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{{Short description|American aerospace manufacturer 1921-1967}}
{{Short description|American aerospace manufacturer, 1921–1967}}
{{Infobox company
{{Infobox company
|name = Douglas Aircraft Company
|name = Douglas Aircraft Company
|logo = Douglas-logo.png
|logo = Douglas-logo.png
|logo_caption = Douglas Aircraft logo (1962–1967)
|fate = Merged with [[McDonnell Aircraft|McDonnell Aircraft Corporation]]
|fate = Merged with [[McDonnell Aircraft|McDonnell Aircraft Corporation]]
|industry = [[Aerospace]]
|industry = [[Aerospace]]
Line 14: Line 15:
}}
}}


The '''Douglas Aircraft Company''' was an American [[aerospace manufacturer]] based in [[Southern California]]. It was founded in 1921 by [[Donald Wills Douglas Sr.]] and later merged with [[McDonnell Aircraft]] in 1967 to form [[McDonnell Douglas]]; it then operated as a division of McDonnell Douglas. McDonnell Douglas later merged with [[Boeing]] in 1997.
The '''Douglas Aircraft Company''' was an American [[aerospace manufacturer|aerospace]] and [[military|defense]] company based in [[Southern California]]. Founded in 1921 by [[Donald Wills Douglas Sr.]], it merged with [[McDonnell Aircraft]] in 1967 to form [[McDonnell Douglas]], where it operated as a division. McDonnell Douglas merged with [[Boeing]] in 1997.


==History==
==History==


===1920s===
===1920s===
The company was founded as the Douglas Company by [[Donald Wills Douglas Sr.]] on July 22, 1921 in [[Santa Monica, California]], following dissolution of the Davis-Douglas Company.<ref>Parker 2013, pp. 5, 7–10, 13–14.</ref><ref name="Historical Note">{{citation |url= https://archives.museumofflight.org/agents/corporate_entities/81 |work=Museum of Flight |title= Historical Note: Douglas Aircraft Company |access-date= 24 June 2022 }}</ref> An early claim to fame was the [[first aerial circumnavigation|first circumnavigation of the world by air]] in Douglas airplanes in 1924. In 1923, the [[U.S. Army Air Service]] was interested in carrying out a mission to circumnavigate the Earth for the first time by [[aircraft]], a program called "World Flight".<ref>Haber 1995, p. 73.</ref> Donald Douglas proposed a modified [[Douglas DT]] to meet the Army's needs.<ref>Sobel 1974, p. 309.</ref> The two-place, open cockpit DT biplane [[torpedo bomber]] had previously been produced for the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]].<ref name="Centennial of Flight Commission">Rumerman, Judy. "The Douglas World Cruiser - Around the World in 175 Days." ''U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission,'' 2003.</ref> The DTs were taken from the assembly lines at the company's manufacturing plants in [[Rock Island, Illinois]], and [[Dayton, Ohio]], to be modified.<ref name="Wendell p. 356">Wendell 1999/2000, p. 356.</ref>
The company was founded as the Douglas Company by [[Donald Wills Douglas Sr.]] on July 22, 1921, in [[Santa Monica, California]], following dissolution of the Davis-Douglas Company.<ref>Parker 2013, pp. 5, 7–10, 13–14.</ref><ref name="Historical Note">{{citation |url= https://archives.museumofflight.org/agents/corporate_entities/81 |work= Museum of Flight |title= Historical Note: Douglas Aircraft Company |access-date= 24 June 2022 |archive-date= 28 September 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220928095950/https://archives.museumofflight.org/agents/corporate_entities/81 |url-status= live }}</ref> An early claim to fame was the [[first aerial circumnavigation|first circumnavigation of the world by air]] in Douglas airplanes in 1924. In 1923, the [[U.S. Army Air Service]] was interested in carrying out a mission to circumnavigate the Earth for the first time by [[aircraft]], a program called "World Flight".<ref>Haber 1995, p. 73.</ref> Donald Douglas proposed a modified [[Douglas DT]] to meet the Army's needs.<ref>Sobel 1974, p. 309.</ref> The two-place, open cockpit DT biplane [[torpedo bomber]] had previously been produced for the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]].<ref name="Centennial of Flight Commission">Rumerman, Judy. "The Douglas World Cruiser - Around the World in 175 Days." ''U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission,'' 2003.</ref> The DTs were taken from the assembly lines at the company's manufacturing plants in [[Rock Island, Illinois]], and [[Dayton, Ohio]], to be modified.<ref name="Wendell p. 356">Wendell 1999/2000, p. 356.</ref>
The modified aircraft known as the Douglas World Cruiser (DWC), also was the first major project for [[Jack Northrop]] who designed the fuel system for the series.<ref>Boyne 1982, p. 80.</ref> After the prototype was delivered in November 1923, upon the successful completion of tests on 19 November, the Army commissioned Douglas to build four production series aircraft.<ref name="Boeing">[http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/dwc.htm "Douglas World Cruiser Transport."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625174442/http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/dwc.htm |date=2012-06-25 }} ''Boeing.'' Retrieved: 7 July 2012.</ref> Due to the demanding expedition ahead, spare parts, including 15 extra [[Liberty L-12]] engines, 14 extra sets of pontoons, and enough replacement airframe parts for two more aircraft were chosen. These were sent to [[airport]]s along the route. The last of these aircraft was delivered to the U.S. Army on 11 March 1924.<ref name="Centennial of Flight Commission"/>
The modified aircraft known as the Douglas World Cruiser (DWC), also was the first major project for [[Jack Northrop]] who designed the fuel system for the series.<ref>Boyne 1982, p. 80.</ref> After the prototype was delivered in November 1923, upon the successful completion of tests on 19 November, the Army commissioned Douglas to build four production series aircraft.<ref name="Boeing">[http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/dwc.htm "Douglas World Cruiser Transport."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625174442/http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/dwc.htm |date=2012-06-25 }} ''Boeing.'' Retrieved: 7 July 2012.</ref> Due to the demanding expedition ahead, spare parts, including 15 extra [[Liberty L-12]] engines, 14 extra sets of pontoons, and enough replacement airframe parts for two more aircraft were chosen. These were sent to [[airport]]s along the route. The last of these aircraft was delivered to the U.S. Army on March 11, 1924.<ref name="Centennial of Flight Commission"/>


The four aircraft left [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], on 6 April 1924, flying west, and two of these returned there on 28 September to great acclaim, while one plane had been lost under fog conditions, and another was forced down over the Atlantic and sank (the DWC prototype was then rechristened, and joined the other two in completing the North American leg of the flight). After the success of this flight, the Army Air Service ordered six similar aircraft as observation aircraft.<ref name="Francillon 1979 p75">Francillon 1979, p. 75.</ref><ref name="Swan Mil p498">Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p. 548.</ref> The success of the DWC established the Douglas Aircraft Company among the major aircraft companies of the world and led it to adopt the motto "First Around the World – First the World Around".<ref>Haber 1995, pp. 72–73.</ref>
The four aircraft left [[Seattle]], Washington, on April 6, 1924, flying west, and two of these returned there on 28 September to great acclaim, while one plane had been lost under fog conditions, and another was forced down over the Atlantic and sank (the DWC prototype was then rechristened, and joined the other two in completing the North American leg of the flight). After the success of this flight, the Army Air Service ordered six similar aircraft as observation aircraft.<ref name="Francillon 1979 p75">Francillon 1979, p. 75.</ref><ref name="Swan Mil p498">Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p. 548.</ref> The success of the DWC established the Douglas Aircraft Company among the major aircraft companies of the world and led it to adopt the motto "First Around the World – First the World Around".<ref>Haber 1995, pp. 72–73.</ref>


Douglas initially used a logo that combined two letter Ds with two wings extended outwards, and two Ds placed back to back to form a heart as a reference to the [[Clan Douglas]]. After the success of the DWC, the company adopted a logo that showed three airplanes circling a globe. The logo eventually evolved into an aircraft, a missile, and a globe. This logo was later adopted by [[McDonnell Douglas]] in 1967, and became the basis of [[Boeing]]'s current logo after their merger in 1997.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mdc.com/version2/history/logo.htm |publisher= McDonnell Douglas |title= McDonnell Douglas Logo History |access-date= 29 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/19970605044807/http://www.mdc.com/version2/history/logo.htm |archive-date= 5 June 1997 |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGTCxDFO__c | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/fGTCxDFO__c| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|via=YouTube |work= Boeing |title= From Bow-Wing to Boeing |access-date= 31 January 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Douglas initially used a logo that combined two letter Ds with two wings extended outwards, and two Ds placed back to back to form a heart as a reference to the [[Clan Douglas]]. After the success of the DWC, the company adopted a logo that showed three airplanes circling a globe. The logo eventually evolved into an aircraft, a missile, and a globe. This logo was later adopted by [[McDonnell Douglas]] in 1967, and became the basis of [[Boeing]]'s current logo after their merger in 1997.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mdc.com/version2/history/logo.htm |publisher= McDonnell Douglas |title= McDonnell Douglas Logo History |access-date= 29 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/19970605044807/http://www.mdc.com/version2/history/logo.htm |archive-date= 5 June 1997 |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGTCxDFO__c | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/fGTCxDFO__c| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|via=YouTube |work= Boeing |title= From Bow-Wing to Boeing |access-date= 31 January 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
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===World War II===
===World War II===
[[File:Women working at Douglas Aircraft.jpg|thumb|left|Women at work on bomber, Douglas Aircraft Company, Long Beach, California in October 1942]]
[[File:Women working at Douglas Aircraft.jpg|thumb|left|Women at work on bomber, Douglas Aircraft Company, Long Beach, California, in October 1942]]


During [[World War II]], Douglas joined the BVD ([[Boeing]]-[[Vega Aircraft Corporation|Vega]]-Douglas) consortium to produce the [[B-17 Flying Fortress]]. After the war, Douglas built another Boeing design under license, the [[B-47 Stratojet]] [[turbojet]]-powered bomber, using a government-owned factory in [[Marietta, Georgia]].<ref name="Parker 2013, pp. 13, 25, 35"/>
During [[World War II]], Douglas joined the BVD ([[Boeing]]-[[Vega Aircraft Corporation|Vega]]-Douglas) consortium to produce the [[B-17 Flying Fortress]]. After the war, Douglas built another Boeing design under license, the [[B-47 Stratojet]] [[turbojet]]-powered bomber, using a government-owned factory in [[Marietta, Georgia]].<ref name="Parker 2013, pp. 13, 25, 35"/>


[[File:Stockroom at the Long Beach, Calif., plant of Douglas Aircraft Company. - NARA - 195485.jpg|thumb|Stockroom at the Long Beach plant, c. 1942]]
[[File:Stockroom at the Long Beach, Calif., plant of Douglas Aircraft Company. - NARA - 195485.jpg|thumb|Stockroom at the Long Beach plant, {{Circa|1942}}]]
World War II was a major boost for Douglas. Douglas ranked fifth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts.<ref>[[Whiz Kids (Department of Defense)|Peck, Merton J.]] & [[Frederic M. Scherer|Scherer, Frederic M.]] ''The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis'' (1962) [[Harvard Business School]] p.619</ref> The company produced almost 30,000 aircraft from 1942 to 1945, and its workforce swelled to 160,000. The company produced a number of aircraft including the C-47 Skytrain, the [[A-20 Havoc|DB-7]] (known as the A-20, Havoc or Boston), the [[SBD Dauntless]] [[dive bomber]], and the [[A-26 Invader]].<ref>Herman 2012, pp. 3–13, 335–337.</ref><ref>Parker 2013, pp. 7–8, 13, 25, 35.</ref><ref>Borth 1945, pp. 13–33.</ref>
World War II was a major boost for Douglas. Douglas ranked fifth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts.<ref>[[Whiz Kids (Department of Defense)|Peck, Merton J.]] & [[Frederic M. Scherer|Scherer, Frederic M.]] ''The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis'' (1962) [[Harvard Business School]] p.619</ref> The company produced almost 30,000 aircraft from 1942 to 1945, and its workforce swelled to 160,000. The company produced a number of aircraft including the C-47 Skytrain, the [[A-20 Havoc|DB-7]] (known as the A-20, Havoc or Boston), the [[SBD Dauntless]] [[dive bomber]], and the [[A-26 Invader]].<ref>Herman 2012, pp. 3–13, 335–337.</ref><ref>Parker 2013, pp. 7–8, 13, 25, 35.</ref><ref>Borth 1945, pp. 13–33.</ref>


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Douglas Aircraft suffered cutbacks at the end of the war, with an end to government aircraft orders and a surplus of aircraft. It was necessary to cut heavily into its workforce, letting go of nearly 100,000 workers.
Douglas Aircraft suffered cutbacks at the end of the war, with an end to government aircraft orders and a surplus of aircraft. It was necessary to cut heavily into its workforce, letting go of nearly 100,000 workers.


The [[United States Army Air Forces]] established 'Project RAND' (Research ANd Development)<ref>[https://www.rand.org/about/history/ RAND History and Mission]. Accessed 13 April 2009.</ref> with the objective of looking into long-range planning of future weapons.<ref name=SBJohnson>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Stephen B.|title=The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945-1965|year=2002|publisher=Diane Publishing Co.|pages=32}}</ref> In March 1946, Douglas Aircraft Company was granted the contract to research on intercontinental warfare.<ref name=SBJohnson/> Project RAND later become the [[RAND Corporation]].
The [[United States Army Air Forces]] established 'Project RAND' (Research ANd Development)<ref>[https://www.rand.org/about/history/ RAND History and Mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817064548/http://www.rand.org/about/history/ |date=2010-08-17 }}. Accessed 13 April 2009.</ref> with the objective of looking into long-range planning of future weapons.<ref name=SBJohnson>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Stephen B.|title=The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945-1965|year=2002|publisher=Diane Publishing Co.|pages=32}}</ref> In March 1946, Douglas Aircraft Company was granted the contract to research on intercontinental warfare.<ref name=SBJohnson/> Project RAND later become the [[RAND Corporation]].


Douglas continued to develop new aircraft, including the successful four-engined [[Douglas DC-6]] (1946) and its last propeller-driven commercial aircraft, the [[Douglas DC-7]] (1953). The company had moved into jet propulsion, producing its first for the U.S. Navy — the straight-winged [[Douglas F3D Skyknight|F3D Skyknight]] in 1948 and then the more "jet age" style [[Douglas F4D Skyray|F4D Skyray]] in 1951. Douglas also made commercial jets, producing the [[Douglas DC-8]] in 1958 to compete with the new [[Boeing 707]].
Douglas continued to develop new aircraft, including the successful four-engined [[Douglas DC-6]] (1946) and its last propeller-driven commercial aircraft, the [[Douglas DC-7]] (1953). The company had moved into jet propulsion, producing its first for the U.S. Navy — the straight-winged [[Douglas F3D Skyknight|F3D Skyknight]] in 1948 and then the more "jet age" style [[Douglas F4D Skyray|F4D Skyray]] in 1951. Douglas also made commercial jets, producing the [[Douglas DC-8]] in 1958 to compete with the new [[Boeing 707]].
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In 1967, the company was struggling to expand production to meet demand for [[Douglas DC-8|DC-8]] and [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] airliners and the [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk|A-4 Skyhawk]] military attack aircraft. The company was also struggling with quality and cash flow problems and [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10|DC-10]] development costs, as well as shortages due to the [[Vietnam War]]. Under the circumstances, Douglas was very receptive to an offer from [[McDonnell Aircraft|McDonnell Aircraft Corporation]]. On April 28, 1967, after almost four years of merger talks, the two companies merged as [[McDonnell Douglas Corporation]].
In 1967, the company was struggling to expand production to meet demand for [[Douglas DC-8|DC-8]] and [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] airliners and the [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk|A-4 Skyhawk]] military attack aircraft. The company was also struggling with quality and cash flow problems and [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10|DC-10]] development costs, as well as shortages due to the [[Vietnam War]]. Under the circumstances, Douglas was very receptive to an offer from [[McDonnell Aircraft|McDonnell Aircraft Corporation]]. On April 28, 1967, after almost four years of merger talks, the two companies merged as [[McDonnell Douglas Corporation]].


The two companies seemed to be a good match for each other. McDonnell was a major defense contractor, but had almost no civilian business. Douglas' commercial contracts would allow McDonnell to withstand any downturns in procurement.<ref name=NYTmerger>{{cite news|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E1EF63A58117B93C4AB178AD85F438685F9|title=McDonnell and Douglas take a giant step|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Robert|last=Wright|date=January 26, 1967|access-date= February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605050850/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E1EF63A58117B93C4AB178AD85F438685F9|archive-date=June 5, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Conversely, McDonnell had enough revenue to help solve Douglas' financial problems; soon after the merger was announced, McDonnell bought 1.5 million shares of Douglas stock to help Douglas meet "immediate financial requirements".<ref name=bbupiann>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c_5XAAAAIBAJ&pg=1082%2C4712802|newspaper=The Bulletin (Bend)|location=Bend, Oregon|agency=UPI|title=Douglas, McDonnell aircraft firms announce merger plans|date=January 13, 1967|page=6}}</ref>
The two companies seemed to be a good match for each other. McDonnell was a major defense contractor, but had almost no civilian business. Douglas' commercial contracts would allow McDonnell to withstand any downturns in procurement.<ref name=NYTmerger>{{cite news|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E1EF63A58117B93C4AB178AD85F438685F9|title=McDonnell and Douglas take a giant step|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Robert|last=Wright|date=January 26, 1967|access-date= February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605050850/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E1EF63A58117B93C4AB178AD85F438685F9|archive-date=June 5, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Conversely, McDonnell had enough revenue to help solve Douglas' financial problems; soon after the merger was announced, McDonnell bought 1.5 million shares of Douglas stock to help Douglas meet "immediate financial requirements".<ref name=bbupiann>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c_5XAAAAIBAJ&pg=1082%2C4712802|newspaper=The Bulletin (Bend)|location=Bend, Oregon|agency=UPI|title=Douglas, McDonnell aircraft firms announce merger plans|date=January 13, 1967|page=6|access-date=February 15, 2021|archive-date=July 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710115021/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c_5XAAAAIBAJ&pg=1082,4712802|url-status=live}}</ref>


The merged company was based at McDonnell's facility in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. It adopted a modified version of Douglas' logo. [[Donald Wills Douglas Sr.]] became honorary chairman of the merged company, a post he would hold until his death in 1981. Douglas Aircraft Company continued as a wholly owned subsidiary of McDonnell Douglas, with Douglas' son, [[Donald Wills Douglas Jr.]], as president.<ref name=NYTmerger/> Later, former McDonnell president [[David S. Lewis]] became chairman of Douglas Aircraft. His successful turnaround of the division allowed him to become president of McDonnell Douglas in 1969. Meanwhile, Douglas' space and missiles division became part of a new subsidiary called McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company.
The merged company was based at McDonnell's facility in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. It adopted a modified version of Douglas' logo. [[Donald Wills Douglas Sr.]] became honorary chairman of the merged company, a post he would hold until his death in 1981. Douglas Aircraft Company continued as a wholly owned subsidiary of McDonnell Douglas, with Douglas' son, [[Donald Wills Douglas Jr.]], as president.<ref name=NYTmerger/> Later, former McDonnell president [[David S. Lewis]] became chairman of Douglas Aircraft. His successful turnaround of the division allowed him to become president of McDonnell Douglas in 1969. Meanwhile, Douglas' space and missiles division became part of a new subsidiary called McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company.


McDonnell Douglas later merged with its rival Boeing in 1997.<ref name=merger>[http://www.boeing.com/history/chronology/chron16.html Boeing Chronology, 1997–2001] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102173045/http://www.boeing.com/history/chronology/chron16.html |date=January 2, 2013 }}, Boeing</ref> Boeing merged Douglas Aircraft into the [[Boeing Commercial Airplanes]] division, and retired the Douglas Aircraft name after 76 years. The last [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]-built commercial aircraft, the [[Boeing 717]] (third generation version of the Douglas DC-9), ceased production in May 2006. By 2011, the [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III]] was the last aircraft being assembled at the Long Beach facility; the final C-17 was assembled in late 2015.<ref name="Long Beach Assembly Ceased in 2015">{{cite web|last1=Boeing|title=Last C-17 Built in Long Beach|url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2015-11-29-Final-Boeing-C-17-Globemaster-III-Departs-Long-Beach-Assembly-Facility |access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> However, the Douglas' former logo is preserved on the facility though no longer used by Boeing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Long Beach's 'Fly DC Jets' sign, symbol of a bygone era, may become historic landmark |url=https://www.presstelegram.com/2016/08/07/long-beachs-fly-dc-jets-sign-symbol-of-a-bygone-era-may-become-historic-landmark/|publisher=Press Telegram|date=7 August 2016 |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mercedes-Benz marks the start of construction on Long Beach facility|url=https://www.presstelegram.com/2014/06/04/mercedes-benz-marks-start-of-construction-on-long-beach-facility/|publisher=Press Telegram|date=4 June 2014|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>
McDonnell Douglas later merged with its rival Boeing in 1997.<ref name=merger>[http://www.boeing.com/history/chronology/chron16.html Boeing Chronology, 1997–2001] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102173045/http://www.boeing.com/history/chronology/chron16.html |date=January 2, 2013 }}, Boeing</ref> Boeing merged Douglas Aircraft into the [[Boeing Commercial Airplanes]] division, and retired the Douglas Aircraft name after 76 years. The last [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]-built commercial aircraft, the [[Boeing 717]] (third generation version of the Douglas DC-9), ceased production in May 2006. By 2011, the [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III]] was the last aircraft being assembled at the Long Beach facility; the final C-17 was assembled in late 2015.<ref name="Long Beach Assembly Ceased in 2015">{{cite web|last1=Boeing|title=Last C-17 Built in Long Beach|url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2015-11-29-Final-Boeing-C-17-Globemaster-III-Departs-Long-Beach-Assembly-Facility|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-date=2016-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407161607/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2015-11-29-Final-Boeing-C-17-Globemaster-III-Departs-Long-Beach-Assembly-Facility|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the Douglas' former logo is preserved on the facility though no longer used by Boeing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Long Beach's 'Fly DC Jets' sign, symbol of a bygone era, may become historic landmark|url=https://www.presstelegram.com/2016/08/07/long-beachs-fly-dc-jets-sign-symbol-of-a-bygone-era-may-become-historic-landmark/|publisher=Press Telegram|date=7 August 2016|access-date=20 March 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508135511/https://www.presstelegram.com/2016/08/07/long-beachs-fly-dc-jets-sign-symbol-of-a-bygone-era-may-become-historic-landmark/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mercedes-Benz marks the start of construction on Long Beach facility|url=https://www.presstelegram.com/2014/06/04/mercedes-benz-marks-start-of-construction-on-long-beach-facility/|publisher=Press Telegram|date=4 June 2014|access-date=20 March 2021|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502115238/https://www.presstelegram.com/2014/06/04/mercedes-benz-marks-start-of-construction-on-long-beach-facility/|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Products==
==Products==
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[[File:Douglas-DC3---Catalina.1024.jpg|thumb|right|[[Douglas DC-3]] ]]
[[File:Douglas-DC3---Catalina.1024.jpg|thumb|right|[[Douglas DC-3]] ]]
[[File:DC-6.jpg|thumb|right|[[Douglas DC-6]] ]]
[[File:DC-6.jpg|thumb|right|[[Douglas DC-6]] ]]
[[File:Douglas DC 6 , SAS , SE-BDC , Kodachrome by Chalmers Butterfield.jpg|thumb|right|Passengers disembarking from a SAS DC-6]]
[[File:Douglas DC 6 , SAS , SE-BDC , Kodachrome by Chalmers Butterfield.jpg|thumb|right|Passengers disembarking from an SAS DC-6]]


{{colbegin|colwidth=25em}}
{{colbegin|colwidth=25em}}
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*[[Douglas DC-8]] (1958)
*[[Douglas DC-8]] (1958)
*[[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|Douglas DC-9]] (1965)
*[[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|Douglas DC-9]] (1965)
*[[Douglas DC-10]] (1970)
*[[Douglas DF]] (1930s)
*[[Douglas DF]] (1930s)
*[[Douglas DT]] (1921)
*[[Douglas DT]] (1921)
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*[[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] space station
*[[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] space station
{{colend}}
{{colend}}

==Appearances in media==
* A Douglas Aircraft B-17 assembly line, either Burbank or Long Beach, is featured in the 1944 drama ''[[An American Romance]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=An American Romance (1944) - Filming & production - IMDb |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0036596/locations/?item=lc0022457 |access-date=2024-01-03 |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227183826/https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0036596/locations/?item=lc0022457 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=B-17 assembly line, 1944 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPW1L9jUGSw |language=en |access-date=2024-01-03 |archive-date=2024-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103073350/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPW1L9jUGSw&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref>


== See also==
== See also==
{{Portal|Los Angeles|Companies|Aviation}}
{{Portal|Los Angeles|Companies|Aviation}}
*[[California during World War II]]
*[[California during World War II]]
*[[List of preserved Douglas aircraft]]


==References==
==References==
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* Swanborough, F. Gordon. and Peter M. Bowers. ''United States Military Aircraft since 1909''. London: Putnam, 1963. {{OCLC|722531}}
* Swanborough, F. Gordon. and Peter M. Bowers. ''United States Military Aircraft since 1909''. London: Putnam, 1963. {{OCLC|722531}}
* [[Bill Wasserzieher|Wasserzieher, Bill]]. ''Douglas: The Santa Monica Years''. Santa Monica, California: The Douglas White Oaks Ranch Trust., 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-615-34285-6}}.
* [[Bill Wasserzieher|Wasserzieher, Bill]]. ''Douglas: The Santa Monica Years''. Santa Monica, California: The Douglas White Oaks Ranch Trust., 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-615-34285-6}}.
* Wendell, David V. [http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/eiu02/id/7747 "Getting Its Wings: Chicago as the Cradle of Aviation in America."] ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'', Volume 92, No. 4, Winter 1999/2000, pp. 339–372.
* Wendell, David V. [http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/eiu02/id/7747 "Getting Its Wings: Chicago as the Cradle of Aviation in America."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520075850/http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/eiu02/id/7747 |date=2012-05-20 }} ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'', Volume 92, No. 4, Winter 1999/2000, pp.&nbsp;339–372.
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Douglas Aircraft Company}}
{{Commons category|Douglas Aircraft Company}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080120235045/http://www.boeing.com/history/narrative/n026dou.html Douglas Aircraft history 1939-45]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080120235045/http://www.boeing.com/history/narrative/n026dou.html Douglas Aircraft history 1939–1945]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080121000422/http://www.boeing.com/history/narrative/n037dou.html Douglas Aircraft history 1946-56]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080121000422/http://www.boeing.com/history/narrative/n037dou.html Douglas Aircraft history 1946–1956]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071225181322/http://www.boeing.com/history/narrative/n059dou.html Douglas Aircraft history 1957-67]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071225181322/http://www.boeing.com/history/narrative/n059dou.html Douglas Aircraft history 1957–1967]
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*[https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/11/resources/582 Douglas Aircraft Company Photographs at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School]
*[http://www.abcdlist.nl/maind.html Complete production list starting with the Cloudster]
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*[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HBS.Baker.EAD:bak00169 Douglas Aircraft Company Photographs at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School]


{{Douglas aircraft}}
{{Douglas aircraft}}
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[[Category:Douglas Aircraft Company| ]]
[[Category:Aerospace companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Aerospace companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defense companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Former defense companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Technology companies based in Greater Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Technology companies based in Greater Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Companies based in Long Beach, California]]
[[Category:Companies based in Long Beach, California]]

Revision as of 16:00, 24 June 2024

Douglas Aircraft Company
IndustrieAerospace
GegründetJuly 22, 1921; 103 years ago (1921-07-22)
GründerDonald Douglas
DefunctApril 28, 1967; 57 years ago (1967-04-28)
FateMerged with McDonnell Aircraft Corporation
SuccessorMcDonnell Douglas
HauptsitzSanta Monica, California, Long Beach, California, U.S.
Key people

The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American aerospace and defense company based in Southern California. Founded in 1921 by Donald Wills Douglas Sr., it merged with McDonnell Aircraft in 1967 to form McDonnell Douglas, where it operated as a division. McDonnell Douglas merged with Boeing in 1997.

History

1920s

The company was founded as the Douglas Company by Donald Wills Douglas Sr. on July 22, 1921, in Santa Monica, California, following dissolution of the Davis-Douglas Company.[1][2] An early claim to fame was the first circumnavigation of the world by air in Douglas airplanes in 1924. In 1923, the U.S. Army Air Service was interested in carrying out a mission to circumnavigate the Earth for the first time by aircraft, a program called "World Flight".[3] Donald Douglas proposed a modified Douglas DT to meet the Army's needs.[4] The two-place, open cockpit DT biplane torpedo bomber had previously been produced for the U.S. Navy.[5] The DTs were taken from the assembly lines at the company's manufacturing plants in Rock Island, Illinois, and Dayton, Ohio, to be modified.[6]

The modified aircraft known as the Douglas World Cruiser (DWC), also was the first major project for Jack Northrop who designed the fuel system for the series.[7] After the prototype was delivered in November 1923, upon the successful completion of tests on 19 November, the Army commissioned Douglas to build four production series aircraft.[8] Due to the demanding expedition ahead, spare parts, including 15 extra Liberty L-12 engines, 14 extra sets of pontoons, and enough replacement airframe parts for two more aircraft were chosen. These were sent to airports along the route. The last of these aircraft was delivered to the U.S. Army on March 11, 1924.[5]

The four aircraft left Seattle, Washington, on April 6, 1924, flying west, and two of these returned there on 28 September to great acclaim, while one plane had been lost under fog conditions, and another was forced down over the Atlantic and sank (the DWC prototype was then rechristened, and joined the other two in completing the North American leg of the flight). After the success of this flight, the Army Air Service ordered six similar aircraft as observation aircraft.[9][10] The success of the DWC established the Douglas Aircraft Company among the major aircraft companies of the world and led it to adopt the motto "First Around the World – First the World Around".[11]

Douglas initially used a logo that combined two letter Ds with two wings extended outwards, and two Ds placed back to back to form a heart as a reference to the Clan Douglas. After the success of the DWC, the company adopted a logo that showed three airplanes circling a globe. The logo eventually evolved into an aircraft, a missile, and a globe. This logo was later adopted by McDonnell Douglas in 1967, and became the basis of Boeing's current logo after their merger in 1997.[12][13]

Pre-war

Douglas Aircraft designed and built a wide variety of aircraft for the U.S. military, including the Navy, Army Air Forces, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard.

The company initially built torpedo bombers for the U.S. Navy, but it developed a number of different versions of these aircraft, including reconnaissance planes and airmail aircraft. Within five years, the company was building about 100 aircraft annually. Among the early employees at Douglas were Ed Heinemann, "Dutch" Kindelberger, Carl Cover, and Jack Northrop, who later founded the Northrop Corporation.[14]

The company retained its military market and expanded into amphibian airplanes in the late 1920s, also moving its facilities to Clover Field at Santa Monica, California. The Santa Monica complex was so large, the mail girls used roller skates to deliver the intracompany mail. By the end of World War II, Douglas had facilities at Santa Monica, El Segundo, Long Beach, and Torrance, California, Tulsa and Midwest City, Oklahoma, and Chicago, Illinois.[15] On November 30, 1928, the company was reorganized as the Douglas Aircraft Company.[2]

Female machine tool operator at the Douglas Aircraft plant, Long Beach, California in World War II. After losing thousands of male workers to military service, American manufacturers hired women for production positions, to the point where the typical aircraft plant's workforce was 40% female.[16]

In 1934, Douglas produced a commercial twin-engined transport plane, the Douglas DC-2, followed by the famous DC-3 in 1936. The wide range of aircraft produced by Douglas included airliners, light and medium bombers, fighter aircraft, transports, reconnaissance aircraft, and experimental aircraft.

The company is most famous for the "DC" (Douglas Commercial) series of commercial aircraft, including what is often regarded as the most significant transport aircraft ever made: the Douglas DC-3, which was also produced as a military transport known as the C-47 Skytrain or "Dakota" in British service. Many Douglas aircraft have long service lives.

World War II

Women at work on bomber, Douglas Aircraft Company, Long Beach, California, in October 1942

During World War II, Douglas joined the BVD (Boeing-Vega-Douglas) consortium to produce the B-17 Flying Fortress. After the war, Douglas built another Boeing design under license, the B-47 Stratojet turbojet-powered bomber, using a government-owned factory in Marietta, Georgia.[15]

Stockroom at the Long Beach plant, c. 1942

World War II was a major boost for Douglas. Douglas ranked fifth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts.[17] The company produced almost 30,000 aircraft from 1942 to 1945, and its workforce swelled to 160,000. The company produced a number of aircraft including the C-47 Skytrain, the DB-7 (known as the A-20, Havoc or Boston), the SBD Dauntless dive bomber, and the A-26 Invader.[18][19][20]

Post-war

A retired US Air Force C-47A Skytrain, the military version of the DC-3, on display in England in 2010. This aircraft flew from a base in Devon, England, during the Invasion of Normandy.

Douglas Aircraft suffered cutbacks at the end of the war, with an end to government aircraft orders and a surplus of aircraft. It was necessary to cut heavily into its workforce, letting go of nearly 100,000 workers.

The United States Army Air Forces established 'Project RAND' (Research ANd Development)[21] with the objective of looking into long-range planning of future weapons.[22] In March 1946, Douglas Aircraft Company was granted the contract to research on intercontinental warfare.[22] Project RAND later become the RAND Corporation.

Douglas continued to develop new aircraft, including the successful four-engined Douglas DC-6 (1946) and its last propeller-driven commercial aircraft, the Douglas DC-7 (1953). The company had moved into jet propulsion, producing its first for the U.S. Navy — the straight-winged F3D Skyknight in 1948 and then the more "jet age" style F4D Skyray in 1951. Douglas also made commercial jets, producing the Douglas DC-8 in 1958 to compete with the new Boeing 707.

Douglas was a pioneer in related fields, such as ejection seats, air-to-air missiles, surface-to-air missiles, and air-to-surface missiles, launch rockets, bombs, and bomb racks.

The company was ready to enter the new missile business during the 1950s. Douglas moved from producing air-to-air rockets and missiles to entire missile systems under the 1956 Nike missile program and became the main contractor for the Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile program and the Thor ballistic missile program. Douglas also earned contracts from NASA, most notably for designing the S-IVB stage of the Saturn IB and Saturn V rockets.

Mergers

In 1967, the company was struggling to expand production to meet demand for DC-8 and DC-9 airliners and the A-4 Skyhawk military attack aircraft. The company was also struggling with quality and cash flow problems and DC-10 development costs, as well as shortages due to the Vietnam War. Under the circumstances, Douglas was very receptive to an offer from McDonnell Aircraft Corporation. On April 28, 1967, after almost four years of merger talks, the two companies merged as McDonnell Douglas Corporation.

The two companies seemed to be a good match for each other. McDonnell was a major defense contractor, but had almost no civilian business. Douglas' commercial contracts would allow McDonnell to withstand any downturns in procurement.[23] Conversely, McDonnell had enough revenue to help solve Douglas' financial problems; soon after the merger was announced, McDonnell bought 1.5 million shares of Douglas stock to help Douglas meet "immediate financial requirements".[24]

The merged company was based at McDonnell's facility in St. Louis, Missouri. It adopted a modified version of Douglas' logo. Donald Wills Douglas Sr. became honorary chairman of the merged company, a post he would hold until his death in 1981. Douglas Aircraft Company continued as a wholly owned subsidiary of McDonnell Douglas, with Douglas' son, Donald Wills Douglas Jr., as president.[23] Later, former McDonnell president David S. Lewis became chairman of Douglas Aircraft. His successful turnaround of the division allowed him to become president of McDonnell Douglas in 1969. Meanwhile, Douglas' space and missiles division became part of a new subsidiary called McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company.

McDonnell Douglas later merged with its rival Boeing in 1997.[25] Boeing merged Douglas Aircraft into the Boeing Commercial Airplanes division, and retired the Douglas Aircraft name after 76 years. The last Long Beach-built commercial aircraft, the Boeing 717 (third generation version of the Douglas DC-9), ceased production in May 2006. By 2011, the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III was the last aircraft being assembled at the Long Beach facility; the final C-17 was assembled in late 2015.[26] However, the Douglas' former logo is preserved on the facility though no longer used by Boeing.[27][28]

Produkte

Aircraft

Douglas DC-3
Douglas DC-6
Passengers disembarking from an SAS DC-6

Missiles and spacecraft

Appearances in media

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Parker 2013, pp. 5, 7–10, 13–14.
  2. ^ a b "Historical Note: Douglas Aircraft Company", Museum of Flight, archived from the original on 28 September 2022, retrieved 24 June 2022
  3. ^ Haber 1995, p. 73.
  4. ^ Sobel 1974, p. 309.
  5. ^ a b Rumerman, Judy. "The Douglas World Cruiser - Around the World in 175 Days." U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003.
  6. ^ Wendell 1999/2000, p. 356.
  7. ^ Boyne 1982, p. 80.
  8. ^ "Douglas World Cruiser Transport." Archived 2012-06-25 at the Wayback Machine Boeing. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  9. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 75.
  10. ^ Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p. 548.
  11. ^ Haber 1995, pp. 72–73.
  12. ^ McDonnell Douglas Logo History, McDonnell Douglas, archived from the original on 5 June 1997, retrieved 29 November 2020
  13. ^ "From Bow-Wing to Boeing". Boeing. Archived from the original on 2021-11-14. Retrieved 31 January 2021 – via YouTube.
  14. ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 13-48, 77, 93, 107, Cypress, CA, 2013.
  15. ^ a b Parker 2013, pp. 13, 25, 35.
  16. ^ Parker 2013, pp. 2, 8.
  17. ^ Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.619
  18. ^ Herman 2012, pp. 3–13, 335–337.
  19. ^ Parker 2013, pp. 7–8, 13, 25, 35.
  20. ^ Borth 1945, pp. 13–33.
  21. ^ RAND History and Mission Archived 2010-08-17 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 13 April 2009.
  22. ^ a b Johnson, Stephen B. (2002). The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945-1965. Diane Publishing Co. p. 32.
  23. ^ a b Wright, Robert (January 26, 1967). "McDonnell and Douglas take a giant step". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  24. ^ "Douglas, McDonnell aircraft firms announce merger plans". The Bulletin (Bend). Bend, Oregon. UPI. January 13, 1967. p. 6. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  25. ^ Boeing Chronology, 1997–2001 Archived January 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Boeing
  26. ^ Boeing. "Last C-17 Built in Long Beach". Archived from the original on 2016-04-07. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  27. ^ "Long Beach's 'Fly DC Jets' sign, symbol of a bygone era, may become historic landmark". Press Telegram. 7 August 2016. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  28. ^ "Mercedes-Benz marks the start of construction on Long Beach facility". Press Telegram. 4 June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  29. ^ "An American Romance (1944) - Filming & production - IMDb". Archived from the original on 2024-02-27. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  30. ^ "B-17 assembly line, 1944". Archived from the original on 2024-01-03. Retrieved 2024-01-03.

Bibliography

  • Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1945.
  • Boyne, Walter J. The Aircraft Treasures Of Silver Hill: The Behind-The-Scenes Workshop Of The National Air And Space Museum. New York: Rawson Associates, 1982. ISBN 0-89256-216-1.
  • Cunningham, Frank. Sky Master: The Story of Donald Douglas and the Douglas Aircraft Company. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Dorrance and Company, 1943. OCLC 14152627
  • Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada: Prospero Books, 1997. ISBN 1-85605-375-X.
  • Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920: Volume I. London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-87021-428-4.
  • Haber, Barbara Angle. The National Air and Space Museum. London: Bison Group, 1995. ISBN 1-85841-088-6.
  • Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II. New York: Random House, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
  • Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II. Cypress, California: Dana T. Parker Books, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.
  • Sobel, Robert. "Donald Douglas: The Fortunes of War". The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition. New York: Weybright & Talley, 1974. ISBN 0-679-40064-8.
  • Swanborough, F. Gordon. and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963. OCLC 722531
  • Wasserzieher, Bill. Douglas: The Santa Monica Years. Santa Monica, California: The Douglas White Oaks Ranch Trust., 2009. ISBN 978-0-615-34285-6.
  • Wendell, David V. "Getting Its Wings: Chicago as the Cradle of Aviation in America." Archived 2012-05-20 at the Wayback Machine Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Volume 92, No. 4, Winter 1999/2000, pp. 339–372.
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