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{{Short description|Historic state in modern Ethiopia}}
{{Short description|Historic state in modern Ethiopia}}
[[File:Harladomain.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Location of Gidaya state in the middle ages]]
'''Gidaya''' ([[Harari language|Harari]]: ጊዳየ ''Gidayä''), also known as '''Gedaya''' or '''Jidaya''' was a historical [[Muslim]] state located in present-day eastern [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Loimeier |first1=Roman |title=Muslim Societies in Africa A Historical Anthropology |date=2013 |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=184 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Muslim_Societies_in_Africa/dR5yCmUejWEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=smaller+principalties+gidaya&pg=PA184&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges |year=2017 |publisher=LitVerlag |page=234 |isbn=9783643908926 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-g7DwAAQBAJ&dq=islamized+polities+also+in+gidaya&pg=PA234}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Spuler |first1=Bertold |title=The Last Great Muslim Empires |date=August 1997 |publisher=BRILL |page=170 |isbn=9004021043 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&dq=jidaya+harar&pg=PA170}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ende |first1=Werner |title=Islam in the World Today A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society |publisher=Cornell University Press |page=436 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Islam_in_the_World_Today/-dM4hPlxMw8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=jidaya+harar&pg=PA436&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> It neighbored other states in the medieval era including Ifat, Adal, [[Hubat]], Hargaya, Mora, [[Hadiya Sultanate|Hadiya]], and [[Fatagar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schneider |first1=Madeleine |title=Stèles funéraires musulmanes de la province du Choa |publisher=Annales d'Éthiopie |page=78 |url=https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_1970_num_8_1_883.pdf}}</ref>
'''Gidaya''' ([[Harari language|Harari]]: ጊዳየ ''Gidayä''; [[Somali language|Somali]]: Gidaaya), also known as '''Gedaya''' or '''Jidaya''' was a historical [[Muslim]] state located around present-day eastern [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Loimeier |first1=Roman |title=Muslim Societies in Africa A Historical Anthropology |date=2013 |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=184 |isbn=9780253007971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dR5yCmUejWEC&dq=smaller+principalties+gidaya&pg=PA184}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges |year=2017 |publisher=LitVerlag |page=234 |isbn=9783643908926 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-g7DwAAQBAJ&dq=islamized+polities+also+in+gidaya&pg=PA234}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Spuler |first1=Bertold |title=The Last Great Muslim Empires |date=August 1997 |publisher=BRILL |page=170 |isbn=9004021043 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&dq=jidaya+harar&pg=PA170}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ende |first1=Werner |title=Islam in the World Today A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society |date=15 December 2011 |publisher=Cornell University Press |page=436 |isbn=978-0801464898 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&dq=jidaya+harar&pg=PA436}}</ref> The state was positioned on the Harar plateau and a district of [[Adal (historical region)|Adal]] region alongside [[Hargaya]] and [[Hubat]] polities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Braukamper |first1=Ulrich |title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia |year=2002 |publisher=Lit |page=33 |isbn=9783825856717 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&dq=sub+provinces+of+adal+:hubat&pg=PA33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cerulli |first1=Enrico |title=Islam yesterday and today |page=178 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g-LkxaXWZopjLCFEuWm8wnly2lh4WvFp/view}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gidaya |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/gidaya-(%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AB)}}</ref> It neighbored other states in the medieval era including [[Ifat (historical region)|Ifat]], [[Mora (historical region)|Mora]], [[Hadiya Sultanate|Hadiya]], [[Fatagar]], [[Biqulzar]], [[Fedis]] and [[Kwelgora]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schneider |first1=Madeleine |title=Stèles funéraires musulmanes de la province du Choa |publisher=Annales d'Éthiopie |page=78 |url=https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_1970_num_8_1_883.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hirsch |first1=Bertrand |title=Le récit des guerres du roi ʿAmda Ṣeyon contre les sultanats islamiques, fiction épique du XVe siècle |year=2020 |issue=79 |journal=Médiévales |page=107 |jstor=27092794 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27092794}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
According to Dr. Lapiso Delebo, Gidaya was one of the Islamic states that had developed in the [[Horn of Africa]] from the ninth to fourteenth centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dilebo |first1=Lapiso |title=An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D. |date=2003 |publisher=Commercial Printing Enterprise |url=https://emu.tind.io/record/42082?ln=en}}</ref> The people of Gidaya were reportedly a sub clan of the [[Harla people]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=WONDIMU |first1=ALEMAYEHU |title=A CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE HARARI PEOPLE |publisher=Jimma University |page=1 |url=https://repository.ju.edu.et/bitstream/handle/123456789/803/Edd.%20Ful.%20%20His.%20RES.%207%20Alemayehu%2020099.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421223316/https://repository.ju.edu.et/bitstream/handle/123456789/803/Edd.%20Ful.%20%20His.%20RES.%207%20Alemayehu%2020099.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=2021-04-21 }}</ref> The earliest mention of Gidaya state is during its conflict with the [[Makhzumi dynasty]] in 1266.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahzumi dynasty |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/mahzumi-dynasty}}</ref> In the thirteenth century the [[Arab]] writer [[Al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il|al-Mufaḍḍal]] mentions the king of Gidaya was named Yûsuf ibn Arsamâyah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hirsch |first1=Bertrand |title=The port of Zeyla and its hinterland in the Middle Ages |publisher=French Center for Ethiopian Studies |url=https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714}}</ref>
The earliest mention of Gidaya state is during its conflict with the [[Makhzumi dynasty]] in 1266.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahzumi dynasty |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/mahzumi-dynasty}}</ref> In the thirteenth century the [[Arab]] writer [[Al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il|al-Mufaḍḍal]] mentions the king of Gidaya was named Yûsuf ibn Arsamâyah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hirsch |first1=Bertrand |title=The port of Zeyla and its hinterland in the Middle Ages |publisher=French Center for Ethiopian Studies |url=https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714}}</ref> In 1285 [[Walasma dynasty]] crushed a rebellion led by Gidaya which allied with Shewa to revive the Makhzumi state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamrat |first1=Tadesse |title=Church and state |publisher=University of London |page=245 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28644/1/10672804.pdf}}</ref> In the fourteenth century it was under the [[Ifat Sultanate]] and later the [[Adal Sultanate]] with its leader known as the [[Garad]]. In the sixteenth century the people of Gidaya were part of the army of [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] during the [[Ethiopian-Adal war]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oliver |first1=Roland |title=The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050 |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=170 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Cambridge_History_of_Africa_From_c_5/GWjxR61xAe0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=geday+cambridge&pg=PA170&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> Ulrich Braukamper states Gidaya may be associated with Giri mentioned in the Futuh al Habasha who today are of dual Oromo and Somali ancestry living around [[Jigjiga]], the persumed location of Gidaya state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Braukamper |first1=Ulrich |title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia |publisher=Lit |page=34 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Islamic_History_and_Culture_in_Southern/HGnyk8Pg9NgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=gidaya+hubat&pg=PA34&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> The name Gidaya still exists as a surname in [[Harar]], and according to researcher Mahdi Gadid, Gidaya state was primarily inhabited by [[Harari people]] before being assimilated by the [[Oromo people|Oromo]] and [[Somali people]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Gidaya |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/gidaya-(%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AB)}}</ref> According to [[Harari language|Harari]] records Gidaya state collapsed due to the [[Oromo migrations]] and famine.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trimingham |first1=J. |title=Islam in Ethiopia |date=13 September 2013 |publisher=Routledge |pages=93–94 |isbn=9781136970221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&dq=jidaya+harar&pg=PA93}}</ref>

In 1285 [[Walasma dynasty]] crushed a rebellion led by Gidaya which allied with Shewa to revive the Makhzumi state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamrat |first1=Tadesse |title=Church and state |publisher=University of London |page=245 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28644/1/10672804.pdf}}</ref> In the fourteenth century it was under the [[Ifat Sultanate]] and later the [[Adal Sultanate]] with its leader known as the [[Garad]].

In the sixteenth century the people of Gidaya were part of the army of [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] during the [[Ethiopian-Adal war]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamrat |first1=Taddesse |title=Review: Place Names in Ethiopian History |date=November 1991 |publisher=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |page=120 |jstor=41965996 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965996}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Oliver |first1=Roland |title=The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050 |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=170 |isbn=9780521209816 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&dq=geday+cambridge&pg=PA170}}</ref> Ulrich Braukamper states Gidaya may be associated with [[Geri Koombe|Giri]] clan of the [[Somali people|Somali]] mentioned in the Futuh al Habasha who today live around [[Jigjiga]], the presumed location of Gidaya state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Braukamper |first1=Ulrich |title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia |year=2002 |publisher=Lit |page=34 |isbn=9783825856717 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&dq=gidaya+hubat&pg=PA34}}</ref>

Towns within Gidaya were reportedly surrounded by ramparts by the late sixteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mercier |first1=Héloïse |title=Writing and rewriting history from Harar to Awsa : a reappraisal of the Taʾrīkh al-mulūk |publisher=Annales d'Éthiopie |page=55 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2022_num_34_1_1711}}</ref> The name Gidaya still exists as a surname in [[Harar]], and according to researcher Mahdi Gadid, Gidaya state was primarily inhabited by [[Harari people]] before being assimilated by the [[Oromo people|Oromo]] and [[Somali people]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Gidaya |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/gidaya-(%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AB)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ogot |first1=Bethwell |title=Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century |year=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |page=711 |isbn=9780435948115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dj9RRrvYjkC&dq=gidaya+hargaya&pg=PA711}}</ref> Historian [[Merid Wolde Aregay]] deduced that the Hargaya state language was [[Harari language|Harari]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aregay |first1=Merid |title=Political Geography of Ethiopia at the beginning of the Sixteenth Century|publisher=Accademia nazionale dei Lincei |page=624 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Problemi_attuali_di_scienza_e_di_cultura/bu7QAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=sim+hargay+gedaya&dq=sim+hargay+gedaya&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> According to [[Harari language|Harari]] records Gidaya state collapsed due to the [[Oromo migrations]] and famine.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trimingham |first1=J. |title=Islam in Ethiopia |date=13 September 2013 |publisher=Routledge |pages=93–94 |isbn=9781136970221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&dq=jidaya+harar&pg=PA93}}</ref>

==Legacy==

[[Aw (father)|Aw]] Gidaya is considered a [[wali|saint]] in Harar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foucher |first1=Emile |title=The Cult Of Muslim Saints In Harar: Religious Dimension |publisher=Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference of Ethiopian Studies |page=8 |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/The-Cult-of-Muslim-Saints-in-Harar-Religious-Dimension-Foucher.pdf}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Jidwaq (clan)]]
* [[Hubat]], neighboring state


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Cities of the Adal Sultanate]]
[[Category:Cities of the Adal Sultanate]]
[[Category:History of Islam in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Islam in Somalia]]
[[Category:History of Harar]]
[[Category:History of the Somali Region (Ethiopia)]]

Latest revision as of 18:42, 19 June 2024

Location of Gidaya state in the middle ages

Gidaya (Harari: ጊዳየ Gidayä; Somali: Gidaaya), also known as Gedaya or Jidaya was a historical Muslim state located around present-day eastern Ethiopia.[1][2][3][4] The state was positioned on the Harar plateau and a district of Adal region alongside Hargaya and Hubat polities.[5][6][7] It neighbored other states in the medieval era including Ifat, Mora, Hadiya, Fatagar, Biqulzar, Fedis and Kwelgora.[8][9]

History

[edit]

According to Dr. Lapiso Delebo, Gidaya was one of the Islamic states that had developed in the Horn of Africa from the ninth to fourteenth centuries.[10] The people of Gidaya were reportedly a sub clan of the Harla people.[11] The earliest mention of Gidaya state is during its conflict with the Makhzumi dynasty in 1266.[12] In the thirteenth century the Arab writer al-Mufaḍḍal mentions the king of Gidaya was named Yûsuf ibn Arsamâyah.[13]

In 1285 Walasma dynasty crushed a rebellion led by Gidaya which allied with Shewa to revive the Makhzumi state.[14] In the fourteenth century it was under the Ifat Sultanate and later the Adal Sultanate with its leader known as the Garad.

In the sixteenth century the people of Gidaya were part of the army of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi during the Ethiopian-Adal war.[15][16] Ulrich Braukamper states Gidaya may be associated with Giri clan of the Somali mentioned in the Futuh al Habasha who today live around Jigjiga, the presumed location of Gidaya state.[17]

Towns within Gidaya were reportedly surrounded by ramparts by the late sixteenth century.[18] The name Gidaya still exists as a surname in Harar, and according to researcher Mahdi Gadid, Gidaya state was primarily inhabited by Harari people before being assimilated by the Oromo and Somali people.[19][20] Historian Merid Wolde Aregay deduced that the Hargaya state language was Harari.[21] According to Harari records Gidaya state collapsed due to the Oromo migrations and famine.[22]

Legacy

[edit]

Aw Gidaya is considered a saint in Harar.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Loimeier, Roman (2013). Muslim Societies in Africa A Historical Anthropology. Indiana University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780253007971.
  2. ^ Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges. LitVerlag. 2017. p. 234. ISBN 9783643908926.
  3. ^ Spuler, Bertold (August 1997). The Last Great Muslim Empires. BRILL. p. 170. ISBN 9004021043.
  4. ^ Ende, Werner (15 December 2011). Islam in the World Today A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society. Cornell University Press. p. 436. ISBN 978-0801464898.
  5. ^ Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Lit. p. 33. ISBN 9783825856717.
  6. ^ Cerulli, Enrico. Islam yesterday and today. p. 178.
  7. ^ Gidaya. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  8. ^ Schneider, Madeleine. Stèles funéraires musulmanes de la province du Choa (PDF). Annales d'Éthiopie. p. 78.
  9. ^ Hirsch, Bertrand (2020). "Le récit des guerres du roi ʿAmda Ṣeyon contre les sultanats islamiques, fiction épique du XVe siècle". Médiévales (79): 107. JSTOR 27092794.
  10. ^ Dilebo, Lapiso (2003). An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D. Commercial Printing Enterprise.
  11. ^ WONDIMU, ALEMAYEHU. A CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE HARARI PEOPLE (PDF). Jimma University. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-21.
  12. ^ Mahzumi dynasty. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  13. ^ Hirsch, Bertrand. The port of Zeyla and its hinterland in the Middle Ages. French Center for Ethiopian Studies.
  14. ^ Tamrat, Tadesse. Church and state (PDF). University of London. p. 245.
  15. ^ Tamrat, Taddesse (November 1991). Review: Place Names in Ethiopian History. Journal of Ethiopian Studies. p. 120. JSTOR 41965996.
  16. ^ Oliver, Roland (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 9780521209816.
  17. ^ Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Lit. p. 34. ISBN 9783825856717.
  18. ^ Mercier, Héloïse. Writing and rewriting history from Harar to Awsa : a reappraisal of the Taʾrīkh al-mulūk. Annales d'Éthiopie. p. 55.
  19. ^ Gidaya. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  20. ^ Ogot, Bethwell (1992). Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. University of California Press. p. 711. ISBN 9780435948115.
  21. ^ Aregay, Merid. Political Geography of Ethiopia at the beginning of the Sixteenth Century. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. p. 624.
  22. ^ Trimingham, J. (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Routledge. pp. 93–94. ISBN 9781136970221.
  23. ^ Foucher, Emile. The Cult Of Muslim Saints In Harar: Religious Dimension (PDF). Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. p. 8.
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