Polyvinyl acetate: Difference between revisions

Polyvinyl acetate
Names
	IUPAC name Poly[1-(acetyloxy)ethylene]
	Other names PVAc, PVA, Poly(ethenyl ethanoate), Poly(ethenyl acetate)
Identifiers
CAS Number	9003-20-7 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	none;
ECHA InfoCard	100.108.147
KEGG	C12282 ;
PubChem CID	7758;
UNII	32K497ZK2U ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID3051258 ;
	SMILES O([C@@H](C))C(C)=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	(C4H6O2)n
Molar mass	86.09 g/mol per unit
Density	1.19 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Boiling point	112 °C (234 °F; 385 K)
Hazards
Safety data sheet (SDS)	MSDS
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

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Polyvinyl acetate (PVA, PVAc, poly(ethenyl ethanoate)), commonly known as wood glue, PVA glue, white glue, carpenter's glue, school glue, or Elmer's Glue in the US, is a widely available adhesive used for porous materials like wood, paper, and cloth. An aliphatic rubbery synthetic polymer with the formula (C₄H₆O₂)_n, it belongs to the polyvinyl ester family, with the general formula −[RCOOCHCH₂]−. It is a type of thermoplastic.^[1]

Properties

The degree of polymerization of polyvinyl acetate is typically 100 to 5000, while its ester groups are sensitive to base hydrolysis and slowly convert PVAc into polyvinyl alcohol and acetic acid.

The glass transition temperature of polyvinyl acetate is between 30 and 45 °C depending on the molecular weight.

PVAc dispersions such as Elmer's Glue-All contain polyvinyl alcohol as a protective colloid. In alkaline conditions, boron compounds such as boric acid or borax cause the polyvinyl alcohol to cross-link, forming tackifying precipitates or toys, such as Slime and Flubber.

A number of microorganisms can degrade polyvinyl acetate. Most commonly, damage is caused by filamentous fungi; however, algae, yeasts, lichens, and bacteria can also degrade polyvinyl acetate.^[2]

Discovery

Polyvinyl acetate was discovered in Germany in 1912 by Fritz Klatte.^[3]

The monomer, vinyl acetate, was first produced on an industrial scale by the addition of acetic acid to acetylene with a mercury(I) salt,^[4] but it is now primarily made by palladium-catalyzed oxidative addition of acetic acid to ethylene.

Preparation

PVA is a vinyl polymer. Polyvinyl acetate is prepared by the polymerization of vinyl acetate monomer (free-radical vinyl polymerization of the monomer vinyl acetate).

Applications

As a dispersion in water (usually an emulsion), PVAc preparations are used as adhesives for porous materials, particularly for wood, paper, and cloth, and as a consolidant for porous building stone, in particular sandstone.^[5]

Uses:

As wood glue, PVAc is known as "white glue" and the yellow as "carpenter's glue".
As paper adhesive during paper packaging conversion.
In bookbinding and book arts, due to its flexible strong bond and non-acidic nature (unlike many other polymers). The use of PVAc on the Archimedes Palimpsest during the 20th century greatly hindered the task of disbinding the book and preserving and imaging the pages in the early 21st century, in part because the glue was stronger than the parchment it held together.^[6]
In handicrafts.
As envelope adhesive.
As wallpaper adhesive.
As a primer for drywall and other substrates.
As a gum base in chewing gum.^[7]
As a water-soluble support material for 3D printing, usually for the fused filament fabrication method.^[8]
As an adhesive for cigarette paper.^[9]
As the coating layer on Gouda cheese.^[10]

The stiff homopolymer PVAc, but mostly the softer copolymer, a combination of vinyl acetate and ethylene, vinyl acetate ethylene (VAE), is also used in paper coatings, paint and other industrial coatings, as a binder in nonwovens in glass fibers, sanitary napkins, filter paper and in textile finishing.

Polyvinyl acetate is also the raw material to make other polymers like:

Polyvinyl alcohol −[HOCHCH₂]−: Polyvinyl acetate is partially or completely hydrolysed to give polyvinyl alcohol. This reversible saponification and esterification reaction was a strong hint for Hermann Staudinger in the formulation of his theory of macromolecules.^[11]
Polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP): Polyvinyl acetate is partially hydrolyzed and then esterified with phthalic acid.

References

^ Murray, G. T. (1997), Handbook of materials selection for engineering applications, CRC Press, p. 242, ISBN 978-0-8247-9910-6.
^ Francesca Cappitelli; Claudia Sorlini (2008). "Microorganisms Attack Synthetic Polymers in Items Representing Our Cultural Heritage". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (3): 564–569. Bibcode:2008ApEnM..74..564C. doi:10.1128/AEM.01768-07. PMC 2227722. PMID 18065627.
^
See:
- Deutsches Reichspatent no. 281687 (4 July 1913), Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London), vol. 34, p. 623 (1915);
- Deutsches Reichspatent no. 281688 (2 April 1914);
- British patent no. 15271 (25 June 1914.);
- Fritz Klatte and Adolf Rollett, "Plastic composition and process of producing it" Archived 2017-05-10 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Patent 1,241,738 (filed: July 3, 1914; issued: Oct. 2, 1917), an abstract of which appears in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London), vol. 36, p. 1185 (1917).
^ Rutherford John Gettens and George Leslie Stout, Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia (Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand, 1942), page 74.
^ Young, M. E.; Murray, M.; Cordiner, P. (1999). "Stone consolidants and chemical treatments in Scotland". Robert Gordon University, Building Research Establishment and Historic Scotland. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
^ "The Conservation of the Archimedes Palimpsest". The Walters Art Museum. 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
^ Amann, Manfred; Minge, Oliver (2012). "Biodegradability of Poly(vinyl acetate) and Related Polymers". Advances in Polymer Science. 245: 137–172. doi:10.1007/12_2011_153. ISBN 978-3-642-27153-3.
^ https://www.simplify3d.com/resources/materials-guide/pva/
^ Coggins, Christopher R. E.; Jerome, Ann M.; Lilly, Patrick D.; McKinney, Willie J.; Oldham, Michael J. (2013). "A comprehensive toxicological evaluation of three adhesives using experimental cigarettes". Inhalation Toxicology. 25 Suppl 2: 6–18. doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.854430. ISSN 1091-7691. PMID 24341843. S2CID 6414435.
^ Van den Berg, G. (2002-01-01), "Dutch-Type Cheeses", in Roginski, Hubert (ed.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 371–378, ISBN 978-0-12-227235-6, retrieved 2021-12-10
^ H. Staudinger, K. Frey, W. Stark, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 1927, 60, 1782.

[1] Murray, G. T. (1997), Handbook of materials selection for engineering applications, CRC Press, p. 242, ISBN 978-0-8247-9910-6.

[2] Francesca Cappitelli; Claudia Sorlini (2008). "Microorganisms Attack Synthetic Polymers in Items Representing Our Cultural Heritage". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (3): 564–569. Bibcode:2008ApEnM..74..564C. doi:10.1128/AEM.01768-07. PMC 2227722. PMID 18065627.

[3] See:
Deutsches Reichspatent no. 281687 (4 July 1913), Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London), vol. 34, p. 623 (1915);

Deutsches Reichspatent no. 281688 (2 April 1914);

British patent no. 15271 (25 June 1914.);

Fritz Klatte and Adolf Rollett, "Plastic composition and process of producing it" Archived 2017-05-10 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Patent 1,241,738 (filed: July 3, 1914; issued: Oct. 2, 1917), an abstract of which appears in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London), vol. 36, p. 1185 (1917).

[4] Deutsches Reichspatent no. 281687 (4 July 1913), Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London), vol. 34, p. 623 (1915);

[5] Deutsches Reichspatent no. 281688 (2 April 1914);

[6] British patent no. 15271 (25 June 1914.);

[7] Fritz Klatte and Adolf Rollett, "Plastic composition and process of producing it" Archived 2017-05-10 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Patent 1,241,738 (filed: July 3, 1914; issued: Oct. 2, 1917), an abstract of which appears in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London), vol. 36, p. 1185 (1917).

[4] Rutherford John Gettens and George Leslie Stout, Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia (Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand, 1942), page 74.

[Report-5] Young, M. E.; Murray, M.; Cordiner, P. (1999). "Stone consolidants and chemical treatments in Scotland". Robert Gordon University, Building Research Establishment and Historic Scotland. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2009-07-30.

[6] "The Conservation of the Archimedes Palimpsest". The Walters Art Museum. 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2018.

[7] Amann, Manfred; Minge, Oliver (2012). "Biodegradability of Poly(vinyl acetate) and Related Polymers". Advances in Polymer Science. 245: 137–172. doi:10.1007/12_2011_153. ISBN 978-3-642-27153-3.

[8] ttps://www.simplify3d.com/resources/materials-guide/pva/

[9] Coggins, Christopher R. E.; Jerome, Ann M.; Lilly, Patrick D.; McKinney, Willie J.; Oldham, Michael J. (2013). "A comprehensive toxicological evaluation of three adhesives using experimental cigarettes". Inhalation Toxicology. 25 Suppl 2: 6–18. doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.854430. ISSN 1091-7691. PMID 24341843. S2CID 6414435.

[10] Van den Berg, G. (2002-01-01), "Dutch-Type Cheeses", in Roginski, Hubert (ed.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 371–378, ISBN 978-0-12-227235-6, retrieved 2021-12-10

[11] H. Staudinger, K. Frey, W. Stark, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 1927, 60, 1782.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|PVA, adhesive used for porous materials}}
 {{distinguish|Polyvinyl alcohol}}
-{{lead too short|date=April 2015}}
 {{chembox
-| Verifiedfields = changed
+|Verifiedfields = changed
-| Watchedfields = changed
+|Watchedfields = changed
-| verifiedrevid = 477525539
+|verifiedrevid = 477525539
-| Name = Polyvinyl acetate
+|Name = Polyvinyl acetate
-| ImageFile = PVA.svg
+|ImageFile = PVA.svg
-| ImageSize = 150px
+|ImageSize = 150px
-| ImageName = Polyvinyl acetate
+|ImageName = Polyvinyl acetate
-| IUPACName = Poly[1-(acetyloxy)ethylene]
+|IUPACName = Poly[1-(acetyloxy)ethylene]
+|OtherNames = PVAc, PVA, Poly(ethenyl ethanoate), Poly(ethenyl acetate)
-| SystematicName =
-| OtherNames = PVAc, PVA, Poly(ethenyl ethanoate), Poly(ethenyl acetate)
 |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
-| SMILES = O([C@@H](C*)*)C(C)=O
+|SMILES = O([C@@H](C*)*)C(C)=O
-| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
+|CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
-| CASNo = 9003-20-7
+|CASNo = 9003-20-7
-| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
+|UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
-| UNII = 32K497ZK2U
+|UNII = 32K497ZK2U
-| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
+|ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
-| ChemSpiderID = none
+|ChemSpiderID = none
-| PubChem = 7758
+|PubChem = 7758
-| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
+|KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
-| KEGG = C12282
+|KEGG = C12282
-  }}
+}}
 |Section2={{Chembox Properties
-| Formula =(C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub>
+|Formula =(C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub>
-| MolarMass = 86.09&nbsp;g/mol per unit
+|MolarMass = 86.09&nbsp;g/mol per unit
+|Density = 1.19&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> (25&nbsp;°C)
-| Appearance =
+|BoilingPtC = 112
-| Density = 1.19&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> (25&nbsp;°C)
+}}
-| MeltingPtC =
+|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
-| BoilingPtC = 112
+|ExternalSDS = [http://www.ampolymer.com/SDS/PolyvinylAcetateSDS.html MSDS]
-  }}
+}}
-|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
-| ExternalSDS = [http://www.ampolymer.com/SDS/PolyvinylAcetateSDS.html MSDS]
-| NFPA-H =
-| NFPA-R =
-| NFPA-F =
-| RPhrases =
-| SPhrases =
-| FlashPt =
-| ExploLimits =
-| AutoignitionPt =
-  }}
 }}
-'''Polyvinyl acetate''' ('''PVA''', '''PVAc''', '''poly(ethenyl ethanoate)'''), commonly known as '''wood glue''', '''white glue''', '''carpenter's glue''', '''school glue''', or '''[[Elmer's Products|Elmer's]] glue''' in the US, is a widely available adhesive used for porous materials like wood, paper, and cloth. An [[Aliphatic compound|aliphatic]] [[rubber]]y [[synthetic polymer]] with the formula (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>''n''</sub>, it belongs to the [[polyvinyl ester]] family, with the general formula −[RCOOCHCH<sub>2</sub>]−. It is a type of [[thermoplastic]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Murray | first = G. T. | title = Handbook of materials selection for engineering applications | page = 242 | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1997 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NC-AXM9U6qsC&pg=PA242 | isbn = 978-0-8247-9910-6 | postscript =.}}</ref>
+'''Polyvinyl acetate''' ('''PVA''', '''PVAc''', '''poly(ethenyl ethanoate)'''), commonly known as '''wood glue''', '''PVA glue''', '''white glue''', '''carpenter's glue''', '''school glue''', or [[Elmer's Glue]] in the US, is a widely available adhesive used for porous materials like wood, paper, and cloth. An [[Aliphatic compound|aliphatic]] [[rubber]]y [[synthetic polymer]] with the formula (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>''n''</sub>, it belongs to the [[polyvinyl ester]] family, with the general formula −[RCOOCHCH<sub>2</sub>]−. It is a type of [[thermoplastic]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Murray | first = G. T. | title = Handbook of materials selection for engineering applications | page = 242 | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1997 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NC-AXM9U6qsC&pg=PA242 | isbn = 978-0-8247-9910-6 | postscript =.}}</ref>
 == Properties ==
 The [[degree of polymerization]] of polyvinyl acetate is typically 100 to 5000, while its [[ester group]]s are sensitive to [[base hydrolysis]] and slowly convert PVAc into [[polyvinyl alcohol]] and [[acetic acid]].
-The [[glass transition]] temperature of polyvinyl acetate is between 30 and 45&nbsp;°C depending on the molecular weight.
+The [[glass transition]] temperature of polyvinyl acetate is between 30 and 45 °C depending on the molecular weight.
-PVAc dispersions such as [[Elmer's Glue-All]] contain polyvinyl alcohol as a protective colloid. In alkaline conditions, [[boron]] compounds such as [[boric acid]] or [[borax]] cause the polyvinyl alcohol to [[cross-link]], forming tackifying precipitates or toys, such as [[slime (toy)|Slime]] and [[Flubber (material)|Flubber]].
+PVAc dispersions such as [[Elmer's Glue-All]] contain polyvinyl alcohol as a [[protective colloid]]. In alkaline conditions, [[boron]] compounds such as [[boric acid]] or [[borax]] cause the polyvinyl alcohol to [[cross-link]], forming tackifying precipitates or toys, such as [[slime (toy)|Slime]] and [[Flubber (material)|Flubber]].
-A number of microorganisms can degrade polyvinyl acetate. Most commonly, damage is caused by filamentous [[fungus|fungi]]; however, [[algae]], [[yeast]]s, [[lichen]]s, and [[bacteria]] can also degrade polyvinyl acetate.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=2227722 |title=Microorganisms Attack Synthetic Polymers in Items Representing Our Cultural Heritage |author1=Francesca Cappitelli |author2=Claudia Sorlini |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |date=2008 |volume=74 |issue=3 |pmid=18065627 |doi=10.1128/AEM.01768-07 |pages=564–569}}</ref>
+A number of microorganisms can degrade polyvinyl acetate. Most commonly, damage is caused by filamentous [[fungus|fungi]]; however, [[algae]], [[yeast]]s, [[lichen]]s, and [[bacteria]] can also degrade polyvinyl acetate.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=2227722 |title=Microorganisms Attack Synthetic Polymers in Items Representing Our Cultural Heritage |author1=Francesca Cappitelli |author2=Claudia Sorlini |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |date=2008 |volume=74 |issue=3 |pmid=18065627 |doi=10.1128/AEM.01768-07 |pages=564–569|bibcode=2008ApEnM..74..564C }}</ref>
 == Discovery ==
+Polyvinyl acetate was discovered in [[Germany]] in 1912 by [[Fritz Klatte]].<ref>See:
+* Deutsches Reichspatent no. 281687 (4 July 1913), ''Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London)'', vol.&nbsp;34, p.&nbsp;623 (1915);
+* Deutsches Reichspatent no.&nbsp;281688 (2 April 1914);
+* British patent no.&nbsp;15271 (25 June 1914.);
+* Fritz Klatte and Adolf Rollett, [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01241738&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsearch-adv.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526d%3DPALL%2526S1%3D01241738%2526OS%3DPN%2F01241738%2526RS%3DPN%2F01241738&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page "Plastic composition and process of producing it"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510073454/http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01241738&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsearch-adv.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526d%3DPALL%2526S1%3D01241738%2526OS%3DPN%2F01241738%2526RS%3DPN%2F01241738&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page |date=2017-05-10 }}, U.S. Patent 1,241,738 (filed: July&nbsp;3, 1914; issued: Oct.&nbsp;2, 1917), an abstract of which appears in the ''Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London)'', vol.&nbsp;36, p.&nbsp;1185 (1917).</ref>
+The monomer, [[vinyl acetate]], was first produced on an industrial scale by the addition of [[acetic acid]] to [[acetylene]] with a mercury(I) salt,<ref>Rutherford John Gettens and George Leslie Stout, ''Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia'' (Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand, 1942), [https://books.google.com/books?id=bdQVgKWl3f4C&dq=Klatte&pg=PA74 page 74].</ref> but it is now primarily made by [[palladium]]-catalyzed oxidative addition of [[acetic acid]] to [[ethylene]].
-Poly(vinyl acetate) was discovered in [[Germany]] in 1912 by [[Fritz Klatte]].<ref>See:<br />
-* Deutsche Reichs Patent no. 281687 (4 July 1913), ''Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London)'', vol.&nbsp;34, p.&nbsp;623 (1915);
-* Deutsche Reichs Patent no.&nbsp;281688 (2 April 1914);
-* British Patent no.&nbsp;15271 (25 June 1914.);
-* Fritz Klatte and Adolf Rollett, [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01241738&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsearch-adv.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526d%3DPALL%2526S1%3D01241738%2526OS%3DPN%2F01241738%2526RS%3DPN%2F01241738&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page "Plastic composition and process of producing it"], U.S. Patent 1,241,738 (filed: July&nbsp;3, 1914; issued: Oct.&nbsp;2, 1917), an abstract of which appears in the ''Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London)'', vol.&nbsp;36, p.&nbsp;1185 (1917).</ref>
-The monomer, [[vinyl acetate]], was first produced on an industrial scale by the addition of [[acetic acid]] to [[acetylene]] with a mercury(I) salt,<ref>Rutherford John Gettens and George Leslie Stout, ''Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia'' (Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand, 1942), [https://books.google.ie/books?id=bdQVgKWl3f4C&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq=Klatte&source=bl&ots=B67Da0IF4M&sig=wuCdGI05oLG5CatQzHmizXlXSlY&hl=en&ei=EbsdSrOxFMyrjAeQqMyKDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8#v=onepage&q=Klatte&f=false page 74].</ref> but it is now primarily made by [[palladium]]-catalyzed oxidative addition of [[acetic acid]] to [[ethylene]].
 == Preparation ==
 PVA is a [[vinyl polymer]]. Polyvinyl acetate is prepared by the [[polymerization]] of [[vinyl acetate|vinyl acetate monomer]] ([[Radical (chemistry)|free-radical]] vinyl polymerization of the [[monomer]] vinyl acetate).
 == Applications ==
+As a [[Dispersion (chemistry)|dispersion]] in water (usually an emulsion), PVAc preparations are used as [[adhesive]]s for [[porosity|porous]] materials, particularly for [[wood]], [[paper]], and [[cloth]], and as a consolidant for porous building stone, in particular [[sandstone]].<ref name="Report">{{cite web |url=http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/miconsol.htm |title=Stone consolidants and chemical treatments in Scotland |publisher=[[Robert Gordon University]], Building Research Establishment and Historic Scotland |last=Young|first=M. E.|last2=Murray|first2=M.|last3=Cordiner|first3=P. |year=1999 |access-date=2009-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117184257/http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/miconsol.htm |archive-date=2016-11-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-As a [[Dispersion_(chemistry)|dispersion]] in water, PVAc preparations are used as [[adhesive]]s for [[porosity|porous]] materials, particularly for [[wood]], [[paper]], and [[cloth]], and as a consolidant for porous building stone, in particular [[sandstone]].<ref name="Report">{{cite web |url=http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/miconsol.htm |title=Stone consolidants and chemical treatments in Scotland |publisher=[[Robert Gordon University]], Building Research Establishment and Historic Scotland |authors=Young M. E., Murray M., Cordiner P. |year=1999 |access-date=2009-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117184257/http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/miconsol.htm |archive-date=2016-11-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 Uses:
@@ Line 82: / Line 67: @@
 * As [[envelope]] adhesive.
 * As [[wallpaper adhesive]].
-* As a [[Primer (paint)|primer]] for [[drywall]] and other substrates
+* As a [[Primer (paint)|primer]] for [[drywall]] and other substrates.
-* As a gum base in [[chewing gum]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amann |first1=Manfred |last2=Minge |first2=Oliver |date=2012 |title=Biodegradability of Poly(vinyl acetate) and Related Polymers |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287603466 |journal=Advances in Polymer Science |volume=245 |pages=137–172 |doi=10.1007/12-2011-153 |doi-broken-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>
+* As a gum base in [[chewing gum]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amann |first1=Manfred |last2=Minge |first2=Oliver |date=2012 |title=Biodegradability of Poly(vinyl acetate) and Related Polymers |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287603466 |journal=Advances in Polymer Science |volume=245 |pages=137–172 |doi=10.1007/12_2011_153|isbn=978-3-642-27153-3 }}</ref>
+* As a water-soluble support material for [[3D printing]], usually for the [[fused filament fabrication]] method.<ref>https://www.simplify3d.com/resources/materials-guide/pva/</ref>
 * As an adhesive for [[Rolling paper|cigarette paper]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coggins |first1=Christopher R. E. |last2=Jerome |first2=Ann M. |last3=Lilly |first3=Patrick D. |last4=McKinney |first4=Willie J. |last5=Oldham |first5=Michael J. |date=2013 |title=A comprehensive toxicological evaluation of three adhesives using experimental cigarettes |journal=Inhalation Toxicology |volume=25 Suppl 2 |pages=6–18 |doi=10.3109/08958378.2013.854430 |issn=1091-7691 |pmid=24341843 |s2cid=6414435}}</ref>
+* As the coating layer on [[Gouda cheese]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Van den Berg|first=G.|title=Dutch-Type Cheeses|date=2002-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122272358000778|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences|pages=371–378|editor-last=Roginski|editor-first=Hubert|place=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|isbn=978-0-12-227235-6|access-date=2021-12-10}}</ref>
-The stiff [[homopolymer]] PVAc, but mostly the more soft [[copolymer]], a combination of vinyl acetate and ethylene, [[ethylene vinyl acetate|vinyl acetate ethylene]] (VAE), is also used in [[paper]] coatings, [[paint]] and other industrial coatings, as a binder in [[nonwoven]]s in [[glass fiber]]s, [[sanitary napkins]], [[filter paper]] and in [[textile finishing]].
+The stiff [[homopolymer]] PVAc, but mostly the softer [[copolymer]], a combination of vinyl acetate and ethylene, [[ethylene vinyl acetate|vinyl acetate ethylene]] (VAE), is also used in [[paper]] coatings, [[paint]] and other industrial coatings, as a binder in [[nonwoven]]s in [[glass fiber]]s, [[sanitary napkins]], [[filter paper]] and in [[textile finishing]].
 Polyvinyl acetate is also the raw material to make other polymers like:
@@ Line 93: / Line 80: @@
 == See also ==
 * [[Ethylene vinyl acetate]]
 * [[International Klein Blue]]
@@ Line 109: / Line 95: @@
 [[Category:Woodworking adhesives]]
 [[Category:Wood finishing materials]]
-[[Category:Polymers]]
 [[Category:Acetate esters]]