Zhao Erxun: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Qing dynasty politician and historian (1844–1927)}} |
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{{More footnotes needed|date=June 2024}} |
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{{family name hatnote|[[Zhao (surname)|Zhao]]|lang=Chinese}} |
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| name = Zhao Erxun |
| name = Zhao Erxun |
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| image = File:Zhao Erxun.jpg |
| image = File:Zhao Erxun.jpg |
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| imagesize = 200px |
| imagesize = 200px |
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| caption = |
| caption = |
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| order = President of the [[:zh:临时参政院|Provisional National Council]] |
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| term_start = 30 July 1925 |
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| term_end = 9 April 1926 |
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| deputy = Tang Yi |
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| primeminister = [[Duan Qirui]] |
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| predecessor = ''position created'' |
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| successor = [[Li Yuanhong]] (as President of the [[:zh:参政院|National Council]]) |
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| order1 = [[Government of Zhang Xun|Minister for Advice]] |
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| term_start1 = 1 July |
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| term_end1 = 12 July 1917 |
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| primeminister1 = [[Zhang Xun]] |
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| alongside1 = [[Chen Kuilong]], Zhang Yinglin, Feng Xu |
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| predecessor1 = |
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| successor1 = |
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| order2 = [[Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces]] |
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| term_start2 = 20 April 1911 |
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| term_end2 = 12 February 1912 |
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| predecessor2 = [[Xiliang (official)|Xiliang]] |
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| predecessor3 = [[Chen Kuilong]] |
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| order6 = [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Minister of Revenue]] |
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| term_start6 = 14 August 1904 |
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| term_end6 = 7 May 1905 |
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| alongside6 = Rongqing |
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| predecessor6 = [[Lu Chuanlin]] |
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| successor6 = [[Zhang Baixi]] |
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| order7 = [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Governor]] of [[Hunan]] |
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| term_start7 = January 1903 |
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| term_end7 = May 1904 |
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| predecessor7 = Yu Liansan |
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| successor7 = Lu Yuanding |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1844|5|23|df=y}} |
| birth_date = {{birth date|1844|5|23|df=y}} |
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| birth_place = |
| birth_place = |
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| spouse = |
| spouse = |
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}} |
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{{Chinese |
{{Chinese |
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|t=趙爾巽 |
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|s=赵尔巽 |
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|p=Zhào Ěrxùn |
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|w=Chao Erh-hsün |
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|altname=Cishan<br>{{small|([[courtesy name]])}}|c2=次珊|p2=Cìshān |
|altname=Cishan<br />{{small|([[courtesy name]])}} |
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|c2=次珊 |
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|p2=Cìshān |
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|altname3=Wubu<br>{{small|([[Art name|pseudonym]])}}|t3=無補|s3=无补|p3=Wúbǔ}} |
|altname3=Wubu<br />{{small|([[Art name|pseudonym]])}} |
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|t3=無補 |
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|s3=无补 |
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|p3=Wúbǔ |
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}} |
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'''Zhao Erxun''' (23 May 1844 – 3 September 1927), [[courtesy name]] '''Cishan''' |
'''Zhao Erxun''' (23 May 1844 – 3 September 1927), [[courtesy name]] '''Cishan''', [[art name]] '''Wubu''', was a Chinese political and military officeholder who lived in the late [[Qing dynasty]]. He served in numerous high-ranking positions under the Qing government, including [[Viceroy of Sichuan]], [[Viceroy of Huguang]], and [[Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces]]. After the fall of the Qing dynasty, he became a historian and was the lead editor of the ''[[Draft History of Qing]]'' (''Qing Shi Gao''). |
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==Life== |
==Life== |
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=== Early career === |
=== Early career === |
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Zhao's [[Ancestral home (Chinese)|ancestral roots]] were in [[Tieling]], Fengtian Province (present-day [[Liaoning|Liaoning Province]]). His family was under the Plain Blue Banner of the [[ |
Zhao's [[Ancestral home (Chinese)|ancestral roots]] were in [[Tieling]], Fengtian Province (present-day [[Liaoning|Liaoning Province]]). His family was under the Plain Blue Banner of the [[Han Chinese Eight Banners]]. He sat for the provincial-level [[imperial examination]] in 1867 and obtained the position of a [[Imperial examination#Degree types|''juren'']]. In 1874, he sat for the palace-level examination and emerged as a ''[[jinshi]]'', after which he was admitted to the [[Hanlin Academy]] as a ''bianxiu'' (編修; compiler and editor). |
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The first position Zhao held was an assistant examiner for the provincial-level imperial examination in [[Hubei|Hubei Province]]. Later, he was promoted to a [[Censorate|Supervising Censor]] of the [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Ministry of Works]]. In 1893, he served as a prefect in [[Guizhou|Guizhou Province]] and was promoted to a ''daotai'' (道台; a type of military official). He was transferred to [[Guangdong|Guangdong Province]] later. He subsequently served as the ''anchashi'' (按察使; Provincial Judicial Commissioner) in [[Anhui]] and [[Shaanxi]] provinces, and later as the ''buzhengshi'' (布政使; Provincial Financial Commissioner) of [[Gansu]], [[Shanxi]] and [[Xinjiang]] provinces. |
The first position Zhao held was an assistant examiner for the provincial-level imperial examination in [[Hubei|Hubei Province]]. Later, he was promoted to a [[Censorate|Supervising Censor]] of the [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Ministry of Works]]. In 1893, he served as a prefect in [[Guizhou|Guizhou Province]] and was promoted to a ''daotai'' (道台; a type of military official). He was transferred to [[Guangdong|Guangdong Province]] later. He subsequently served as the ''anchashi'' (按察使; Provincial Judicial Commissioner) in [[Anhui]] and [[Shaanxi]] provinces, and later as the ''buzhengshi'' (布政使; Provincial Financial Commissioner) of [[Gansu]], [[Shanxi]] and [[Xinjiang]] provinces. |
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In November 1902, Zhao was appointed as the [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|''xunfu'' (Provincial Governor)]] of Shanxi Province. A year later, he was made acting ''xunfu'' of [[Hunan|Hunan Province]]. In August 1904, he was recalled to the imperial capital, [[Beijing]], to serve as acting [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of Revenue]]. One year later, he was sent to Fengtian Province to serve as "General of [[Shenyang|Shengjing]]" (盛京將軍). |
In November 1902, Zhao was appointed as the [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|''xunfu'' (Provincial Governor)]] of Shanxi Province. A year later, he was made acting ''xunfu'' of [[Hunan|Hunan Province]]. In August 1904, he was recalled to the imperial capital, [[Beijing]], to serve as acting [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of Revenue]]. One year later, he was sent to Fengtian Province to serve as "General of [[Shenyang|Shengjing]]" ({{lang|zh-Hant|盛京將軍}}). |
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=== Activities in Tibet and as Viceroy of Sichuan and the Three Northeast Provinces === |
=== Activities in Tibet and as Viceroy of Sichuan and the Three Northeast Provinces === |
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In March 1907, Zhao replaced [[Xiliang ( |
In March 1907, Zhao replaced [[Xiliang (official)|Xiliang]] as the [[Viceroy of Sichuan]] but never assumed office. His brother, [[Zhao Erfeng]], succeeded him as the Viceroy of Sichuan. Around August, when [[Zhang Zhidong]] was recalled to Beijing to serve on the [[Grand Council (Qing dynasty)|Grand Council]], Zhao was appointed as [[Viceroy of Huguang]] to replace Zhang. He was also given the honorary appointments of [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Secretary of Defence]] and [[Censorate|Censor-in-Chief]]. During his tenure as Viceroy of Huguang, he set up the Hubei Law School ({{lang|zh-Hant|湖北法政學堂}}). |
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Zhao and his brother Zhao Erfeng extended Qing rule into Eastern Tibet ([[Kham]]) and sent an army to [[Lhasa]] in 1908. This initially worked with the restored [[13th Dalai Lama]] but later drove him out after strong disagreements about a conflict between Lamas in Eastern Tibet and the Qing government in Sichuan. It has been suggested that this conflict, along with an increase in taxes, caused the [[Xinhai Revolution|September 1911 rebellion in Sichuan]].{{ |
Zhao and his brother Zhao Erfeng extended Qing rule into Eastern Tibet ([[Kham]]) and sent an army to [[Lhasa]] in 1908. This initially worked{{Citation needed|reason=Sources needed to support this claim|date=December 2018}} with the restored [[13th Dalai Lama]] but later drove him out after strong disagreements about a conflict between Lamas in Eastern Tibet and the Qing government in Sichuan. It has been suggested that this conflict, along with an increase in taxes, caused the [[Xinhai Revolution|September 1911 rebellion in Sichuan]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} [[Han Suyin]] takes a different view and says that the main issue in the conflict was control over a planned railway that would have linked Sichuan to the rest of China.<ref>{{cite book|last=Han|first=Suyin|author-link=Han Suyin|title=[[The Crippled Tree]]|year=1972|location=U.K.|publisher=Triad Books}}</ref> |
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In March 1908, Zhao was reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Sichuan again. Around April 1911, he was transferred to [[Manchuria]] to serve as the [[Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces]] (or Viceroy of Manchuria) and awarded an honorary title as an [[Imperial Commissioner (China)|Imperial Commissioner]]. During his tenure, he established the Fengtian Military School (奉天講武堂) and promoted [[Zhang Zuolin]] to deputy military chief of the Fengtian Citizen Security Association. He served as Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces until the [[Xinhai Revolution]] overthrew the Qing dynasty in early 1912. |
In March 1908, Zhao was reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Sichuan again. Around April 1911, he was transferred to [[Manchuria]] to serve as the [[Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces]] (or Viceroy of Manchuria) and awarded an honorary title as an [[Imperial Commissioner (China)|Imperial Commissioner]]. During his tenure, he established the Fengtian Military School ({{lang|zh|奉天講武堂}}) and promoted [[Zhang Zuolin]] to deputy military chief of the Fengtian Citizen Security Association. He served as Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces until the [[Xinhai Revolution]] overthrew the Qing dynasty in early 1912. |
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=== Under the Republic === |
=== Under the Republic === |
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In March 1912, the [[National Assembly (Republic of China)|Provisional Assembly]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] passed a bill appointing Zhao as the Viceroy of Fengtian Province, giving him control over Manchuria just like when he was Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces. However, Zhao resigned on 3 November and returned to Beijing. In 1914, [[Yuan Shikai]] appointed Zhao as the director of the Qing History Bureau (清史館) to create a ''[[Draft History of Qing]]'' (''Qing Shi Gao''). |
In March 1912, the [[National Assembly (Republic of China)|Provisional Assembly]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] passed a bill appointing Zhao as the Viceroy of Fengtian Province, giving him control over Manchuria just like when he was Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces. However, Zhao resigned on 3 November and returned to Beijing. In 1914, [[Yuan Shikai]] appointed Zhao as the director of the Qing History Bureau ({{lang|zh|清史館}}) to create a ''[[Draft History of Qing]]'' (''Qing Shi Gao''). |
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In March 1925, when [[Duan Qirui]] convened the Shanhou Conference (善後會議), he nominated Zhao to lead the conference. In June, when the Provisional National Council (臨時參政院) was established, Zhao was nominated to lead the council. |
In March 1925, when [[Duan Qirui]] convened the Shanhou Conference ({{lang|zh-Hant|善後會議}}), he nominated Zhao to lead the conference. In June, when the Provisional National Council ({{lang|zh|臨時參政院}}) was established, Zhao was nominated to lead the council. |
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Zhao died in Beijing in 1927. His tomb is located at the north of Shenshan Village (神山村), Huaibei Town (懷北鎮), [[Huairou District]], Beijing. |
Zhao died in Beijing in 1927. His tomb is located at the north of Shenshan Village ({{lang|zh|神山村}}), Huaibei Town ({{lang|zh-Hant|懷北鎮}}), [[Huairou District]], Beijing. |
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== References == |
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=== Citations === |
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* ''[[Draft History of Qing]]'' |
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{{Reflist}} |
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=== Sources === |
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{{ |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite web|url=https://www.thechinastory.org/ritp/chao-erh-sun-zhao-erxun-%E8%B6%99%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%BD/|title=Chao Erh-sun (Zhao Erxun) 趙爾巽|website=The China Story, Australian Centre on China in the World| |
* {{cite web |url = https://www.thechinastory.org/ritp/chao-erh-sun-zhao-erxun-%E8%B6%99%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%BD/ |title=Chao Erh-sun (Zhao Erxun) 趙爾巽|website=The China Story, Australian Centre on China in the World |access-date=6 December 2016 }} |
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* {{cite book|title=Biographies of Prominent Chinese|year=1925|editor1=Burt, A.R.|editor2=Powell, J.B.|editor3=Crow, Carl|location=Shanghai|publisher=Biographical Publishing Company Inc.}} |
* {{cite book |title=Biographies of Prominent Chinese |year=1925 |editor1=Burt, A.R. |editor2=Powell, J.B. |editor3=Crow, Carl |location=Shanghai |publisher=Biographical Publishing Company Inc. }} |
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{{refend}} |
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{{authority control}} |
{{authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhao, Erxun}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhao, Erxun}} |
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[[Category:Qing dynasty |
[[Category:Qing dynasty government officials]] |
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[[Category:History of Tibet]] |
[[Category:History of Tibet]] |
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[[Category:1844 births]] |
[[Category:1844 births]] |
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[[Category:1927 deaths]] |
[[Category:1927 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Qing dynasty historians]] |
[[Category:Qing dynasty historians]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Politicians from Tieling]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Historians from Liaoning]] |
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[[Category:Political office-holders in Hubei]] |
[[Category:Political office-holders in Hubei]] |
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[[Category:Governors of Sichuan]] |
[[Category:Governors of Sichuan]] |
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[[Category:Political office-holders in Liaoning]] |
[[Category:Political office-holders in Liaoning]] |
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[[Category:Viceroys of Three Northeast Provinces]] |
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[[Category:20th-century Chinese historians]] |
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[[Category:Han Chinese Plain Blue Bannermen]] |
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[[Category:Viceroys of Huguang]] |
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[[Category:Viceroys of Sichuan]] |
Latest revision as of 11:19, 23 June 2024
![]() | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (June 2024) |
Zhao Erxun | |
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President of the Provisional National Council | |
In office 30 July 1925 – 9 April 1926 | |
Prime Minister | Duan Qirui |
Deputy | Tang Yi |
Preceded by | position created |
Succeeded by | Li Yuanhong (as President of the National Council) |
Minister for Advice | |
In office 1 July – 12 July 1917 Serving with Chen Kuilong, Zhang Yinglin, Feng Xu | |
Prime Minister | Zhang Xun |
Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces | |
In office 20 April 1911 – 12 February 1912 | |
Preceded by | Xiliang |
Viceroy of Sichuan | |
In office March 1908 – April 1911 | |
Preceded by | Chen Kuilong |
Succeeded by | Zhao Erfeng |
In office March 1907 – August 1907 | |
Preceded by | Xiliang |
Succeeded by | Zhao Erfeng |
Viceroy of Huguang | |
In office August 1907 – March 1908 | |
Preceded by | Zhang Zhidong |
Succeeded by | Chen Kuilong |
Minister of Revenue | |
In office 14 August 1904 – 7 May 1905 Serving with Rongqing | |
Preceded by | Lu Chuanlin |
Succeeded by | Zhang Baixi |
Governor of Hunan | |
In office January 1903 – May 1904 | |
Preceded by | Yu Liansan |
Succeeded by | Lu Yuanding |
Personal details | |
Born | 23 May 1844 |
Died | 3 September 1927 Beijing, Republic of China | (aged 83)
Zhao Erxun | |||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 趙爾巽 | ||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 赵尔巽 | ||||||||
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Cishan (courtesy name) | |||||||||
Chinese | 次珊 | ||||||||
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Wubu (pseudonym) | |||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 無補 | ||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 无补 | ||||||||
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Zhao Erxun (23 May 1844 – 3 September 1927), courtesy name Cishan, art name Wubu, was a Chinese political and military officeholder who lived in the late Qing dynasty. He served in numerous high-ranking positions under the Qing government, including Viceroy of Sichuan, Viceroy of Huguang, and Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces. After the fall of the Qing dynasty, he became a historian and was the lead editor of the Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao).
Life
[edit]Early career
[edit]Zhao's ancestral roots were in Tieling, Fengtian Province (present-day Liaoning Province). His family was under the Plain Blue Banner of the Han Chinese Eight Banners. He sat for the provincial-level imperial examination in 1867 and obtained the position of a juren. In 1874, he sat for the palace-level examination and emerged as a jinshi, after which he was admitted to the Hanlin Academy as a bianxiu (編修; compiler and editor).
The first position Zhao held was an assistant examiner for the provincial-level imperial examination in Hubei Province. Later, he was promoted to a Supervising Censor of the Ministry of Works. In 1893, he served as a prefect in Guizhou Province and was promoted to a daotai (道台; a type of military official). He was transferred to Guangdong Province later. He subsequently served as the anchashi (按察使; Provincial Judicial Commissioner) in Anhui and Shaanxi provinces, and later as the buzhengshi (布政使; Provincial Financial Commissioner) of Gansu, Shanxi and Xinjiang provinces.
In November 1902, Zhao was appointed as the xunfu (Provincial Governor) of Shanxi Province. A year later, he was made acting xunfu of Hunan Province. In August 1904, he was recalled to the imperial capital, Beijing, to serve as acting Secretary of Revenue. One year later, he was sent to Fengtian Province to serve as "General of Shengjing" (盛京將軍).
Activities in Tibet and as Viceroy of Sichuan and the Three Northeast Provinces
[edit]In March 1907, Zhao replaced Xiliang as the Viceroy of Sichuan but never assumed office. His brother, Zhao Erfeng, succeeded him as the Viceroy of Sichuan. Around August, when Zhang Zhidong was recalled to Beijing to serve on the Grand Council, Zhao was appointed as Viceroy of Huguang to replace Zhang. He was also given the honorary appointments of Secretary of Defence and Censor-in-Chief. During his tenure as Viceroy of Huguang, he set up the Hubei Law School (湖北法政學堂).
Zhao and his brother Zhao Erfeng extended Qing rule into Eastern Tibet (Kham) and sent an army to Lhasa in 1908. This initially worked[citation needed] with the restored 13th Dalai Lama but later drove him out after strong disagreements about a conflict between Lamas in Eastern Tibet and the Qing government in Sichuan. It has been suggested that this conflict, along with an increase in taxes, caused the September 1911 rebellion in Sichuan.[citation needed] Han Suyin takes a different view and says that the main issue in the conflict was control over a planned railway that would have linked Sichuan to the rest of China.[1]
In March 1908, Zhao was reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Sichuan again. Around April 1911, he was transferred to Manchuria to serve as the Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces (or Viceroy of Manchuria) and awarded an honorary title as an Imperial Commissioner. During his tenure, he established the Fengtian Military School (奉天講武堂) and promoted Zhang Zuolin to deputy military chief of the Fengtian Citizen Security Association. He served as Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces until the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty in early 1912.
Under the Republic
[edit]In March 1912, the Provisional Assembly of the Republic of China passed a bill appointing Zhao as the Viceroy of Fengtian Province, giving him control over Manchuria just like when he was Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces. However, Zhao resigned on 3 November and returned to Beijing. In 1914, Yuan Shikai appointed Zhao as the director of the Qing History Bureau (清史館) to create a Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao).
In March 1925, when Duan Qirui convened the Shanhou Conference (善後會議), he nominated Zhao to lead the conference. In June, when the Provisional National Council (臨時參政院) was established, Zhao was nominated to lead the council.
Zhao died in Beijing in 1927. His tomb is located at the north of Shenshan Village (神山村), Huaibei Town (懷北鎮), Huairou District, Beijing.
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Han, Suyin (1972). The Crippled Tree. U.K.: Triad Books.
Sources
[edit]- "Chao Erh-sun (Zhao Erxun) 趙爾巽". The China Story, Australian Centre on China in the World. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
- Burt, A.R.; Powell, J.B.; Crow, Carl, eds. (1925). Biographies of Prominent Chinese. Shanghai: Biographical Publishing Company Inc.
- Qing dynasty government officials
- History of Tibet
- 1844 births
- 1927 deaths
- Qing dynasty historians
- Politicians from Tieling
- Historians from Liaoning
- Political office-holders in Hubei
- Governors of Sichuan
- Political office-holders in Liaoning
- Viceroys of Three Northeast Provinces
- 19th-century Chinese historians
- 20th-century Chinese historians
- Han Chinese Plain Blue Bannermen
- Viceroys of Huguang
- Viceroys of Sichuan