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The term Thraco-Roman describes the Romanized culture of Thracians under the rule of the Roman Empire.

The Odrysian kingdom of Thrace became a Roman client kingdom c. 20 BC, while the Greek city-states on the Black Sea coast came under Roman control, first as civitates foederatae ("allied" cities with internal autonomy). After the death of the Thracian king Rhoemetalces III in 46 AD and an unsuccessful anti-Roman revolt, the kingdom was annexed as the Roman province of Thracia.^[1] The northern Thracians (Getae-Dacians) formed a unified kingdom of Dacia, before being conquered by the Romans in 106 and their land turned into the Roman province of Dacia.

Archaeological sites

The Thraco-Roman Villa Rustica near Chatalka, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria^[2]
Thraco-Roman Cult Complex built in the rocks near Strelkovo, Bulgaria^[3]

Famous individuals

This is a list of several important Thraco-Roman individuals:

Maximinus Thrax, Roman Emperor from 235 to 238. His nickname "Thrax" which is "Thrachian" is due to his origin's.
Regalianus, Roman general and imperial usurper.
Aureolus, Roman military commander and imperial usurper.
Galerius, Roman Emperor from 305 to 311.
Licinius, Roman emperor from 308 to 324.
Maximinus Daza, Roman emperor from 310 to 313.
Constantine the Great, Roman Emperor and member of Thetrarchy, from 306 to 337. He was born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterranea and according to one of his dynastic member Julian the Apostate, his family was of Thracian origin from the Moesi tribe. Thus the Constantinian dynasty was one of the Thraco-Roman dynasties.
Flavius Aetius, Roman general, called "the last of the Romans".
Marcian, Eastern Roman Emperor from 450 to 457.
Leo I, Eastern Roman emperor from 457 to 474, also called "Thrax" which is "Thrachian". His dynasty called Leonid were commonly referred as "The Thracian dynasty".
John Cassian, a 4th-century monk who contributed to bringing the Egyptian monastic tradition to Western Europe. Born in Scythia Minor and died near modern-day Marseilles, southern France
Dionysius Exiguus, a 6th-century monk born in Scythia Minor, most likely of local Thraco-Roman origin.^[4]^{: 130–131}
Justin I, Byzantine Emperor from 518 to 527, was of Thraco-Roman. He was father of Justinian the Great who was referred by John Malalas as being a Thracian.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]
Vitalian, an East Roman general who rebelled in 513 against Emperor Anastasius I (r. 491–518). Vitalian may have been of local Thracian stock, born in Scythia Minor or in Moesia; his father bore a Latin name, Patriciolus, while two of his sons had Thracian names and one a Gothic name.^[4]^: 129
Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565 and born in Tauresium^[10] around 482.^{[citation needed]} His Latin-speaking peasant family was of Thraco-Roman origin as John Malalas writes.^[11]^[12]^[13]
Belisarius, a general during the reign of Justinian I. He was born in Germane (nowadays Sapareva Banya) in Western Thrace or in Germania in Dacia Mediterranea, possibly of Thraco-Roman or Greek origin. Commanded several campaigns for reconquering Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire. He also earned the title "Last of the Romans"
Justin II, nephew of Justinian and Eastern Roman Emperor from 565 to 578. He was a member of the Justinianian dynasty, which are one of the Thraco-Roman dynasties.
Tiberius II Constantine, count of the Excubitors and Eastern Roman Emperor from 578 to 582.
Phocas, Byzantine emperor from 602 to 610.

Notes

^ Soustal (1991), pp. 59–60
^ Dimitŭr Nikolov, "The Thraco-Roman Villa Rustica near Chatalka, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria", British Archaeological Reports, 1976
^ Second Meeting of the Expert Working Group: The 50 Most Attractive Tourist Sites in the Cross Border Region of Dobrudzha, http://www.dobrudzhatour.net/resources/72/doc_1333365852.pdf
^ ^a ^b Patrick Amory, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
^ Russu, Ion I. (1976). Elementele traco-getice în Imperiul Roman și în Byzantium (in Romanian). Vol. veacurile III-VII. Editura Academiei R. S. România. p. 95.
^ Iv Velkov, Velizar (1977). Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity: (studies and Materials). University of Michigan. p. 47.
^ Browning, Robert (2003). Justinian and Theodora. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 23. ISBN 1-59333-053-7.
^ Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (2006). Greek Literature in Late Antiquity. Ashgate Publishing. p. 166. ISBN 0-7546-5683-7.
^ Norwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. Vintage Books. p. 59. ISBN 0-679-77269-3.
^ The precise location of this site is disputed; the possible locations include Justiniana Prima near the modern town of Lebane in southern Serbia and Taor near Skopje, North Macedonia.
^ Justinian referred to Latin as being his native tongue in several of his laws. See Moorhead (1994), p. 18.
^ The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian by Michael Maas
^ Justinian and Theodora Robert Browning, Gorgias Press LLC, 2003, ISBN 1-59333-053-7, p. 23.

References

Nicolae Saramandu: “Torna, Torna Fratre”; Bucharest, 2001–2002; Online: .pdf.
Nicolae Șerban Tanașoca: “«Torna, torna, fratre» et la romanité balkanique au VI e siècle” ("Torna, torna, fratre, and Balkan Romanity in the 6th century") Revue roumaine de linguistique, XXXVIII, Bucharest, 1993.
Nicolae Iorga: “Geschichte des rumänischen Volkes im Rahmen seiner Staatsbildungen” ("History of the Romanian people in the context of its statal formation"), I, Gotha, 1905; “Istoria românilor” ("History of the Romanians"), II, Bucharest, 1936. Istoria României ("History of Romania"), I, Bucharest, 1960.
Elton, Hugh (1996). Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350-425. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815241-5.

[1] Soustal (1991), pp. 59–60

[2] Dimitŭr Nikolov, "The Thraco-Roman Villa Rustica near Chatalka, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria", British Archaeological Reports, 1976

[3] Second Meeting of the Expert Working Group: The 50 Most Attractive Tourist Sites in the Cross Border Region of Dobrudzha, http://www.dobrudzhatour.net/resources/72/doc_1333365852.pdf

[Amory-4] Patrick Amory, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

[autogenerated2-5] Russu, Ion I. (1976). Elementele traco-getice în Imperiul Roman și în Byzantium (in Romanian). Vol. veacurile III-VII. Editura Academiei R. S. România. p. 95.

[6] Iv Velkov, Velizar (1977). Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity: (studies and Materials). University of Michigan. p. 47.

[7] Browning, Robert (2003). Justinian and Theodora. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 23. ISBN 1-59333-053-7.

[8] Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (2006). Greek Literature in Late Antiquity. Ashgate Publishing. p. 166. ISBN 0-7546-5683-7.

[9] Norwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. Vintage Books. p. 59. ISBN 0-679-77269-3.

[10] The precise location of this site is disputed; the possible locations include Justiniana Prima near the modern town of Lebane in southern Serbia and Taor near Skopje, North Macedonia.

[11] Justinian referred to Latin as being his native tongue in several of his laws. See Moorhead (1994), p. 18.

[12] The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian by Michael Maas

[13] Justinian and Theodora Robert Browning, Gorgias Press LLC, 2003, ISBN 1-59333-053-7, p. 23.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 The term '''Thraco-Roman''' describes the [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanized]] culture of [[Thracians]] under the rule of the [[Roman Empire]].
+[[File:Unique Mosaic “Dionysus’s Procession” 4th century AD.jpg|thumb|"Dionysus's Procession”, a 4th century AD Roman mosaic in the city of Augusta Trajana  (modern-day [[Stara Zagora]], [[Bulgaria]])]]
-The [[Odrysian kingdom]] of Thrace became a Roman [[client kingdom]] c. 20 BC, while the Greek [[city-state]]s on the [[Black Sea]] coast came under Roman control, first as ''[[civitates foederatae]]'' ("allied" cities with internal autonomy). After the death of the Thracian king [[Rhoemetalces III]] in 46 AD and an unsuccessful anti-Roman revolt, the kingdom was annexed as the [[Roman province]] of [[Thracia]].<ref>Soustal (1991), pp. 59–60</ref>
+The [[Odrysian kingdom]] of Thrace became a Roman [[client kingdom]] c. 20 BC, while the Greek [[city-state]]s on the [[Black Sea]] coast came under Roman control, first as ''[[civitates foederatae]]'' ("allied" cities with internal autonomy). After the death of the Thracian king [[Rhoemetalces III]] in 46 AD and an unsuccessful anti-Roman revolt, the kingdom was annexed as the [[Roman province]] of [[Thracia]].<ref>Soustal (1991), pp. 59–60</ref> The northern Thracians ([[Getae]]-[[Dacians]]) formed a unified kingdom of [[Dacia]], before being [[Trajan's Dacian Wars|conquered by the Romans]] in 106 and their land turned into the [[Roman Dacia|Roman province of Dacia]].
 == Archaeological sites ==
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 == Famous individuals ==
 This is a list of several important Thraco-Roman individuals:
-* [[Maximinus Thrax]], Roman Emperor from 235 to 238.
+* [[Maximinus Thrax]], Roman Emperor from 235 to 238. His nickname "Thrax" which is "Thrachian" is due to his origin's.
+* [[Regalianus]], Roman general and [[imperial usurper]].
+* [[Aureolus]], Roman military commander and imperial usurper.
 * [[Galerius]], Roman Emperor from 305 to 311.
+* [[Licinius]], Roman emperor from 308 to 324.
-* [[Dionysius Exiguus]], a 6th-century monk born in [[Scythia Minor]], most likely of local Thraco-Roman origin.<ref name=Amory>Patrick Amory, ''People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554'', Cambridge University Press, 2003.</ref>{{rp|130–131}}
+* [[Maximinus Daza]], Roman emperor from 310 to 313.
-* [[Justin I]], Byzantine Emperor from 518 to 527, was possibly of Thraco-Roman or Illyro-Roman stock.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book |first=Ion I. |last=Russu |title=Elementele traco-getice în Imperiul Roman și în Byzantium |volume=veacurile III-VII |publisher=Editura Academiei R. S. România |year=1976 |page=95 |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Velizar |last=Iv Velkov |title=Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity: (studies and Materials) |publisher=University of Michigan |year=1977 |page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Browning |title=Justinian and Theodora |publisher=Gorgias Press LLC |year=2003 |isbn=1-59333-053-7 |page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Scott Fitzgerald |last=Johnson |title=Greek Literature in Late Antiquity |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-7546-5683-7 |page=166}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John Julius |last=Norwich |title=A Short History of Byzantium |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistorybyza00norw |url-access=limited |publisher=Vintage Books |year=1997 |isbn=0-679-77269-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistorybyza00norw/page/n56 59]}}</ref>
+* [[Constantine the Great]], Roman Emperor and member of Thetrarchy, from 306 to 337. He was born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterranea and according to one of his dynastic member [[Julian (emperor)|Julian the Apostate]], his family was of Thracian origin from the [[Moesi]] tribe. Thus the Constantinian dynasty was one of the Thraco-Roman dynasties.
+* [[Flavius Aetius]], Roman general, called "[[the last of the Romans]]".
+* [[Marcian]], Eastern Roman Emperor from 450 to 457.
+* [[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]], Eastern Roman emperor from 457 to 474, also called "Thrax" which is "Thrachian". His dynasty called Leonid were commonly referred as "The Thracian dynasty".
+* [[John Cassian]], a 4th-century monk who contributed to bringing the Egyptian monastic tradition to Western Europe. Born in Scythia Minor and died near modern-day Marseilles, southern France
+* [[Dionysius Exiguus]], a 6th-century monk born in [[Scythia Minor (Roman province)|Scythia Minor]], most likely of local Thraco-Roman origin.<ref name=Amory>Patrick Amory, ''People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554'', Cambridge University Press, 2003.</ref>{{rp|130–131}}
+* [[Justin I]], Byzantine Emperor from 518 to 527, was of Thraco-Roman. He was father of Justinian the Great who was referred by John Malalas as being a Thracian.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book |first=Ion I. |last=Russu |title=Elementele traco-getice în Imperiul Roman și în Byzantium |volume=veacurile III-VII |publisher=Editura Academiei R. S. România |year=1976 |page=95 |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Velizar |last=Iv Velkov |title=Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity: (studies and Materials) |publisher=University of Michigan |year=1977 |page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Browning |title=Justinian and Theodora |publisher=Gorgias Press LLC |year=2003 |isbn=1-59333-053-7 |page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Scott Fitzgerald |last=Johnson |title=Greek Literature in Late Antiquity |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-7546-5683-7 |page=166}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John Julius |last=Norwich |title=A Short History of Byzantium |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistorybyza00norw |url-access=limited |publisher=Vintage Books |year=1997 |isbn=0-679-77269-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistorybyza00norw/page/n56 59]}}</ref>
 * [[Vitalian (general)|Vitalian]], an East Roman general who rebelled in 513 against Emperor Anastasius I (r. 491–518). Vitalian may have been of local Thracian stock, born in Scythia Minor or in [[Moesia]]; his father bore a Latin name, Patriciolus, while two of his sons had Thracian names and one a Gothic name.<ref name=Amory/>{{rp|129}}
-* [[Justinian I]], Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565 and born in [[Tauresium]]<ref>The precise location of this site is disputed; the possible locations include [[Justiniana Prima]] near the modern town of [[Lebane]] in southern [[Serbia]] and Taor near [[Skopje]], [[North Macedonia]].</ref> around 482.<ref name="fmg">{{MLCC|warning=1| url=http://www.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_Toc204564466 | title=Byzantium 395–1057 |title-date=14 February 2011  |date=November 2016 |access-date=20 February 2012}}</ref> His [[Latin]]-speaking [[peasant]] family is believed to have been of Thraco-Roman or [[Illyro-Roman]] origins.<ref>Justinian referred to [[Latin language|Latin]] as being his native tongue in several of his laws. See Moorhead (1994), p. 18.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9AvjaThtrKYC&pg=PA74&dq=Justinian++latin-speaking+Illyrians&sig=zYSvdt6GBz5kP_raKw6g6XLaFDc The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian by Michael Maas ]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gOIMSWMtow0C&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=Justinian+I+thracian&source=bl&ots=wRCZjFIgQo&sig=Es-SKoXcI-26zfecE7eFUA5tfE4&hl=bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA23,M1 Justinian and Theodora Robert Browning], Gorgias Press LLC, 2003, {{ISBN|1-59333-053-7}}, p. 23.</ref>
+* [[Justinian I]], Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565 and born in [[Tauresium]]<ref>The precise location of this site is disputed; the possible locations include [[Justiniana Prima]] near the modern town of [[Lebane]] in southern [[Serbia]] and Taor near [[Skopje]], [[North Macedonia]].</ref> around 482.{{CN|date=June 2023}} His [[Latin]]-speaking [[peasant]] family was of Thraco-Roman origin as John Malalas writes.<ref>Justinian referred to [[Latin language|Latin]] as being his native tongue in several of his laws. See Moorhead (1994), p. 18.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9AvjaThtrKYC&dq=Justinian++latin-speaking+Illyrians&pg=PA74 The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian by Michael Maas ]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gOIMSWMtow0C&dq=Justinian+I+thracian&pg=PA23 Justinian and Theodora Robert Browning], Gorgias Press LLC, 2003, {{ISBN|1-59333-053-7}}, p. 23.</ref>
-*[[Belisarius]], a general during the reign of Justinian I. He was born in ''Germane'' (nowadays [[Sapareva Banya]]) in Western Thrace, possibly of Thraco-Roman or Illyro-Roman<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|title=Battles that changed history : an encyclopedia of world conflict|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-59884-429-0|page=88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wHpVn68GCogC&q=belisarius+thracian+general&pg=PA88 |edition=1st}}</ref> origin. Commanded several campaigns for reconquering Mediterranean territory of the former [[Western Roman Empire]].
+* [[Belisarius]], a general during the reign of Justinian I. He was born in ''Germane'' (nowadays [[Sapareva Banya]]) in Western Thrace or in ''Germania'' in Dacia Mediterranea, possibly of Thraco-Roman or Greek origin. Commanded several campaigns for reconquering Mediterranean territory of the former [[Western Roman Empire]]. He also earned the title "Last of the Romans"
+* [[Justin II]], nephew of Justinian and Eastern Roman Emperor from 565 to 578. He was a member of the Justinianian dynasty, which are one of the Thraco-Roman dynasties.
+* [[Tiberius II Constantine]], count of the [[Excubitors]] and Eastern Roman Emperor from 578 to 582.
+* [[Phocas]], Byzantine emperor from 602 to 610.
 == See also ==
@@ Line 24: / Line 36: @@
 == Further reading ==
 * {{in lang|ro}} Sorin Olteanu, [http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/orgprov/orgprov.htm  The administrative organisation of the Balkan provinces in the 6th century AD]
-* {{in lang|en}} Stelian Brezeanu: [https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/serban_marin/brezeanu2002.html&date=2009-10-26+08:51:24 Toponymy and ethnic Realities at the Lower Danube in the 10th Century. “The deserted Cities" in Constantine Porphyrogenitus' ''De administrando imperio'']
+* {{in lang|en}} Stelian Brezeanu: [https://web.archive.org/web/20021119191046/http://www.geocities.com/serban_marin/brezeanu2002.html Toponymy and ethnic Realities at the Lower Danube in the 10th Century. “The deserted Cities" in Constantine Porphyrogenitus' ''De administrando imperio'']
 * {{in lang|en}} Kelley L. Ross [http://www.friesian.com/decdenc2.htm The Vlach Connection and Further Reflections on Roman History]
@@ Line 32: / Line 44: @@
 == References ==
 {{refbegin}}
-* Nicolae Saramandru: “Torna, Torna Fratre”; Bucharest, 2001–2002; Online: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044931/http://www.ear.ro/3brevist/rv8/art14.pdf .pdf].
+* [[Nicolae Saramandu]]: “Torna, Torna Fratre”; Bucharest, 2001–2002; Online: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044931/http://www.ear.ro/3brevist/rv8/art14.pdf .pdf].
-* Nicolae-Şerban Tanaşoca: “«Torna, torna, fratre» et la romanité balkanique au VI e siècle” ("Torna, torna, fratre, and Balkan Romanity in the 6th century") ''Revue roumaine de linguistique'', XXXVIII, Bucharest, 1993.
+* [[Nicolae Șerban Tanașoca]]: “«Torna, torna, fratre» et la romanité balkanique au VI e siècle” ("Torna, torna, fratre, and Balkan Romanity in the 6th century") ''Revue roumaine de linguistique'', XXXVIII, Bucharest, 1993.
-* Nicolae Iorga: “Geschichte des rumänischen Volkes im Rahmen seiner Staatsbildungen” ("History of the Romanian people in the context of its statal formation"), I, Gotha, 1905; “Istoria românilor” ("History of the Romanians"), II, Bucharest, 1936. Istoria României ("History of Romania"), I, Bucharest, 1960.
+* [[Nicolae Iorga]]: “Geschichte des rumänischen Volkes im Rahmen seiner Staatsbildungen” ("History of the Romanian people in the context of its statal formation"), I, Gotha, 1905; “Istoria românilor” ("History of the Romanians"), II, Bucharest, 1936. Istoria României ("History of Romania"), I, Bucharest, 1960.
 * {{cite book |last=Elton |first=Hugh |title=Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350-425 |year=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-815241-5}}
 {{refend}}
+{{Thracians}}
-[[Category:Ancient Roman culture]]
+[[Category:Culture of ancient Rome]]
 [[Category:Romanization of Southeastern Europe]]
 [[Category:Eastern Romance people]]