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{{Short description|Qajar chieftain (1685/6–1726)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
'''Fath-Ali Khan Qajar''' (1686<ref>[http://www.royalark.net/Persia/qajar2.htm Royal Ark, Genealogy of The Qajar Dynasty]</ref>–1726), was the [[Qajars (tribe)|Qajar]] chieftain of the Ashaqa-bash branch. He was a a renowned military commander during the rule of the [[Safavid]] shahs [[Husayn]] and [[Tahmasp II]]. He was killed on the orders of [[Nader Shah]] in 1726.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant |first=Michael |last=Axworthy|authorlink=Michael Axworthy | page = 69 | isbn = 1-85043-706-8 | year = 2006 }}</ref>
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Fath-Ali Khan Qajar
| image = Fath ‘Ali Khan Qajar.jpg
| caption = A victorious Fath-Ali Khan Qajar is greeted by the people of [[Isfahan]]. Folio from the ''Shahanshahnameh'' of [[Fath-Ali Khan Saba]], dated 1810
| birth_place = [[Safavid Iran]]
| birth_date = 1685/86
| death_place = Safavid Iran
| death_date = 11 October 1726 (aged 42)
| office1 = Governor of [[Safavid Astarabad|Astarabad]]
| term_start1 = 1717
| term_end1 = ?
| predecessor1 = Rostam Mohammad Khan Sa'dlu
| successor1 =?
| monarch1 = [[Soltan Hoseyn]]
| children = [[Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar]]
| relatives =
| allegiance = [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|22px]] Safavid Iran
| battles =
| father =
}}
'''Fath-Ali Khan Qajar''' ({{lang-fa|فتحعلی‌خان قاجار}}) was the chieftain of the Ashaqa-bash branch of the [[Qajars (tribe)|Qajar tribe]] at [[Astarabad]] during the collapse of the [[Safavid dynasty]] of [[Safavid Iran|Iran]].


== Background ==
Fat'h Ali Khan was the son of Shah Quli Khan-e Qajar Quyunlu. He was ''Ilkhani'' of the [[Qajars (tribe)|Qajar tribe]] and Governor of [[Astarabad]] and [[Semnan (city)|Semnan]], 1720–1726. He was killed on the orders of [[Nader Shah]], 11 October 1726 and was buried in [[Mashhad]].
Born in 1685/86, Fath-Ali Khan was the son of Shahqoli Khan and a member of the Ashaqa-bash branch of the [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]] [[Qajars (tribe)|Qajar tribe]] at [[Astarabad]].{{sfn|Nava'i|1999}} The Ashaqa-bash was one of the two main branches of the Qajar tribe in Astarabad (the other being the Yukhari-bash), and was composed of the subtribes of Qoyunlu (or Qovanlu), Izz al-dinlu, Sham Bayati, Qara Musanlu (Musalu?), Washlu (Ashlu?) and Ziyadlu. During the reign of [[Shah Abbas I]] ({{reign|1588|1629}}), some Qajar tribes were relocated to Astarabad to defend against incursions by the Yaka Turkmen.{{sfn|Sümer|1978|p=387}} By the late 17th-century, the vast majority of the Qajar seemingly lived in Astarabad.{{sfn|Lambton|1978}}


== Biography ==
Fath Ali Khan's son [[Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar]] (1722–1758) was the father of [[Agha Mohammad Khan]] and [[Hossein Qoli Khan]] ''Jahansouz Shah Qajar''' (father of "Baba Khan," the future [[Fath Ali Shah Qajar]]).
According to the [[Iranologist]] Abd al-Hosayn Nava'i: "Much of the information about Fath-Ali Khan's early career must be used cautiously as it is based mainly on chronicles from the [[Qajar Iran|Qajar period]] intent on presenting the career of the immediate forefathers of the dynasty in a flatteringly heroic manner." During the reign of [[Soltan Hoseyn]] ({{reign|1694|1722}}), Fath-Ali Khan and his brothers Fadl Ali and Mohammad Ali Beg were attacked at their fortress of Mobarakabad by the governor of Astarabad, Rostam Mohammad Khan Sa'dlu. This was done to attempt to thwart the rising authority of the Ashaqa-bash. Fath-Ali Khan's two brothers were killed, but he managed to flee and seek safety among the [[Yomut|Yomut Turkmen]].{{sfn|Nava'i|1999}}{{sfn|Lambton|1978}} They assisted Fath-Ali Khan in overthrowing Rostam Mohammad Khan Sa'dlu so that Fath-Ali Khan could assume governorship over Astarabad in 1717.{{sfn|Nava'i|1999}}{{sfn|Floor|2008|p=153}}


These incidents occurred during the [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] [[siege of Isfahan]] in 1722, and Fath-Ali Khan's role in the closing years of Safavid authority remains debatable. According to one story, he was able to sneak into the city of Isfahan during the night with between two and three thousand soldiers and, through "pure bravery", managed to shift the circumstances in favour of the Safavids. However, Fath-Ali Khan was forced to depart to avoid possible imprisonment when jealous courtiers were able to persuade Soltan Hoseyn that he was a too ambitious and daring ally. Later Qajar sources essentially echo the same narrative. The veracity of this story's historical claims, however, is seriously questioned by the absence of supporting evidence from sources that existed around the same time, such as [[Judasz Tadeusz Krusinski]], Mohammad Mohsen, or [[Hazin Lahiji]].{{sfn|Nava'i|1999}}
==Genealogy==
Fat'h 'Ali Khan had two sons and a daughter:


On 11 October 1726, [[Tahmasp II|Shah Tahmasp II]] had Fath-Ali Khan executed for treason.{{sfn|Nava'i|1999}}
* 1) '''[[Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar|Mohammad Hasan Bahador Khan-e Qajar Quyunlu]]''' (''b''.1715-''k''.1758)lkhani of the [[Qajar tribe]]. Governor-General of [[Astarabad]], and Governor of [[Gorgan]], [[Mazandaran]] and [[Gilan]] 1747- 1759. m. (first) 1739, Jayram Begum daughter of Iskandar Khan-e Qajar Quyunlu. m. (second) Zara Khanum, sister of Muhammad Husain Khan-e Qajar Devehlu. m. (third) a lady from the Izz ud-Dinlu branch of the Qajar tribe. m. (fourth) a [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] lady from Astarabad. m. (fifth) a lady from [[Isfahan]]. m. (sixth) sister of Hajji Jamal Fumani, Governor of [[Rasht]]. having had issue:
**i)'''[[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar]]''' the founder of [[Qajar Dynasty]]
**ii) Reza Quli Khan, died in exile at [[Choresm]], 1781.
**iii) '''Husain Quli''', ''Jahansuz Shah'', m. his cousin H.M. Agha Bajji, Mahd-i-'Aliya. He killed by [[Turkmen people|Turkomans]] near [[Fenderesk]], 22 March 1777. having had issue, three sons:
***(1) '''[[Fath Ali Shah Qajar|Fat'h 'Ali Shah Qajar]]'''
***(2) '''Hajji Husain Quli Khan'''. Governor-General of [[Fars Province|Fars]] 1797–1798, Governor of [[Semnan (city)|Semnan]], [[Kashan]] 1798–1801, and of [[Qom]] 1801–1802. Rebelled against his brother and seized [[Isfahan]] in July 1801, but made his submission and pardoned after the intercession of the Mahd-i-'Aliya. Arrested, blinded and exiled to [[Dezashib]] after her death in 1802.
*** (3) Mohammad Sadiq Khan
**iv) [[Morteza Qoli Khan Qajar]], born 1755. Governor-General of [[Astarabad]] in 1782. Rebelled against his half-brother Agha Mohammad Khan in 1784, but was defeated and went into exile in [[Russia]]. Entered the service of [[Catherine the Great]].He d. in exile in Khwar'azam, Russia after 1785 and was buried in [[Kerbala]], having had issue, two sons and several daughters. According to Russian sources died in 1798 or 1800. Exist [[:File:Vladimir Borovikovsky - Mirza-Kuli-Khan (GRM).jpg|his portrait]] dated 1796.
**v) Mustafa Quli Kan, born 1755. He had issue, twelve sons and twelve daughters.
**vi) Ja'afar Quli Khan, born 1751. Governor of [[Isfahan]] 1786–1789, and of [[Bastam]] 1788–1789. Heir Presumptive to his elder brother, [[Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar]], until his arrest in 1789. He was killed at [[Tehran]] on the orders of his brother [[Agha Muhammad Khan]], 1790.
**vii) Mahdi Quli Khan, died at [[Gorgan]], 1784, having had issue, 2 sons.
**viii) 'Abbas Quli Khan, born 1756. He died at [[Tehran]] 1763.
**ix) 'Ali Quli Khan, born 1755. exiled to [[Barforush]]. He died at [[Babol]] 1825, having had issue, a daughter.
* 2) Muhammad Husain Khan, died in his youth.
* 3) Begum Khanoum, married [[Karim Khan Zand]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{reflist}}

{{Grand Viziers of the Safavid Empire}}
== Sources ==
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFNava'i1999}}
* {{cite book|last1=Floor|first1=Willem|title=Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri|date=2008|publisher=Mage Publishers|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1933823232}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica | volume=9 | fascicle=4 | title = Fatḥ-ʿAlī Khan Qājār | last = Nava'i | first = Abd al-Hosayn | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/fath-ali-khan-qajar | pages = 406–407 }}
* {{EI2|last=Lambton|first=A.K.S.|title=Ḳād̲j̲ār|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kadjar-SIM_3768?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Kadjar|pages=387-399|volume=4}}
* {{EI2|last=Sümer|first=Faruk|title=Ḳād̲j̲ār|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kadjar-SIM_3767?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Kadjar|page=387|volume=4}}

{{commonscategory|Fath-Ali Khan Qajar}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Fath Ali}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Fath Ali}}
[[Category:Qajar dynasty]]
[[Category:Qajar tribe]]
[[Category:Safavid generals]]
[[Category:Safavid generals]]
[[Category:People executed by the Safavid dynasty]]
[[Category:People executed by Safavid Iran]]
[[Category:1686 births]]
[[Category:1686 births]]
[[Category:1726 deaths]]
[[Category:1726 deaths]]
[[Category:Grand Viziers of the Safavid Empire]]
[[Category:Grand viziers of the Safavid Empire]]
[[Category:Safavid governors of Semnan]]
[[Category:Safavid governors of Astarabad]]
[[Category:Safavid governors of Mashhad]]
[[Category:Vakils of Safavid Iran]]
[[Category:17th-century people from Safavid Iran]]
[[Category:18th-century people from Safavid Iran]]

Revision as of 12:20, 15 June 2024

Fath-Ali Khan Qajar
A victorious Fath-Ali Khan Qajar is greeted by the people of Isfahan. Folio from the Shahanshahnameh of Fath-Ali Khan Saba, dated 1810
Governor of Astarabad
In office
1717–?
MonarchSoltan Hoseyn
Preceded byRostam Mohammad Khan Sa'dlu
Succeeded by?
Personal details
Born1685/86
Safavid Iran
Died11 October 1726 (aged 42)
Safavid Iran
ChildrenMohammad Hasan Khan Qajar
Military service
Allegiance Safavid Iran

Fath-Ali Khan Qajar (Persian: فتحعلی‌خان قاجار) was the chieftain of the Ashaqa-bash branch of the Qajar tribe at Astarabad during the collapse of the Safavid dynasty of Iran.

Background

Born in 1685/86, Fath-Ali Khan was the son of Shahqoli Khan and a member of the Ashaqa-bash branch of the Turkoman Qajar tribe at Astarabad.[1] The Ashaqa-bash was one of the two main branches of the Qajar tribe in Astarabad (the other being the Yukhari-bash), and was composed of the subtribes of Qoyunlu (or Qovanlu), Izz al-dinlu, Sham Bayati, Qara Musanlu (Musalu?), Washlu (Ashlu?) and Ziyadlu. During the reign of Shah Abbas I (r. 1588–1629), some Qajar tribes were relocated to Astarabad to defend against incursions by the Yaka Turkmen.[2] By the late 17th-century, the vast majority of the Qajar seemingly lived in Astarabad.[3]

Biography

According to the Iranologist Abd al-Hosayn Nava'i: "Much of the information about Fath-Ali Khan's early career must be used cautiously as it is based mainly on chronicles from the Qajar period intent on presenting the career of the immediate forefathers of the dynasty in a flatteringly heroic manner." During the reign of Soltan Hoseyn (r. 1694–1722), Fath-Ali Khan and his brothers Fadl Ali and Mohammad Ali Beg were attacked at their fortress of Mobarakabad by the governor of Astarabad, Rostam Mohammad Khan Sa'dlu. This was done to attempt to thwart the rising authority of the Ashaqa-bash. Fath-Ali Khan's two brothers were killed, but he managed to flee and seek safety among the Yomut Turkmen.[1][3] They assisted Fath-Ali Khan in overthrowing Rostam Mohammad Khan Sa'dlu so that Fath-Ali Khan could assume governorship over Astarabad in 1717.[1][4]

These incidents occurred during the Afghan siege of Isfahan in 1722, and Fath-Ali Khan's role in the closing years of Safavid authority remains debatable. According to one story, he was able to sneak into the city of Isfahan during the night with between two and three thousand soldiers and, through "pure bravery", managed to shift the circumstances in favour of the Safavids. However, Fath-Ali Khan was forced to depart to avoid possible imprisonment when jealous courtiers were able to persuade Soltan Hoseyn that he was a too ambitious and daring ally. Later Qajar sources essentially echo the same narrative. The veracity of this story's historical claims, however, is seriously questioned by the absence of supporting evidence from sources that existed around the same time, such as Judasz Tadeusz Krusinski, Mohammad Mohsen, or Hazin Lahiji.[1]

On 11 October 1726, Shah Tahmasp II had Fath-Ali Khan executed for treason.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Nava'i 1999.
  2. ^ Sümer 1978, p. 387.
  3. ^ a b Lambton 1978.
  4. ^ Floor 2008, p. 153.

Sources

  • Floor, Willem (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1933823232.
  • Nava'i, Abd al-Hosayn (1999). "Fatḥ-ʿAlī Khan Qājār". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IX/4: Fārs II–Fauna III. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 406–407. ISBN 978-0-933273-32-0.
  • Lambton, A.K.S. (1978). "Ḳād̲j̲ār". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 387–399. OCLC 758278456.
  • Sümer, Faruk (1978). "Ḳād̲j̲ār". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 387. OCLC 758278456.
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