah fled to Bintan Island. On the way back, Sultan Muda intended to conduct a surprise attack against Portuguese Malacca.[2] He anchored his fleet in the Formoso River. It was the largest fleet the Acehnese had ever mobilized for an attack against Malacca.[1]

On November 27, 1615, the Acehnese were detected by a fleet under the command of captain-major Diogo de Mendonça Furtado, who had left Malacca with six half-galleys and 10 light oarships to patrol the Singapore Strait and verify reports that a large Acehnese fleet was approaching.[1][4] Upon reaching the Formoso River, Furtado realized the magnitude of the threat, and dispatched a vessel to warn Malacca.[1] As a result, the captain of the city dispatched Francisco de Miranda with 4 galleons to support Furtado.[1]

Battle

[edit]
1616 Portuguese technical drawing of a galleon.

Come night, Diogo Mendonça Furtado sailed his light oar-vessels into the midst of the Acehnese fleet under cover of the darkness to scout it and conduct a surprise attack.[1] Opening fire, the Acehnese were caught by surprise and thrown into disarray, chaos and confusion set in and the Acehnese inflicted casualties among each other.[1]

Francisco de Miranda joined Furtado with 4 galleons in reinforcement on the morning of December 1. By noon they engaged the Acehnese with their artillery. Due to their large numbers, Portuguese artillery caused great damage to the compact Acehnese fleet.[4] By evening, a storm scattered the fleet, and visual contact between the two fleets was lost as the Portuguese headed north and the Acehnese south.[1] By midday of the following day, the Acehnese returned to the mouth of the Formoso River and found the Portuguese galleons becalmed, therefore vulnerable, and separated into two groups due to a lack of wind.[1] Furtado transferred all his soldiers to the galleons in expectation of the fight to come and withdrew to a safe distance with this empty vessels. The Acehnese admiral realized the vulnerability of the Portuguese galleons, and convinced the sultan to try and board them en masse.

Three-masted Acehnese galley depicted by the Portuguese.

Captain Dom João da Silveira ordered the lower gun-ports of his galleon closed, fearing that the Acehnese might climb into his ship through them, thereby preventing his heavy guns from being used. The Acehnese managed to close in and set fire to his ship from the stern sector; many Portuguese jumped overboard, to be cut down by the Acehnese, whilst 30 were taken prisoner.[1]

The Acehnese tried to tow the burning galleon towards the flagship of Henriques, but Portuguese heavy artillery prevented the maneuvre. The flagship of Francisco de Miranda Henriques, the São Bento was set on fire eighteen times, grappled fourteen times, boarded three times but the Acehnese were repulsed each time.[4] The battle lasted from 4 pm to 11 pm, when wind began to pick up, allowing the two remaining Portuguese galleon to sail to the aid the flagship. With mounting losses, having come under heavy fire, and threatened by the galleons, Sultan Iskandar Muda ordered a retreat.[1]

Portuguese depiction of an Acehnese warrior with a blow-gun, a kris and his wife, in the Códice Casanatense.

Aftermath

[edit]

The Portuguese estimated to have inflicted several thousands of casualties on the Acehnese fleet among warriors and sailors.[1] The Portuguese lost one galleon, one half-galley, about 100 dead, most of them Indian auxiliaries, and 30 prisoners of war.[1] As a result of the damage suffered, the Acehnese were forced to abandon their plans to siege Malacca, and left for Aceh.

Francisco de Miranda Henriques and his men were given a heroes reception upon returning to Malacca.[3]

Diogo de Mendonça Furtado followed the Acehnese fleet to the island of Bengkalis, where he ambushed an Acehnese force that was taking in water and captured 200 men.[1][2] Fearing that the Portuguese might set upon him, Iskandar Muda wrote to the captain of Malacca offering to release all prisoners.[1] When the Portuguese were about to catch up the Acehnese fleet, they were warned that a Dutch fleet had been spotted in the Singapore Strait, causing the pursuit to be abandoned, allowing the Acehnese to return home.[1]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Saturnino Monteiro (1992): Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa volume V, Livrariu Sá da Costa Editora, pp. 193-199.
  2. ^ a b c d e Ahmat Adam: The Sejarah Melayu Revisited 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Peter Borschberg, 2010, The Singapore and Melaka Straits, Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century Singapore University Press, p. 143.
  4. ^ a b c d e Frederick Charles Danvers: The Portuguese in India: A.D. 1571-1894, part II, 1894, W.H. Allen & Company, limited, pp. 175-176.
  5. ^ Clemens R. Markham: Ocean Highways, The Geographical Review, 1874, p. 181.
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