2022 Bronx apartment fire: Difference between revisions

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2022 Bronx apartment fire
	Twin Parks North West Twin Parks North West
Date	January 9, 2022
Zeit	c. 10:55 a.m. (UTC−05:00)
Standort	333 East 181st Street, Bronx, New York
Coordinates	40°51′14″N 73°53′53″W / 40.85389°N 73.89806°W
Typ	High-rise fire
Cause	Electrical space heater
Deaths	17
Non-fatal injuries	44

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On the morning of January 9, 2022, a high-rise fire killed seventeen people,^[1] including eight children,^[2] at the Twin Parks North West, Site 4, high-rise apartment building in the Bronx, New York City, United States.^[3] Forty-four people were injured, and thirty-two with life-threatening injuries were sent to five different borough hospitals.^[4] Fifteen were in critical condition the day after the fire.^[5]^[6]

It was the third-worst residential fire in the United States in four decades,^[7] and the deadliest fire in New York City since the Happy Land nightclub fire, which occurred nearby in 1990.^[8]^[9] The Bronx fire was also the second major residential fire in the Northeastern United States within a one-week period, occurring four days after a fire in Philadelphia public housing resulted in 12 deaths.^[10]^[11]

Investigators determined that the fire was caused by a defective space heater bursting into flames. Smoke spread through the building as a result of two malfunctioning self-closing doors, causing deaths throughout the building. The fire was largely confined to one apartment; all of the persons killed in the fire died from smoke inhalation,^[12] while a dozen critically injured people were badly burned.^[13]

Background

The 19-story residential building Twin Parks North West, Site 4 contains a total of 120 apartments.^[14] It is located on 333 East 181st Street near Tiebout Avenue. It is in the central Bronx, and part of the western segment of a "scatter-site" development project spanning the Fordham, Tremont and East Tremont neighborhoods.^[5]^[15]^[3]^[16] It was built in 1972 as part of a state program to provide affordable housing.^[14] Twin Parks won architectural awards^[17] and was widely hailed at the time as the "cutting edge of urban design",^[18]^[19] though it failed to live up to its initial promise.^[20]

In 1977, the New York Daily News reported that Urban Development Corporation buildings, including the building that was the site of the 2022 fire, had inferior electrical wiring that could pose a fire hazard. The source of the problem was that under its mandate from the state, the UDC was not subject to building codes and other municipal regulations, and could issue its own certificates of occupancy. Inspectors with the Board of Fire Underwriters found "building violations of an electrical nature" at 333 East 181st Street, and another building at Twin Parks, along with other UDC properties.^[21]

Twin Parks North West, Site 4, is currently owned and operated by a private partnership between LIHC Investment Group, Belveron Partners, and Camber Property Group, which purchased it along with other Bronx buildings in early 2020.^[12] Camber's co-founders include Rick Gropper, a housing adviser to Mayor Eric Adams.^[8]

At the time of the 2022 fire, the building housed a large Muslim West African population, notably many immigrants from The Gambia, as well as smaller communities from Mali and Burkina Faso.^[22]^[23] Most of the Gambian and Gambian American residents of the building are from the same town of Allunhari (also spelled Allunhare), a community of approximately 5,500 people in the Upper River Division of The Gambia. Gambians from Allunhari began moving to the building around 1980.^[24]

Fire

Just before 11 a.m. EST, an electric space heater ignited a fire in a duplex apartment on the second and third floor. The building's fire alarm system was triggered immediately. Although the first 9-1-1 calls were placed by neighbors who heard the alarms, some residents claimed that false alarms were common, and many initially believed that there was no fire or need to evacuate.^[12]^[10]

The fire itself was ultimately confined to the duplex apartment and the adjacent hallway, but heavy smoke quickly impeded visibility for escaping occupants.^[25] Smoke quickly spread from the unit's open door to the rest of the building, hampering other residents attempting to evacuate.^[26]^[27] Some residents recalled that the stairwells were especially lethal during the incident, and one reported "tripping over bodies."^[12]^[25]

Within three minutes, the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) and other emergency services began arriving.^[28] Rescuers found victims suffering from severe smoke inhalation on every floor of the building, some of them in cardiac or respiratory arrest.^[29] The main challenge to firefighters' progress was the massive quantity of smoke generated by the fire, which extended the entire height of the building. Many continued to work through the life-threatening conditions even after exhausting their oxygen supplies.^[30]

Around 200 firefighters responded in total,^[31]^[32] and the incident was ultimately upgraded to a five-alarm fire.^[31] The fire was declared under control by 3:30 p.m.^[25] Seventy-two people were taken to local hospitals, of whom 34 were under age 18.^[33]

Victims

Seventeen people were killed,^[1] including eight children,^[2] while 44 people were injured; 34 of the victims were under the age of 18.^[6] About a dozen critically ill patients were transferred to specialized burn units in Manhattan, Westchester County and the Bronx after being stabilized at local hospitals.^[13] All the deaths were due to smoke inhalation, with survivors treated for that as well.^[12]^[5]^[13]

Among the victims was an entire Gambian immigrant family of five, including three children aged between 5 and 12, who fled an apartment on the top floor only to be overcome by smoke.^[12]^[27] Another family lost four members.^[34]^[35]

Identification of the dead was hampered by many not carrying identification. Tattoos, body jewelry, nail art and scars were used for identification purposes by the medical examiner’s office, as well as DNA matching. The result was a lag in identifying victims, especially children,^[13] but all of the victims were identified by January 12.^[36]

Investigation

FDNY fire marshals determined that the fire was caused by an electric space heater. The device had ignited a mattress after being left to run continuously for a "prolonged period."^[10]^[12]^[28] As of January 10, 2022^[update], the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission was investigating if the space heater itself had malfunctioned.^[37] One resident stated that cold indoor temperatures were an ongoing problem requiring the additional use of space heaters;^[38] while the building incurred 3 heating-related complaints in 2021, none were outstanding at the time of the fire.^[12] New York City housing laws require that landlords maintain indoor temperatures of at least 68 °F (20 °C) during the day,^[39] but a 2017 housing survey estimated that nearly 27% of households in the Fordham neighborhood utilized supplemental heat sources like space heaters.^[40]

The fire (and initial propagation of smoke) was stoked by the involved unit's door remaining open after its occupants had escaped. While the building was considered non-combustible and did not, nor was it required to, have sprinklers in most areas,^[41] it did conform to a 2018 city law requiring self-closing mechanisms on all apartment doors in buildings containing more than three units.^[42]

According to the property owners, maintenance staff checked the involved unit's self-closing mechanism in July 2021 and found it to be in working order. After the fire, investigators found it inoperable — along with those on several other doors throughout the building.^[43] Among the other failed mechanisms was one on a 15th-floor stairwell door; this second open door created a flue effect that rapidly accelerated the spread of heavy smoke throughout the rest of the building.^[44]^[45]

Litigation

Survivors of the blaze filed two lawsuits on January 12, claiming the tragedy was preventable and was due to negligence.^[46] At least one of the plaintiff's attorneys is seeking class-action status against the three owners of the complex and the city and is seeking up to $3 billion in compensatory and punitive damages for the tenants.^[47]

Aftermath

In a post-incident press conference, Commissioner Nigro said that when fires occur in high-rise fireproof buildings, "people should shelter in place," and that "it’s safer to be in your apartment than to venture out and try to get down the stairs and sometimes into a much more dangerous situation".^[27]

Eric Adams, the mayor of New York City, announced that the city authorities would work to ensure Islamic funeral and burial rites for those killed in the fire would be respected, and Muslim leaders would be sought to help with the process and aid residents.^[10] Bronx-native and rapper Cardi B pledged to cover the funeral expenses of all 17 victims as well as repatriation costs for a number of the victims who are to be buried in Gambia.^[48]^[49]^[50]

Multiple organizations spoke out about the fire and highlighted concerns such as fire safety and fire prevention measures that have not been updated due to being constructed prior to such requirements. Other organizations used the space heater as the ignition point to highlight those that were currently living in buildings without heat that may have to utilize other means; such as a space heater for heat.^[51] U.S. Representative Ritchie Torres, representing parts of the Bronx, co-wrote the Empowering the U.S. Fire Administration Act following the fire; the legislation permitted the United States Fire Administration to help local fire departments following major fires.^[52]

The street outside Twin Parks was renamed 17 Abdoulie Touray Way on the first anniversary of the fire in 2023. The name 17 Abdoulie Touray memorializes the 17 victims of the fire, as well as the building's first Gambian resident, Abdoulie Touray.^[52]^[53]

References

^ ^a ^b Bacon, John; Miller, Ryan W. (January 10, 2022). "New York mayor revises death toll to 17 in Bronx apartment fire, calls tragedy 'unspeakable'". USA Today. New York City. ISSN 0734-7456. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "NYC fire: 17 dead in Bronx apartment fire including 8 children". New York City: WNYW. January 9, 2022. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Grabar, Henry (January 10, 2022). "The Bronx Building That Burned Was Supposed to Be Affordable Housing Done Right". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. OCLC 728292344. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022. What went wrong?
^ Oladipo, Gloria (January 11, 2022). "'It looks like a war zone': horror as Bronx apartment building went up in flames". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mays, Jeffery C.; Watkins, Ali; Gold, Michael (January 10, 2022). "Updates: Mayor Revises Number Killed in Bronx Fire to 17, Including 8 Children". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Hospitals work to save critically injured after 17 killed, including 8 children, in Bronx fire". WABC-TV. January 10, 2022. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
^ Ortiz, Jorge L. (January 9, 2022). "US residential fires have declined over the decades. Bronx blaze is a reminder how dangerous they can be". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Southall, Ashley; Ashford, Grace; Marcius, Chelsia Rose (January 10, 2022). "19 Killed in New York City's Deadliest Fire in Decades". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
^ Gross, Jenny (January 10, 2022). "The fire was the deadliest in New York City since 1990". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cullinane, Susannah; Gingras, Brynn; Alsharif, Mirna; Vera, Amir; Kapp, Bonney (January 10, 2022). "Space heater sparked fire in the Bronx that killed 17 people, including 8 children". CNN. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
^ Kasakove, Sophie; Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Robles, Frances; Robertson, Campbell (January 8, 2022). "18 People, a Deadly Fire: For Some, Crowded Housing Is Not a Choice". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Fandos, Nicholas (January 11, 2022). "Two Open Doors Created 'Flue Effect' of Deadly Smoke at Bronx High-Rise". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hughes, Jazmine; Piccoli, Sean (January 12, 2022). "Desperate Search for Those Missing in Bronx Fire: 'We're Still Waiting'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Caspani, Maria (January 10, 2022). "NYC building space heater malfunction sparks fire that kills 19, including 9 children". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
^ "The Landscape of Housing: Twin Parks Northwest 40 Years On". Urban Omnibus. November 6, 2013. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ "All 17 Bronx's fire victims died of smoke inhalation; Vigil planned". ABC7 New York. January 11, 2022. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ Goldberger, Paul (December 27, 1973). "Twin Parks, an Effort to Alter the Pattern of Public Housing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
^ Paybarah, Azi (January 9, 2022). "32 Seriously Hurt in Bronx Apartment Building Fire, Officials Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
^ "JV to keep $166M Bronx Mitchell Lama portfolio affordable". Real Estate Weekly. January 8, 2020. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2022. To finance the project, the JV partners assumed New York State Housing Finance Agency and Freddie Mac loans serviced by Citibank, N.A. and JLL Capital Markets. The portfolio is broken into three phases. [...] Phase three consists of 331 units and two commercial spaces at 355-365 E 184th St and 333 E 181st St.
^ Haag, Matthew (January 10, 2022). "Twin Parks North West opened in 1972 as a celebrated experiment in affordable housing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ Mayer, Martin; Gottlieb, Marvin (November 6, 1977). "Fire Warning! UDC Buildings May Be Unsafe". Daily News. p. 4. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Elassar, Alaa (January 9, 2022). "Major fire in Bronx apartment building leaves 19 people dead, including 9 children, officials say". CNN. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
^ Chung, Christine (January 9, 2022). "Bronx Apartment Building Was Home To a Large African Community". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ Ford, James (January 10, 2022). "Some Bronx fire victims identified, many from the same town in West Africa". WPIX. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chung, Christine; Gold, Michael (January 10, 2022). "What We Know About the Bronx Apartment Building Fire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ Vera, Amir (January 9, 2022). "FDNY Commissioner: 'This fire started in a bedroom in a portable electric heater". CNN. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zraick, Karen; Marcius, Chelsia Rose (January 10, 2022). "A Family of 5 Tried to Flee the 19th Floor. Smoke Overwhelmed Them". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Schwartz, Matthew S.; Hernandez, Joe (January 9, 2022). "A fire in a Bronx apartment building leaves 19 dead, including 9 children". NPR. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
^ "FDNY: 19 Killed, Including 9 Children, In Bronx Apartment Fire". WCBS-TV. January 9, 2022. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
^ Palmer, Ewan (January 10, 2022). "NY firefighters ran out of oxygen at deadly Bronx fire. They didn't stop". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Hernandez, Joe (January 9, 2022). "A five-alarm fire in the Bronx has left 19 people dead, including 9 children". NPR. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
^ Levenson, Eric; Studley, Laura; Joseph, Elizabeth (January 9, 2022). "Major fire in Bronx apartment building sends 32 people to the hospital, FDNY says". CNN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
^ Lewis, Caroline (January 10, 2022). ""You Just Don't Lose Many 12-Year Olds" — How Hospitals Coped With Influx Of Fire Victims Amid Omicron". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ "All 17 people who died in tragic Bronx fire identified by officials". January 12, 2022. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ Aponte, Claudia Irizarry (January 12, 2022). "These Are the 17 Victims of the Bronx Twin Parks Fire". THE CITY. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
^ "Authorities ID all 17 Twin Parks fire victims". News 12 - The Bronx. January 12, 2022. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ Hu, Winnie (January 10, 2022). "Despite safety measures, space heaters remain a fire risk". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ Porter, David; Price, Michelle L. (January 10, 2022). "Safety doors failed in NYC high-rise fire that killed 17". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
^ "Press Release - HPD Announces Start of the 2020-2021 "Heat Season" in New York City". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development. October 1, 2020. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ "Homes Using Supplemental Heat". NYC Environment & Health Data Portal. New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey. 2017. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ Hauck, Grace; McCoy, Kevin (January 10, 2022). "Bronx fire brings renewed calls for national fire-safety legislation". USA TODAY. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ Dorn, Sara (January 10, 2022). "After deadly Bronx fire, will NYC's self-closing door law be better enforced?". City & State. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ Mays, Jeffery; Watkins, Ali; Gold, Michael (January 10, 2022). "Mayor says a door in the Bronx high-rise may have malfunctioned and revises the number killed to 17". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
^ Paybarah, Azi (January 9, 2022). "32 Seriously Hurt in Bronx Apartment Building Fire, Officials Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
^ "Space heater sparked 'horrific' Bronx fire: FDNY commissioner". New York: NY1. January 9, 2022. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
^ "Survivors of deadly Bronx fire file 1st lawsuit, lawyers claim negligence as cause". News 12 - The Bronx. January 12, 2022. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ Murphy, Edward D. (January 13, 2022). "Portland company sued over Bronx apartment fire that killed 17 people". Press Herald. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
^ Chapman, Wilson (January 19, 2022). "Cardi B Will Cover Funeral Costs for Bronx Fire Victims". Variety. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
^ "Cardi B will pay funeral expenses for Bronx fire victims". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
^ Mier, Tomás (January 19, 2022). "Cardi B Offers to Cover Funeral Expenses of All 17 Bronx Fire Victims". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
^ Ortiz, Erik (January 11, 2022). "Deadly Bronx fire puts focus on space heaters as 'symbols of inequity'". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Bronx fire: Vigils, street co-naming mark 1 year since deadly apartment fire in Tremont". ABC7 New York. January 9, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ Santia, Marc (January 9, 2023). "Bronx Fire Tragedy 1 Year Later: Families Honor Victims With Street Renaming". NBC New York. Retrieved February 25, 2024.

External links

The Chain of Failures That Left 17 Dead in a Bronx Apartment Fire – The New York Times
Reconstructing the Bronx Apartment Fire – The New York Times
One Year After Bronx Apartment Fire, Victims Still Need Money – Documented NY

[2022-01-10_USA_Today-1] Bacon, John; Miller, Ryan W. (January 10, 2022). "New York mayor revises death toll to 17 in Bronx apartment fire, calls tragedy 'unspeakable'". USA Today. New York City. ISSN 0734-7456. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

[2022-01-09_WNYW-2] "NYC fire: 17 dead in Bronx apartment fire including 8 children". New York City: WNYW. January 9, 2022. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

[2022-01-10_Slate-3] Grabar, Henry (January 10, 2022). "The Bronx Building That Burned Was Supposed to Be Affordable Housing Done Right". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. OCLC 728292344. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022. What went wrong?

[4] Oladipo, Gloria (January 11, 2022). "'It looks like a war zone': horror as Bronx apartment building went up in flames". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

[Mays_2022-5] Mays, Jeffery C.; Watkins, Ali; Gold, Michael (January 10, 2022). "Updates: Mayor Revises Number Killed in Bronx Fire to 17, Including 8 Children". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.

[WABC-TV_2022-6] "Hospitals work to save critically injured after 17 killed, including 8 children, in Bronx fire". WABC-TV. January 10, 2022. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.

[7] Ortiz, Jorge L. (January 9, 2022). "US residential fires have declined over the decades. Bronx blaze is a reminder how dangerous they can be". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.

[Southall_2022-8] Southall, Ashley; Ashford, Grace; Marcius, Chelsia Rose (January 10, 2022). "19 Killed in New York City's Deadliest Fire in Decades". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.

[9] Gross, Jenny (January 10, 2022). "The fire was the deadliest in New York City since 1990". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.

[Susannah_Cullinane-10] Cullinane, Susannah; Gingras, Brynn; Alsharif, Mirna; Vera, Amir; Kapp, Bonney (January 10, 2022). "Space heater sparked fire in the Bronx that killed 17 people, including 8 children". CNN. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.

[11] Kasakove, Sophie; Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Robles, Frances; Robertson, Campbell (January 8, 2022). "18 People, a Deadly Fire: For Some, Crowded Housing Is Not a Choice". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.

[Fandos_2022-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Fandos, Nicholas (January 11, 2022). "Two Open Doors Created 'Flue Effect' of Deadly Smoke at Bronx High-Rise". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[Hughes_2022-13] Hughes, Jazmine; Piccoli, Sean (January 12, 2022). "Desperate Search for Those Missing in Bronx Fire: 'We're Still Waiting'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

[Caspini-14] Caspani, Maria (January 10, 2022). "NYC building space heater malfunction sparks fire that kills 19, including 9 children". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.

[15] "The Landscape of Housing: Twin Parks Northwest 40 Years On". Urban Omnibus. November 6, 2013. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

[16] "All 17 Bronx's fire victims died of smoke inhalation; Vigil planned". ABC7 New York. January 11, 2022. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[17] Goldberger, Paul (December 27, 1973). "Twin Parks, an Effort to Alter the Pattern of Public Housing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.

[nyt_bronx_fire-18] Paybarah, Azi (January 9, 2022). "32 Seriously Hurt in Bronx Apartment Building Fire, Officials Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.

[19] "JV to keep $166M Bronx Mitchell Lama portfolio affordable". Real Estate Weekly. January 8, 2020. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2022. To finance the project, the JV partners assumed New York State Housing Finance Agency and Freddie Mac loans serviced by Citibank, N.A. and JLL Capital Markets. The portfolio is broken into three phases. [...] Phase three consists of 331 units and two commercial spaces at 355-365 E 184th St and 333 E 181st St.

[20] Haag, Matthew (January 10, 2022). "Twin Parks North West opened in 1972 as a celebrated experiment in affordable housing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

[Mayer-Gottlieb-_1977-21] Mayer, Martin; Gottlieb, Marvin (November 6, 1977). "Fire Warning! UDC Buildings May Be Unsafe". Daily News. p. 4. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.

[bronx_fire2-22] Elassar, Alaa (January 9, 2022). "Major fire in Bronx apartment building leaves 19 people dead, including 9 children, officials say". CNN. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.

[nytimes-23] Chung, Christine (January 9, 2022). "Bronx Apartment Building Was Home To a Large African Community". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

[wpix-24] Ford, James (January 10, 2022). "Some Bronx fire victims identified, many from the same town in West Africa". WPIX. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

[Chung_2022-25] Chung, Christine; Gold, Michael (January 10, 2022). "What We Know About the Bronx Apartment Building Fire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[nyt_bronx_fire2-26] Vera, Amir (January 9, 2022). "FDNY Commissioner: 'This fire started in a bedroom in a portable electric heater". CNN. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.

[Zraick_2022-27] Zraick, Karen; Marcius, Chelsia Rose (January 10, 2022). "A Family of 5 Tried to Flee the 19th Floor. Smoke Overwhelmed Them". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[Schwartz_2022-28] Schwartz, Matthew S.; Hernandez, Joe (January 9, 2022). "A fire in a Bronx apartment building leaves 19 dead, including 9 children". NPR. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.

[29] "FDNY: 19 Killed, Including 9 Children, In Bronx Apartment Fire". WCBS-TV. January 9, 2022. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.

[30] Palmer, Ewan (January 10, 2022). "NY firefighters ran out of oxygen at deadly Bronx fire. They didn't stop". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[Hernandez_2022-31] Hernandez, Joe (January 9, 2022). "A five-alarm fire in the Bronx has left 19 people dead, including 9 children". NPR. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.

[32] Levenson, Eric; Studley, Laura; Joseph, Elizabeth (January 9, 2022). "Major fire in Bronx apartment building sends 32 people to the hospital, FDNY says". CNN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.

[33] Lewis, Caroline (January 10, 2022). ""You Just Don't Lose Many 12-Year Olds" — How Hospitals Coped With Influx Of Fire Victims Amid Omicron". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[34] "All 17 people who died in tragic Bronx fire identified by officials". January 12, 2022. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

[35] Aponte, Claudia Irizarry (January 12, 2022). "These Are the 17 Victims of the Bronx Twin Parks Fire". THE CITY. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022.

[36] "Authorities ID all 17 Twin Parks fire victims". News 12 - The Bronx. January 12, 2022. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

[37] Hu, Winnie (January 10, 2022). "Despite safety measures, space heaters remain a fire risk". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[38] Porter, David; Price, Michelle L. (January 10, 2022). "Safety doors failed in NYC high-rise fire that killed 17". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.

[39] "Press Release - HPD Announces Start of the 2020-2021 "Heat Season" in New York City". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development. October 1, 2020. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[40] "Homes Using Supplemental Heat". NYC Environment & Health Data Portal. New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey. 2017. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[Hauck_McCoy_2022_c791-41] Hauck, Grace; McCoy, Kevin (January 10, 2022). "Bronx fire brings renewed calls for national fire-safety legislation". USA TODAY. Retrieved February 25, 2024.

[42] Dorn, Sara (January 10, 2022). "After deadly Bronx fire, will NYC's self-closing door law be better enforced?". City & State. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[43] Mays, Jeffery; Watkins, Ali; Gold, Michael (January 10, 2022). "Mayor says a door in the Bronx high-rise may have malfunctioned and revises the number killed to 17". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.

[nyt_bronx_fire2-44] Paybarah, Azi (January 9, 2022). "32 Seriously Hurt in Bronx Apartment Building Fire, Officials Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.

[2022-01-09_NY1-45] "Space heater sparked 'horrific' Bronx fire: FDNY commissioner". New York: NY1. January 9, 2022. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.

[46] "Survivors of deadly Bronx fire file 1st lawsuit, lawyers claim negligence as cause". News 12 - The Bronx. January 12, 2022. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

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[48] Chapman, Wilson (January 19, 2022). "Cardi B Will Cover Funeral Costs for Bronx Fire Victims". Variety. Retrieved January 22, 2022.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Fatal apartment fire in the Bronx, New York}}
-{{use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
 {{Infobox event
 | caption     =
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | title       = 2022 Bronx apartment fire
 | image=
-| location    = {{Indented plainlist|
+| location    = 333 East 181st Street, [[the Bronx|Bronx, New York]]
-* 333 East 181st Street
-* [[Bronx]], [[New York City]]
-}}
 | coordinates = {{Coord|40|51|14|N|73|53|53|W|type:event_region:NY-US|display=inline,title}}
 | date        = January 9, 2022
@@ Line 20: / Line 17: @@
 | cause       = Electrical [[space heater]]
 }}
-On the morning of January 9, 2022, a [[high-rise fire]] killed seventeen people,<ref name="2022-01-10 USA Today">{{cite news |last1=Bacon |first1=John |last2=Miller |first2=Ryan W. |date=2022-01-10 |title=New York mayor revises death toll to 17 in Bronx apartment fire, calls tragedy 'unspeakable' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/01/10/bronx-new-york-city-fire-updates-space-heater-death-toll/9155061002/ |url-status=live |work=[[USA Today]] |language=en |location=[[New York City]] |issn=0734-7456 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111234835/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/01/10/bronx-new-york-city-fire-updates-space-heater-death-toll/9155061002/ |archive-date=2022-01-11 |access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref> including eight children,<ref name="2022-01-09 WNYW">{{cite news |date=2022-01-09 |title=NYC fire: 17 dead in Bronx apartment fire including 8 children |url=https://www.fox5ny.com/news/nyc-fire-bronx-apartment-fire |url-status=live |language=en |location=[[New York City]] |publisher=[[WNYW]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112090632/https://www.fox5ny.com/news/nyc-fire-bronx-apartment-fire |archive-date=2022-01-12 |access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref> at the [[Twin Parks|Twin Parks North West, Site 4]], [[High-rise building|high-rise]] apartment building in [[the Bronx]], New York City, United States.<ref name="2022-01-10 Slate">{{cite magazine |last1=Grabar |first1=Henry |date=2022-01-10 |title=The Bronx Building That Burned Was Supposed to Be Affordable Housing Done Right |url=https://slate.com/business/2022/01/bronx-building-fire-twin-parks-affordable-housing-icon.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |language=en |issn=1091-2339 |oclc=728292344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112010430/https://slate.com/business/2022/01/bronx-building-fire-twin-parks-affordable-housing-icon.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |access-date=2022-01-12 |quote=What went wrong? }}</ref> Forty-four people were injured, and thirty-two with life-threatening injuries were sent to five different borough hospitals.<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-11|title='It looks like a war zone': horror as Bronx apartment building went up in flames|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jan/11/bronx-fire-apartment-building-new-york-city|access-date=2022-01-12|website=the Guardian|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112095910/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jan/11/bronx-fire-apartment-building-new-york-city|url-status=live}}</ref> Fifteen were in critical condition the day after the fire.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|last1=Mays|first1=Jeffery C.|last2=Watkins|first2=Ali|last3=Gold|first3=Michael|date=2022-01-10|title=Updates: Mayor Revises Number Killed in Bronx Fire to 17, Including 8 Children|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-fire-nyc|access-date=2022-01-10|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110205322/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-fire-nyc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|last=News|first=Eyewitness|date=January 10, 2022|title=Hospitals work to save critically injured after 17 killed, including 8 children, in Bronx fire|url=https://abc7ny.com/bronx-fire-today-181st-street-333-east-ny/11448093/|access-date=January 10, 2022|website=[[WABC-TV]]|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110102819/https://abc7ny.com/bronx-fire-today-181st-street-333-east-ny/11448093/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+On the morning of January 9, 2022, a [[high-rise fire]] killed seventeen people,<ref name="2022-01-10 USA Today">{{cite news |last1=Bacon |first1=John |last2=Miller |first2=Ryan W. |date=January 10, 2022 |title=New York mayor revises death toll to 17 in Bronx apartment fire, calls tragedy 'unspeakable' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/01/10/bronx-new-york-city-fire-updates-space-heater-death-toll/9155061002/ |url-status=live |work=[[USA Today]] |language=en |location=[[New York City]] |issn=0734-7456 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111234835/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/01/10/bronx-new-york-city-fire-updates-space-heater-death-toll/9155061002/ |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> including eight children,<ref name="2022-01-09 WNYW">{{cite news |date=January 9, 2022 |title=NYC fire: 17 dead in Bronx apartment fire including 8 children |url=https://www.fox5ny.com/news/nyc-fire-bronx-apartment-fire |url-status=live |language=en |location=[[New York City]] |publisher=[[WNYW]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112090632/https://www.fox5ny.com/news/nyc-fire-bronx-apartment-fire |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> at the [[Twin Parks|Twin Parks North West, Site 4]], [[High-rise building|high-rise]] apartment building in [[the Bronx]], New York City, United States.<ref name="2022-01-10 Slate">{{cite magazine |last1=Grabar |first1=Henry |date=January 10, 2022 |title=The Bronx Building That Burned Was Supposed to Be Affordable Housing Done Right |url=https://slate.com/business/2022/01/bronx-building-fire-twin-parks-affordable-housing-icon.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |language=en |issn=1091-2339 |oclc=728292344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112010430/https://slate.com/business/2022/01/bronx-building-fire-twin-parks-affordable-housing-icon.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |access-date=January 12, 2022 |quote=What went wrong? }}</ref> Forty-four people were injured, and thirty-two with life-threatening injuries were sent to five different borough hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |last=Oladipo |first=Gloria |date=January 11, 2022 |title='It looks like a war zone': horror as Bronx apartment building went up in flames |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jan/11/bronx-fire-apartment-building-new-york-city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112095910/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jan/11/bronx-fire-apartment-building-new-york-city |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |access-date=January 12, 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Fifteen were in critical condition the day after the fire.<ref name="Mays 2022">{{Cite news |last1=Mays |first1=Jeffery C. |last2=Watkins |first2=Ali |last3=Gold |first3=Michael |date=January 10, 2022 |title=Updates: Mayor Revises Number Killed in Bronx Fire to 17, Including 8 Children |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-fire-nyc |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110205322/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-fire-nyc |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="WABC-TV 2022">{{cite web|date=January 10, 2022|title=Hospitals work to save critically injured after 17 killed, including 8 children, in Bronx fire|url=https://abc7ny.com/bronx-fire-today-181st-street-333-east-ny/11448093/|access-date=January 10, 2022|website=[[WABC-TV]]|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110102819/https://abc7ny.com/bronx-fire-today-181st-street-333-east-ny/11448093/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-It was the third-worst residential fire in the United States in four decades,<ref>{{cite web|last=Ortiz|first=Jorge L.|title=US residential fires have declined over the decades. Bronx blaze is a reminder how dangerous they can be.|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/01/09/bronx-apartment-fire-united-states-history/9153811002/|access-date=January 10, 2022|website=USA TODAY|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110050556/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/01/09/bronx-apartment-fire-united-states-history/9153811002/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest fire in New York City since the [[Happy Land fire|Happy Land nightclub fire]], which occurred nearby in 1990.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last1=Southall|first1=Ashley|last2=Ashford|first2=Grace|last3=Marcius|first3=Chelsia Rose|date=January 10, 2022|title=19 Killed in New York City's Deadliest Fire in Decades|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/nyc-bronx-fire.html|access-date=January 10, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110024040/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/nyc-bronx-fire.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gross|first=Jenny|date=January 10, 2022|title=The fire was the deadliest in New York City since 1990.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/happy-land-fire.html|access-date=January 10, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110144017/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/happy-land-fire.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Bronx fire was also the second major residential fire in the [[Northeastern United States]] within a one-week period, occurring four days after [[2022 Philadelphia apartment fire|a fire in Philadelphia public housing]] resulted in 12 deaths.<ref name=":8">{{cite news|author=Susannah Cullinane|title=Space heater blamed after 19 die in one of the worst fires in modern New York history|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/10/us/nyc-bronx-apartment-fire-monday/index.html|access-date=January 10, 2022|website=[[CNN]]|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110091953/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/10/us/nyc-bronx-apartment-fire-monday/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kasakove |first1=Sophie |last2=Bogel-Burroughs |first2=Nicholas |last3=Robles |first3=Frances |last4=Robertson |first4=Campbell |date=January 8, 2022 |title=18 People, a Deadly Fire: For Some, Crowded Housing Is Not a Choice |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/08/us/philadelphia-fire-housing.html |access-date=January 10, 2022 |oclc=1645522 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109203243/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/08/us/philadelphia-fire-housing.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+It was the third-worst residential fire in the United States in four decades,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Jorge L. |date=9 January 2022 |title=US residential fires have declined over the decades. Bronx blaze is a reminder how dangerous they can be. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/01/09/bronx-apartment-fire-united-states-history/9153811002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110050556/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/01/09/bronx-apartment-fire-united-states-history/9153811002/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |access-date=January 10, 2022 |website=USA TODAY}}</ref> and the deadliest fire in New York City since the [[Happy Land fire|Happy Land nightclub fire]], which occurred nearby in 1990.<ref name="Southall 2022">{{Cite news |last1=Southall |first1=Ashley |last2=Ashford |first2=Grace |last3=Marcius |first3=Chelsia Rose |date=January 10, 2022 |title=19 Killed in New York City's Deadliest Fire in Decades |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/nyc-bronx-fire.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110024040/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/nyc-bronx-fire.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gross |first=Jenny |date=January 10, 2022 |title=The fire was the deadliest in New York City since 1990. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/happy-land-fire.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110144017/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/happy-land-fire.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Bronx fire was also the second major residential fire in the [[Northeastern United States]] within a one-week period, occurring four days after [[2022 Philadelphia apartment fire|a fire in Philadelphia public housing]] resulted in 12 deaths.<ref name="Susannah Cullinane">{{cite news |author=Cullinane |first=Susannah |last2=Gingras |first2=Brynn |last3=Alsharif |first3=Mirna |last4=Vera |first4=Amir |last5=Kapp |first5=Bonney |date=January 10, 2022 |title=Space heater sparked fire in the Bronx that killed 17 people, including 8 children |website=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/10/us/nyc-bronx-apartment-fire-monday/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110091953/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/10/us/nyc-bronx-apartment-fire-monday/index.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kasakove |first1=Sophie |last2=Bogel-Burroughs |first2=Nicholas |last3=Robles |first3=Frances |last4=Robertson |first4=Campbell |date=January 8, 2022 |title=18 People, a Deadly Fire: For Some, Crowded Housing Is Not a Choice |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/08/us/philadelphia-fire-housing.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109203243/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/08/us/philadelphia-fire-housing.html |archive-date=January 9, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522}}</ref>
-Investigators determined that the fire was caused by a defective [[space heater]] bursting into flames. Smoke spread through the building as a result of two malfunctioning self-closing doors, causing deaths throughout the building. The fire was largely confined to one apartment; all of the persons killed in the fire died from [[smoke inhalation]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Fandos|first=Nicholas|date=2022-01-11|title=Two Open Doors Created 'Flue Effect' of Deadly Smoke at Bronx High-Rise|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-apartment-fire-smoke.html|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111141615/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-apartment-fire-smoke.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while a dozen critically injured people were badly burned.<ref name=":0" />
+Investigators determined that the fire was caused by a defective [[space heater]] bursting into flames. Smoke spread through the building as a result of two malfunctioning self-closing doors, causing deaths throughout the building. The fire was largely confined to one apartment; all of the persons killed in the fire died from [[smoke inhalation]],<ref name="Fandos 2022">{{Cite news |last=Fandos |first=Nicholas |date=January 11, 2022 |title=Two Open Doors Created 'Flue Effect' of Deadly Smoke at Bronx High-Rise |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-apartment-fire-smoke.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=January 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111141615/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-apartment-fire-smoke.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> while a dozen critically injured people were badly burned.<ref name="Hughes 2022" />
 ==Background==
 {{main|Twin Parks}}
-The 19-story residential building Twin Parks North West, Site 4 contains a total of 120 apartments.<ref name="Caspini">{{cite news |last1=Caspani |first1=Maria |title=NYC building space heater malfunction sparks fire that kills 19, including 9 children |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/new-york-city-apartment-building-fire-critically-injures-32-officials-2022-01-09/ |access-date=January 10, 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=January 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110012413/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/new-york-city-apartment-building-fire-critically-injures-32-officials-2022-01-09/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is located on 333 East [[181st Street]] near Tiebout Avenue. It is in the central Bronx, and part of the western segment of a "scatter-site" development project spanning the [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham]], [[Tremont, Bronx|Tremont]] and [[East Tremont, Bronx|East Tremont]] neighborhoods.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{cite web|date=2013-11-06|title=The Landscape of Housing: Twin Parks Northwest 40 Years On|url=https://urbanomnibus.net/2013/11/the-landscape-of-housing-twin-parks-northwest-40-years-on/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Urban Omnibus|language=en-US|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111104515/https://urbanomnibus.net/2013/11/the-landscape-of-housing-twin-parks-northwest-40-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2022-01-10 Slate" /><ref>{{cite web|last=News|first=Eyewitness|date=2022-01-11|title=All 17 Bronx's fire victims died of smoke inhalation; Vigil planned|url=https://abc7ny.com/bronx-fire-heater-in-rick-gropper/11452773/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=ABC7 New York|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111181451/https://abc7ny.com/bronx-fire-heater-in-rick-gropper/11452773/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was built in 1972 as part of a state program to provide [[Subsidized housing in the United States|affordable housing]].<ref name="Caspini"/> Twin Parks won architectural awards<ref>{{Cite news|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|date=1973-12-27|title=Twin Parks, an Effort to Alter the Pattern of Public Housing|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/27/archives/twin-parks-an-effort-to-alter-the-pattern-of-public-housing.html|access-date=2022-01-16|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115131541/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/27/archives/twin-parks-an-effort-to-alter-the-pattern-of-public-housing.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and was widely hailed at the time as the "cutting edge of urban design",<ref name="nyt_bronx_fire">{{Cite news |last=Paybarah |first=Azi |date=January 9, 2022 |title=32 Seriously Hurt in Bronx Apartment Building Fire, Officials Say |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/bronx-fire-apartment-building.html |access-date=January 9, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109180029/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/bronx-fire-apartment-building.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=January 8, 2020 |title=JV to keep $166M Bronx Mitchell Lama portfolio affordable |work=[[Real Estate Weekly]] |url=https://rew-online.com/jv-to-keep-166m-bronx-mitchell-lama-portfolio-affordable/#:~:text=phase%20three,333%20e%20181st%20st.&text=To%20finance%20the,into%20three%20phases. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115171751/https://rew-online.com/jv-to-keep-166m-bronx-mitchell-lama-portfolio-affordable/#:~:text=phase%20three,333%20e%20181st%20st.&text=To%20finance%20the,into%20three%20phases. |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2022 |quote=To finance the project, the JV partners assumed New York State Housing Finance Agency and Freddie Mac loans serviced by Citibank, N.A. and JLL Capital Markets. The portfolio is broken into three phases. [...] Phase three consists of 331 units and two commercial spaces at 355-365 E 184th St and 333 E 181st St.}}</ref> though it failed to live up to its initial promise.<ref>{{cite news |last=Haag |first=Matthew |date=2022-01-10 |title=Twin Parks North West opened in 1972 as a celebrated experiment in affordable housing. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/twin-parks-north-west-housing.html |access-date=2022-01-12 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112170538/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/twin-parks-north-west-housing.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The 19-story residential building Twin Parks North West, Site 4 contains a total of 120 apartments.<ref name="Caspini">{{cite news |last1=Caspani |first1=Maria |title=NYC building space heater malfunction sparks fire that kills 19, including 9 children |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/new-york-city-apartment-building-fire-critically-injures-32-officials-2022-01-09/ |access-date=January 10, 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=January 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110012413/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/new-york-city-apartment-building-fire-critically-injures-32-officials-2022-01-09/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is located on 333 East [[181st Street]] near Tiebout Avenue. It is in the central Bronx, and part of the western segment of a "scatter-site" development project spanning the [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham]], [[Tremont, Bronx|Tremont]] and [[East Tremont, Bronx|East Tremont]] neighborhoods.<ref name="Mays 2022" /><ref>{{cite web|date=November 6, 2013|title=The Landscape of Housing: Twin Parks Northwest 40 Years On|url=https://urbanomnibus.net/2013/11/the-landscape-of-housing-twin-parks-northwest-40-years-on/|access-date=January 12, 2022|website=Urban Omnibus|language=en-US|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111104515/https://urbanomnibus.net/2013/11/the-landscape-of-housing-twin-parks-northwest-40-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2022-01-10 Slate" /><ref>{{cite web|date=January 11, 2022|title=All 17 Bronx's fire victims died of smoke inhalation; Vigil planned|url=https://abc7ny.com/bronx-fire-heater-in-rick-gropper/11452773/|access-date=January 11, 2022|website=ABC7 New York|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111181451/https://abc7ny.com/bronx-fire-heater-in-rick-gropper/11452773/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was built in 1972 as part of a state program to provide [[Subsidized housing in the United States|affordable housing]].<ref name="Caspini"/> Twin Parks won architectural awards<ref>{{Cite news|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|date=December 27, 1973|title=Twin Parks, an Effort to Alter the Pattern of Public Housing|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/27/archives/twin-parks-an-effort-to-alter-the-pattern-of-public-housing.html|access-date=January 16, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115131541/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/27/archives/twin-parks-an-effort-to-alter-the-pattern-of-public-housing.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and was widely hailed at the time as the "cutting edge of urban design",<ref name="nyt_bronx_fire">{{Cite news |last=Paybarah |first=Azi |date=January 9, 2022 |title=32 Seriously Hurt in Bronx Apartment Building Fire, Officials Say |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/bronx-fire-apartment-building.html |access-date=January 9, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109180029/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/bronx-fire-apartment-building.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=January 8, 2020 |title=JV to keep $166M Bronx Mitchell Lama portfolio affordable |work=[[Real Estate Weekly]] |url=https://rew-online.com/jv-to-keep-166m-bronx-mitchell-lama-portfolio-affordable/#:~:text=phase%20three,333%20e%20181st%20st.&text=To%20finance%20the,into%20three%20phases. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115171751/https://rew-online.com/jv-to-keep-166m-bronx-mitchell-lama-portfolio-affordable/#:~:text=phase%20three,333%20e%20181st%20st.&text=To%20finance%20the,into%20three%20phases. |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2022 |quote=To finance the project, the JV partners assumed New York State Housing Finance Agency and Freddie Mac loans serviced by Citibank, N.A. and JLL Capital Markets. The portfolio is broken into three phases. [...] Phase three consists of 331 units and two commercial spaces at 355-365 E 184th St and 333 E 181st St.}}</ref> though it failed to live up to its initial promise.<ref>{{cite news |last=Haag |first=Matthew |date=January 10, 2022 |title=Twin Parks North West opened in 1972 as a celebrated experiment in affordable housing. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/twin-parks-north-west-housing.html |access-date=January 12, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112170538/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/twin-parks-north-west-housing.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In 1977, the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' reported that [[Empire State Development Corporation|Urban Development Corporation]] buildings, including the building that was the site of the 2022 fire, had inferior electrical wiring that could pose a fire hazard. The source of the problem was that under its mandate from the state, the UDC was not subject to building codes and other municipal regulations, and could issue its own certificates of occupancy. Inspectors with the Board of Fire Underwriters found "building violations of an electrical nature" at 333 East 181st Street, and another building at Twin Parks, along with other UDC properties.<ref name="Mayer-Gottlieb- 1977">{{cite news |last1=Mayer |first1=Martin |last2=Gottlieb |first2=Marvin |title=Fire Warning! UDC Buildings May Be Unsafe |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92454955/udc-buildings-may-be-unsafe-1977/ |access-date=13 January 2022 |work=Daily News |date=6 November 1977 |page=4 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date=January 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113001102/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92454955/udc-buildings-may-be-unsafe-1977/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 1977, the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' reported that [[Empire State Development Corporation|Urban Development Corporation]] buildings, including the building that was the site of the 2022 fire, had inferior electrical wiring that could pose a fire hazard. The source of the problem was that under its mandate from the state, the UDC was not subject to building codes and other municipal regulations, and could issue its own certificates of occupancy. Inspectors with the Board of Fire Underwriters found "building violations of an electrical nature" at 333 East 181st Street, and another building at Twin Parks, along with other UDC properties.<ref name="Mayer-Gottlieb- 1977">{{cite news |last1=Mayer |first1=Martin |last2=Gottlieb |first2=Marvin |title=Fire Warning! UDC Buildings May Be Unsafe |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92454955/udc-buildings-may-be-unsafe-1977/ |access-date=January 13, 2022 |work=Daily News |date=November 6, 1977 |page=4 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date=January 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113001102/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92454955/udc-buildings-may-be-unsafe-1977/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Twin Parks North West, Site 4, is currently owned and operated by a private partnership between LIHC Investment Group, Belveron Partners, and Camber Property Group, which purchased it along with other Bronx buildings in early 2020.<ref name=":1" /> Camber's co-founders include Rick Gropper, a housing adviser to Mayor [[Eric Adams]].<ref name=":7" />
+Twin Parks North West, Site 4, is currently owned and operated by a private partnership between LIHC Investment Group, Belveron Partners, and Camber Property Group, which purchased it along with other Bronx buildings in early 2020.<ref name="Fandos 2022" /> Camber's co-founders include Rick Gropper, a housing adviser to Mayor [[Eric Adams]].<ref name="Southall 2022" />
-At the time of the 2022 fire, the building housed a large [[Islam in the United States|Muslim]] [[West Africa]]n population, notably many [[immigration to the United States|immigrants]] from [[The Gambia]], as well as smaller communities from [[Mali]] and [[Burkina Faso]].<ref name="bronx fire2">{{Cite news|last=Elassar|first=Alaa|date=January 9, 2022|title=Major fire in Bronx apartment building leaves 19 people dead, including 9 children, officials say|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/09/us/bronx-fire-injuries/index.html|access-date=January 9, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109190147/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/09/us/bronx-fire-injuries/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nytimes>{{cite news |first=Christine |last=Chung |title=Bronx Apartment Building Was Home To a Large African Community |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/gambia-bronx-fire-victims.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2022-01-09 |access-date=2022-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110025017/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/gambia-bronx-fire-victims.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the Gambian and [[Gambian American]] residents of the building are from the same town of [[Allunhari]] (also spelled Allunhare), a community of approximately 5,500 people in the [[Upper River Division]] of The Gambia.  Gambians from Allunhari began moving to the building around 1980.<ref name=wpix>{{cite news |first=James |last=Ford |title=Some Bronx fire victims identified, many from the same town in West Africa |url=https://pix11.com/news/local-news/bronx/some-bronx-fire-victims-identified-many-from-the-same-town-in-west-africa/ |publisher=[[WPIX]] |date=2022-01-10 |access-date=2022-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111102724/https://pix11.com/news/local-news/bronx/some-bronx-fire-victims-identified-many-from-the-same-town-in-west-africa/ |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+At the time of the 2022 fire, the building housed a large [[Islam in the United States|Muslim]] [[West Africa]]n population, notably many [[immigration to the United States|immigrants]] from [[The Gambia]], as well as smaller communities from [[Mali]] and [[Burkina Faso]].<ref name="bronx fire2">{{Cite news|last=Elassar|first=Alaa|date=January 9, 2022|title=Major fire in Bronx apartment building leaves 19 people dead, including 9 children, officials say|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/09/us/bronx-fire-injuries/index.html|access-date=January 9, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109190147/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/09/us/bronx-fire-injuries/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nytimes>{{cite news |first=Christine |last=Chung |title=Bronx Apartment Building Was Home To a Large African Community |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/gambia-bronx-fire-victims.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 9, 2022 |access-date=January 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110025017/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/gambia-bronx-fire-victims.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the Gambian and [[Gambian American]] residents of the building are from the same town of [[Allunhari]] (also spelled Allunhare), a community of approximately 5,500 people in the [[Upper River Division]] of The Gambia.  Gambians from Allunhari began moving to the building around 1980.<ref name=wpix>{{cite news |first=James |last=Ford |title=Some Bronx fire victims identified, many from the same town in West Africa |url=https://pix11.com/news/local-news/bronx/some-bronx-fire-victims-identified-many-from-the-same-town-in-west-africa/ |publisher=[[WPIX]] |date=January 10, 2022 |access-date=January 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111102724/https://pix11.com/news/local-news/bronx/some-bronx-fire-victims-identified-many-from-the-same-town-in-west-africa/ |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Fire==
-Just before 11&nbsp;a.m.&nbsp;[[Eastern Time Zone|EST]], an electric [[space heater]] ignited a fire in a duplex apartment on the second and third floor. The building's [[fire alarm system]] was triggered immediately. Although the first [[9-1-1]] calls were placed by neighbors who heard the alarms, some residents claimed that [[false alarm]]s were common, and many initially believed that there was no fire or need to evacuate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" />
+Just before 11&nbsp;a.m.&nbsp;[[Eastern Time Zone|EST]], an electric [[space heater]] ignited a fire in a duplex apartment on the second and third floor. The building's [[fire alarm system]] was triggered immediately. Although the first [[9-1-1]] calls were placed by neighbors who heard the alarms, some residents claimed that [[false alarm]]s were common, and many initially believed that there was no fire or need to evacuate.<ref name="Fandos 2022" /><ref name="Susannah Cullinane" />
 {{external media|float=left|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vA8lGaBXv6c &#124; BBC News with Eyewitness Interviews]}}
-The fire itself was ultimately confined to the duplex apartment and the adjacent hallway, but heavy smoke quickly impeded visibility for escaping occupants.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news|last1=Chung|first1=Christine|last2=Gold|first2=Michael|date=2022-01-10|title=What We Know About the Bronx Apartment Building Fire|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/deadly-bronx-apartment-fire.html|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111090007/https://www.nytimes.com/article/deadly-bronx-apartment-fire.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Smoke quickly spread from the unit's open door to the rest of the building, hampering other residents attempting to evacuate.<ref name="nyt bronx fire2">{{Cite news|last=Vera|first=Amir|date=January 9, 2022|title=FDNY Commissioner: 'This fire started in a bedroom in a portable electric heater.|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/nyc-bronx-apartment-building-fire-01-09-22/h_22ec50c7ffa097e43c8b3426bb6386ad|access-date=January 9, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109235844/https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/nyc-bronx-apartment-building-fire-01-09-22/h_22ec50c7ffa097e43c8b3426bb6386ad|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite news|last1=Zraick|first1=Karen|last2=Marcius|first2=Chelsia Rose|date=2022-01-10|title=A Family of 5 Tried to Flee the 19th Floor. Smoke Overwhelmed Them.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-apartment-fire-victims.html|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111163007/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-apartment-fire-victims.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some residents recalled that the stairwells were especially lethal during the incident, and one reported "tripping over bodies."<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":32"/>
+The fire itself was ultimately confined to the duplex apartment and the adjacent hallway, but heavy smoke quickly impeded visibility for escaping occupants.<ref name="Chung 2022">{{Cite news|last1=Chung|first1=Christine|last2=Gold|first2=Michael|date=January 10, 2022|title=What We Know About the Bronx Apartment Building Fire|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/deadly-bronx-apartment-fire.html|access-date=January 11, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111090007/https://www.nytimes.com/article/deadly-bronx-apartment-fire.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Smoke quickly spread from the unit's open door to the rest of the building, hampering other residents attempting to evacuate.<ref name="nyt bronx fire2">{{Cite news|last=Vera|first=Amir|date=January 9, 2022|title=FDNY Commissioner: 'This fire started in a bedroom in a portable electric heater.|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/nyc-bronx-apartment-building-fire-01-09-22/h_22ec50c7ffa097e43c8b3426bb6386ad|access-date=January 9, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109235844/https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/nyc-bronx-apartment-building-fire-01-09-22/h_22ec50c7ffa097e43c8b3426bb6386ad|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Zraick 2022">{{Cite news|last1=Zraick|first1=Karen|last2=Marcius|first2=Chelsia Rose|date=January 10, 2022|title=A Family of 5 Tried to Flee the 19th Floor. Smoke Overwhelmed Them.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-apartment-fire-victims.html|access-date=January 11, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111163007/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-apartment-fire-victims.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some residents recalled that the stairwells were especially lethal during the incident, and one reported "tripping over bodies."<ref name="Fandos 2022" /><ref name="Chung 2022"/>
-Within 3 minutes after ignition, the [[New York City Fire Department|New York City Fire Department (FDNY)]] and other emergency services began arriving.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last1=Schwartz|first1=Matthew S.|last2=Hernandez|first2=Joe|date=January 9, 2022|title=A fire in a Bronx apartment building leaves 19 dead, including 9 children|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/09/1071694159/bronx-fire-fdny-new-york|access-date=January 10, 2022|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110054427/https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F01%2F09%2F1071694159%2Fbronx-fire-fdny-new-york|url-status=live}}</ref> Rescuers found victims suffering from severe smoke inhalation on every floor of the building, some of them in cardiac or [[respiratory arrest]].<ref>{{cite web|date=January 9, 2022|title=FDNY: 19 Killed, Including 9 Children, In Bronx Apartment Fire|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2022/01/09/fdny-19-dead-bronx-apartment-building-fire/|access-date=January 9, 2022|work=[[WCBS-TV]]|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200357/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2022/01/09/fdny-19-dead-bronx-apartment-building-fire/|url-status=live}}</ref> The main challenge to firefighters' progress was the massive quantity of smoke generated by the fire, which extended the entire height of the building. Many continued to work through the life-threatening conditions even after exhausting their [[Self-contained breathing apparatus|oxygen supplies]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Palmer|first=Ewan|date=2022-01-10|title=NY firefighters ran out of oxygen at deadly Bronx fire. They didn't stop|url=https://www.newsweek.com/new-york-fire-bronx-apartment-building-1667345|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Newsweek|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111143450/https://www.newsweek.com/new-york-fire-bronx-apartment-building-1667345}}</ref>
+Within three minutes, the [[New York City Fire Department|New York City Fire Department (FDNY)]] and other emergency services began arriving.<ref name="Schwartz 2022">{{Cite news|last1=Schwartz|first1=Matthew S.|last2=Hernandez|first2=Joe|date=January 9, 2022|title=A fire in a Bronx apartment building leaves 19 dead, including 9 children|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/09/1071694159/bronx-fire-fdny-new-york|access-date=January 10, 2022|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110054427/https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F01%2F09%2F1071694159%2Fbronx-fire-fdny-new-york|url-status=live}}</ref> Rescuers found victims suffering from severe smoke inhalation on every floor of the building, some of them in cardiac or [[respiratory arrest]].<ref>{{cite web|date=January 9, 2022|title=FDNY: 19 Killed, Including 9 Children, In Bronx Apartment Fire|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2022/01/09/fdny-19-dead-bronx-apartment-building-fire/|access-date=January 9, 2022|work=[[WCBS-TV]]|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200357/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2022/01/09/fdny-19-dead-bronx-apartment-building-fire/|url-status=live}}</ref> The main challenge to firefighters' progress was the massive quantity of smoke generated by the fire, which extended the entire height of the building. Many continued to work through the life-threatening conditions even after exhausting their [[Self-contained breathing apparatus|oxygen supplies]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Palmer|first=Ewan|date=January 10, 2022|title=NY firefighters ran out of oxygen at deadly Bronx fire. They didn't stop|url=https://www.newsweek.com/new-york-fire-bronx-apartment-building-1667345|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2022|website=Newsweek|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111143450/https://www.newsweek.com/new-york-fire-bronx-apartment-building-1667345}}</ref>
-Around 200 firefighters responded in total,<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Hernandez|first=Joe|date=January 9, 2022|title=A five-alarm fire in the Bronx has left 19 people dead, including 9 children|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/09/1071694159/bronx-fire-fdny-new-york|access-date=January 9, 2022|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110054427/https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F01%2F09%2F1071694159%2Fbronx-fire-fdny-new-york|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Levenson|first1=Eric|last2=Studley|first2=Laura|last3=Joseph|first3=Elizabeth|date=January 9, 2022|title=Major fire in Bronx apartment building sends 32 people to the hospital, FDNY says|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/09/us/bronx-fire-injuries/index.html|access-date=January 9, 2022|website=CNN|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109190147/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/09/us/bronx-fire-injuries/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the incident was ultimately upgraded to a [[Multiple-alarm fire|five-alarm fire]].<ref name=":02" /> The fire was declared under control by 3:30&nbsp;p.m.<ref name=":32" /> Seventy-two people were taken to local hospitals, of whom 34 were under age 18.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lewis|first=Caroline|date=2022-01-10|title="You Just Don't Lose Many 12-Year Olds" — How Hospitals Coped With Influx Of Fire Victims Amid Omicron|url=https://gothamist.com/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Gothamist|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814224835/https://gothamist.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Around 200 firefighters responded in total,<ref name="Hernandez 2022">{{Cite news|last=Hernandez|first=Joe|date=January 9, 2022|title=A five-alarm fire in the Bronx has left 19 people dead, including 9 children|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/09/1071694159/bronx-fire-fdny-new-york|access-date=January 9, 2022|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110054427/https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F01%2F09%2F1071694159%2Fbronx-fire-fdny-new-york|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Levenson|first1=Eric|last2=Studley|first2=Laura|last3=Joseph|first3=Elizabeth|date=January 9, 2022|title=Major fire in Bronx apartment building sends 32 people to the hospital, FDNY says|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/09/us/bronx-fire-injuries/index.html|access-date=January 9, 2022|website=CNN|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109190147/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/09/us/bronx-fire-injuries/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the incident was ultimately upgraded to a [[Multiple-alarm fire|five-alarm fire]].<ref name="Hernandez 2022" /> The fire was declared under control by 3:30&nbsp;p.m.<ref name="Chung 2022" /> Seventy-two people were taken to local hospitals, of whom 34 were under age 18.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lewis|first=Caroline|date=January 10, 2022|title="You Just Don't Lose Many 12-Year Olds" — How Hospitals Coped With Influx Of Fire Victims Amid Omicron|url=https://gothamist.com/|access-date=January 11, 2022|website=Gothamist|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814224835/https://gothamist.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Victims==
-Seventeen people were killed,<ref name="2022-01-10 USA Today" /> including eight children,<ref name="2022-01-09 WNYW" /> while 44 people were injured; 34 of the victims were under the age of 18.<ref name=":5" />  About a dozen critically ill patients were transferred to specialized [[Burn center|burn units]] in Manhattan, Westchester County and the Bronx after being stabilized at local hospitals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last1=Hughes|first1=Jazmine|last2=Piccoli|first2=Sean|date=2022-01-12|title=Desperate Search for Those Missing in Bronx Fire: 'We're Still Waiting'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/11/nyregion/bronx-fire-missing-persons.html|access-date=2022-01-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112224936/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/11/nyregion/bronx-fire-missing-persons.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All the deaths were due to [[smoke inhalation]], with survivors treated for that as well.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11"/><ref name=":0" />
+Seventeen people were killed,<ref name="2022-01-10 USA Today" /> including eight children,<ref name="2022-01-09 WNYW" /> while 44 people were injured; 34 of the victims were under the age of 18.<ref name="WABC-TV 2022" />  About a dozen critically ill patients were transferred to specialized [[Burn center|burn units]] in Manhattan, Westchester County and the Bronx after being stabilized at local hospitals.<ref name="Hughes 2022">{{Cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Jazmine |last2=Piccoli |first2=Sean |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Desperate Search for Those Missing in Bronx Fire: 'We're Still Waiting' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/11/nyregion/bronx-fire-missing-persons.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=January 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112224936/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/11/nyregion/bronx-fire-missing-persons.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> All the deaths were due to [[smoke inhalation]], with survivors treated for that as well.<ref name="Fandos 2022" /><ref name="Mays 2022"/><ref name="Hughes 2022" />
-Among the victims was an entire Gambian immigrant family of five, including three children aged between 5 and 12, who fled an apartment on the top floor only to be overcome by smoke.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":24"/> Another family lost four members.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 12, 2022|title=All 17 people who died in tragic Bronx fire identified by officials|url=https://nypost.com/2022/01/12/bronx-fire-nypd-identifies-most-victims-of-tragedy/|access-date=January 12, 2022|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112224150/https://nypost.com/2022/01/12/bronx-fire-nypd-identifies-most-victims-of-tragedy/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Aponte|first=Claudia Irizarry|date=2022-01-12|title=These Are the 17 Victims of the Bronx Twin Parks Fire|url=https://www.thecity.nyc/bronx/2022/1/12/22881033/these-are-the-17-victims-of-the-bronx-twin-parks-fire|access-date=2022-01-13|website=THE CITY|language=en|archive-date=January 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113012429/https://www.thecity.nyc/bronx/2022/1/12/22881033/these-are-the-17-victims-of-the-bronx-twin-parks-fire|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Among the victims was an entire Gambian immigrant family of five, including three children aged between 5 and 12, who fled an apartment on the top floor only to be overcome by smoke.<ref name="Fandos 2022" /><ref name="Zraick 2022"/> Another family lost four members.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 12, 2022|title=All 17 people who died in tragic Bronx fire identified by officials|url=https://nypost.com/2022/01/12/bronx-fire-nypd-identifies-most-victims-of-tragedy/|access-date=January 12, 2022|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112224150/https://nypost.com/2022/01/12/bronx-fire-nypd-identifies-most-victims-of-tragedy/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Aponte|first=Claudia Irizarry|date=January 12, 2022|title=These Are the 17 Victims of the Bronx Twin Parks Fire|url=https://www.thecity.nyc/bronx/2022/1/12/22881033/these-are-the-17-victims-of-the-bronx-twin-parks-fire|access-date=January 13, 2022|website=THE CITY|language=en|archive-date=January 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113012429/https://www.thecity.nyc/bronx/2022/1/12/22881033/these-are-the-17-victims-of-the-bronx-twin-parks-fire|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Identification of the dead was hampered by many not carrying identification. Tattoos, body jewelry, nail art and scars were used for identification purposes by the [[medical examiner]]’s office, as well as [[DNA profiling|DNA matching]]. The result was a lag in identifying victims, especially children,<ref name=":0" /> but all of the victims were identified by January&nbsp;12.<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=Authorities ID all 17 Twin Parks fire victims|url=https://bronx.news12.com/all-17-twin-parks-fire-victims-identified-as-community-continues-to-heal|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=News 12 - The Bronx|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112231230/https://bronx.news12.com/all-17-twin-parks-fire-victims-identified-as-community-continues-to-heal}}</ref>
+Identification of the dead was hampered by many not carrying identification. Tattoos, body jewelry, nail art and scars were used for identification purposes by the [[medical examiner]]’s office, as well as [[DNA profiling|DNA matching]]. The result was a lag in identifying victims, especially children,<ref name="Hughes 2022" /> but all of the victims were identified by January&nbsp;12.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 12, 2022|title=Authorities ID all 17 Twin Parks fire victims|url=https://bronx.news12.com/all-17-twin-parks-fire-victims-identified-as-community-continues-to-heal|url-status=live|access-date=January 12, 2022|website=News 12 - The Bronx|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112231230/https://bronx.news12.com/all-17-twin-parks-fire-victims-identified-as-community-continues-to-heal}}</ref>
 ==Investigation==
-FDNY investigators determined that the fire was caused by an electric space heater. The device had ignited a mattress after being left to run continuously for a "prolonged period."<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4"/> {{As of|2022|January|10}}, the [[U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission]] was investigating if the space heater itself had malfunctioned.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hu|first=Winnie|date=January 10, 2022|title=Despite safety measures, space heaters remain a fire risk.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/space-heater-safety.html|access-date=January 11, 2022|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111021632/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/space-heater-safety.html|url-status=live}}</ref> One resident stated that cold indoor temperatures were an ongoing problem requiring the additional use of [[space heater]]s;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Porter|first1=David|last2=Price|first2=Michelle L.|date=2022-01-10|title=Safety doors failed in NYC high-rise fire that killed 17|url=https://apnews.com/article/fires-new-york-bronx-new-york-city-c8bd4a00e992b6da7380a23e6e7b38e4|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Associated Press|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110213240/https://apnews.com/article/fires-new-york-bronx-new-york-city-c8bd4a00e992b6da7380a23e6e7b38e4}}</ref> while the building incurred 3 heating-related complaints in 2021, none were outstanding at the time of the fire.<ref name=":1"/> New York City [[Landlord–tenant law|housing laws]] require that landlords maintain indoor temperatures of at least {{Convert|68|F|C}} during the day,<ref>{{cite web|date=October 1, 2020|title=Press Release - HPD Announces Start of the 2020-2021 "Heat Season" in New York City|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/hpd/news/042-20/hpd-start-the-2020-2021-heat-season-new-york-city|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2022|website=[[NYC.gov]]|publisher=[[New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development]]|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111195839/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/hpd/news/042-20/hpd-start-the-2020-2021-heat-season-new-york-city}}</ref> but a 2017 housing survey estimated that nearly 27% of households in the [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham]] neighborhood utilized supplemental heat sources like space heaters.<ref>{{cite web|date=2017|title=Homes Using Supplemental Heat|url=https://a816-dohbesp.nyc.gov/IndicatorPublic/VisualizationData.aspx?id=47,719b87,36,Map,Percent,2017|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2022|website=NYC Environment & Health Data Portal|publisher=New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110222655/https://a816-dohbesp.nyc.gov/IndicatorPublic/VisualizationData.aspx?id=47,719b87,36,Map,Percent,2017}}</ref>
+FDNY fire marshals determined that the fire was caused by an electric space heater. The device had ignited a mattress after being left to run continuously for a "prolonged period."<ref name="Susannah Cullinane" /><ref name="Fandos 2022" /><ref name="Schwartz 2022"/> {{As of|2022|January|10|df=US}}, the [[U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission]] was investigating if the space heater itself had malfunctioned.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hu|first=Winnie|date=January 10, 2022|title=Despite safety measures, space heaters remain a fire risk.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/space-heater-safety.html|access-date=January 11, 2022|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111021632/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/space-heater-safety.html|url-status=live}}</ref> One resident stated that cold indoor temperatures were an ongoing problem requiring the additional use of [[space heater]]s;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Porter|first1=David|last2=Price|first2=Michelle L.|date=January 10, 2022|title=Safety doors failed in NYC high-rise fire that killed 17|url=https://apnews.com/article/fires-new-york-bronx-new-york-city-c8bd4a00e992b6da7380a23e6e7b38e4|url-status=live|access-date=January 10, 2022|website=Associated Press|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110213240/https://apnews.com/article/fires-new-york-bronx-new-york-city-c8bd4a00e992b6da7380a23e6e7b38e4}}</ref> while the building incurred 3 heating-related complaints in 2021, none were outstanding at the time of the fire.<ref name="Fandos 2022"/> New York City [[Landlord–tenant law|housing laws]] require that landlords maintain indoor temperatures of at least {{Convert|68|F|C}} during the day,<ref>{{cite web|date=October 1, 2020|title=Press Release - HPD Announces Start of the 2020-2021 "Heat Season" in New York City|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/hpd/news/042-20/hpd-start-the-2020-2021-heat-season-new-york-city|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2022|website=[[NYC.gov]]|publisher=[[New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development]]|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111195839/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/hpd/news/042-20/hpd-start-the-2020-2021-heat-season-new-york-city}}</ref> but a 2017 housing survey estimated that nearly 27% of households in the [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham]] neighborhood utilized supplemental heat sources like space heaters.<ref>{{cite web|date=2017|title=Homes Using Supplemental Heat|url=https://a816-dohbesp.nyc.gov/IndicatorPublic/VisualizationData.aspx?id=47,719b87,36,Map,Percent,2017|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2022|website=NYC Environment & Health Data Portal|publisher=New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110222655/https://a816-dohbesp.nyc.gov/IndicatorPublic/VisualizationData.aspx?id=47,719b87,36,Map,Percent,2017}}</ref>
-The fire (and initial propagation of smoke) was stoked by the involved unit's door remaining open after its occupants had escaped. While the building did not (nor was it required to){{citation needed|date=January 2022}} have sprinklers in most areas, it did conform to a 2018 city law requiring self-closing mechanisms on all apartment doors in buildings containing more than three units.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=January 10, 2022|title=After deadly Bronx fire, will NYC's self-closing door law be better enforced?|work=[[City & State]]|url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2022/01/after-deadly-bronx-fire-will-nycs-self-closing-door-law-be-better-enforced/360582/|access-date=January 11, 2022|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111013642/https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2022/01/after-deadly-bronx-fire-will-nycs-self-closing-door-law-be-better-enforced/360582/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The fire (and initial propagation of smoke) was stoked by the involved unit's door remaining open after its occupants had escaped. While the building was considered non-combustible and did not, nor was it required to, have sprinklers in most areas,<ref name="Hauck McCoy 2022 c791">{{cite web | last=Hauck | first=Grace | last2=McCoy | first2=Kevin | title=Bronx fire brings renewed calls for national fire-safety legislation | website=USA TODAY | date=January 10, 2022 | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/01/10/bronx-fire-safety-twin-parks-new-york/9156644002/ | access-date=February 25, 2024}}</ref> it did conform to a 2018 city law requiring self-closing mechanisms on all apartment doors in buildings containing more than three units.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dorn|first=Sara|date=January 10, 2022|title=After deadly Bronx fire, will NYC's self-closing door law be better enforced?|work=[[City & State]]|url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2022/01/after-deadly-bronx-fire-will-nycs-self-closing-door-law-be-better-enforced/360582/|access-date=January 11, 2022|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111013642/https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2022/01/after-deadly-bronx-fire-will-nycs-self-closing-door-law-be-better-enforced/360582/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-According to the property owners, maintenance staff checked the involved unit's self-closing mechanism in July 2021 and found it to be in working order. After the fire, investigators found it inoperable — along with those on several other doors throughout the building.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mays|first1=Jeffery|last2=Watkins|first2=Ali|last3=Gold|first3=Michael|date=January 10, 2022|title=Mayor says a door in the Bronx high-rise may have malfunctioned and revises the number killed to 17|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-fire-nyc/a-door-in-the-bronx-high-rise-may-have-malfunctioned-mayor-eric-adams-said|access-date=January 11, 2022|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111020842/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-fire-nyc/a-door-in-the-bronx-high-rise-may-have-malfunctioned-mayor-eric-adams-said|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the other failed mechanisms was one on a 15th-floor stairwell door; this second open door created a [[Flue|flue effect]] that rapidly accelerated the spread of heavy smoke throughout the rest of the building.<ref name="nyt_bronx_fire2">{{Cite news|last=Paybarah|first=Azi|date=January 9, 2022|title=32 Seriously Hurt in Bronx Apartment Building Fire, Officials Say|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/bronx-fire-apartment-building.html|access-date=January 9, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109180029/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/bronx-fire-apartment-building.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=19 dead, dozens hurt in 'horrific' Bronx high-rise fire: sources|url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2022/01/09/bronx-apartment-fire-fordham-heights|access-date=January 9, 2022|website=[[NY1]]|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109184650/https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2022/01/09/bronx-apartment-fire-fordham-heights|url-status=live}}</ref>
+According to the property owners, maintenance staff checked the involved unit's self-closing mechanism in July 2021 and found it to be in working order. After the fire, investigators found it inoperable — along with those on several other doors throughout the building.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mays|first1=Jeffery|last2=Watkins|first2=Ali|last3=Gold|first3=Michael|date=January 10, 2022|title=Mayor says a door in the Bronx high-rise may have malfunctioned and revises the number killed to 17|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-fire-nyc/a-door-in-the-bronx-high-rise-may-have-malfunctioned-mayor-eric-adams-said|access-date=January 11, 2022|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111020842/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/01/10/nyregion/bronx-fire-nyc/a-door-in-the-bronx-high-rise-may-have-malfunctioned-mayor-eric-adams-said|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the other failed mechanisms was one on a 15th-floor stairwell door; this second open door created a [[Flue|flue effect]] that rapidly accelerated the spread of heavy smoke throughout the rest of the building.<ref name="nyt_bronx_fire2">{{Cite news|last=Paybarah|first=Azi|date=January 9, 2022|title=32 Seriously Hurt in Bronx Apartment Building Fire, Officials Say|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/bronx-fire-apartment-building.html|access-date=January 9, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109180029/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/nyregion/bronx-fire-apartment-building.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2022-01-09 NY1">{{cite news |date=January 9, 2022 |title=Space heater sparked 'horrific' Bronx fire: FDNY commissioner |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2022/01/09/bronx-apartment-fire-fordham-heights |url-status=live |language=en |location=New York |publisher=[[NY1]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108220340/https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2022/01/09/bronx-apartment-fire-fordham-heights |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref>
-== Legal ==
+==Litigation==
-Survivors of the blaze filed two lawsuits on January 12, claiming the tragedy was preventable and was due to negligence.<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=Survivors of deadly Bronx fire file 1st lawsuit, lawyers claim negligence as cause|url=https://bronx.news12.com/survivors-of-deadly-bronx-fire-file-1st-lawsuit-lawyers-claim-negligence-as-cause|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=News 12 - The Bronx|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112231247/https://bronx.news12.com/survivors-of-deadly-bronx-fire-file-1st-lawsuit-lawyers-claim-negligence-as-cause}}</ref> At least one of the plaintiff's attorneys is seeking [[Class action|class-action status]] against the three owners of the complex and the city and is seeking up to $3 billion in [[Compensatory damages|compensatory]] and [[punitive damages]] for the tenants.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Murphy|first=Edward D.|date=2022-01-13|title=Portland company sued over Bronx apartment fire that killed 17 people|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2022/01/13/portland-company-being-sued-over-deadly-bronx-apartment-fire/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Press Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113211725/https://www.pressherald.com/2022/01/13/portland-company-being-sued-over-deadly-bronx-apartment-fire/ |archive-date=January 13, 2022 }}</ref>
+Survivors of the blaze filed two lawsuits on January 12, claiming the tragedy was preventable and was due to negligence.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Survivors of deadly Bronx fire file 1st lawsuit, lawyers claim negligence as cause |url=https://bronx.news12.com/survivors-of-deadly-bronx-fire-file-1st-lawsuit-lawyers-claim-negligence-as-cause |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112231247/https://bronx.news12.com/survivors-of-deadly-bronx-fire-file-1st-lawsuit-lawyers-claim-negligence-as-cause |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |access-date=January 12, 2022 |website=News 12 - The Bronx}}</ref> At least one of the plaintiff's attorneys is seeking [[Class action|class-action status]] against the three owners of the complex and the city and is seeking up to $3 billion in [[Compensatory damages|compensatory]] and [[punitive damages]] for the tenants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Edward D. |date=January 13, 2022 |title=Portland company sued over Bronx apartment fire that killed 17 people |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2022/01/13/portland-company-being-sued-over-deadly-bronx-apartment-fire/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113211725/https://www.pressherald.com/2022/01/13/portland-company-being-sued-over-deadly-bronx-apartment-fire/ |archive-date=January 13, 2022 |access-date=January 20, 2022 |website=Press Herald}}</ref>
 ==Aftermath==
-In a post-incident press conference, [[New York City Fire Commissioner|Commissioner]] [[Daniel A. Nigro|Nigro]] said that when fires occur in high-rise fireproof buildings, "people should shelter in place," and that "it’s safer to be in your apartment than to venture out and try to get down the stairs and sometimes into a much more dangerous situation".<ref name=":24"/>
+In a post-incident press conference, [[New York City Fire Commissioner|Commissioner]] [[Daniel A. Nigro|Nigro]] said that when fires occur in high-rise fireproof buildings, "people should shelter in place," and that "it’s safer to be in your apartment than to venture out and try to get down the stairs and sometimes into a much more dangerous situation".<ref name="Zraick 2022"/>
-[[Eric Adams]], the [[mayor of New York City]], announced that the city authorities would work to ensure [[Islamic funeral]] and burial rites for those killed in the fire would be respected, and Muslim leaders would be sought to help with the process and aid residents.<ref name=":8" />
+[[Eric Adams]], the [[mayor of New York City]], announced that the city authorities would work to ensure [[Islamic funeral]] and burial rites for those killed in the fire would be respected, and Muslim leaders would be sought to help with the process and aid residents.<ref name="Susannah Cullinane" /> Bronx-native and rapper [[Cardi B]] pledged to cover the funeral expenses of all 17 victims as well as repatriation costs for a number of the victims who are to be buried in Gambia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chapman|first=Wilson|date=January 19, 2022|title=Cardi B Will Cover Funeral Costs for Bronx Fire Victims|url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/cardi-b-bronx-fire-victims-funerals-1235157832/|access-date=January 22, 2022|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Cardi B will pay funeral expenses for Bronx fire victims|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/01/20/cardi-b-bronx-fire-victims-funeral/|access-date=January 22, 2022|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Mier|first=Tomás|date=January 19, 2022|title=Cardi B Offers to Cover Funeral Expenses of All 17 Bronx Fire Victims|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/cardi-b-to-cover-bronx-fire-funeral-expenses-1287436/|access-date=January 22, 2022|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref>
+Multiple organizations spoke out about the fire and highlighted concerns such as fire safety and fire prevention measures that have not been updated due to being constructed prior to such requirements. Other organizations used the space heater as the ignition point to highlight those that were currently living in buildings without heat that may have to utilize other means; such as a space heater for heat.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ortiz|first=Erik|date=January 11, 2022|title=Deadly Bronx fire puts focus on space heaters as 'symbols of inequity'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/symbols-inequity-deadly-bronx-fire-puts-focus-space-heaters-rcna11748|url-status=live|access-date=January 12, 2022|website=NBC News|language=en|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112173512/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/symbols-inequity-deadly-bronx-fire-puts-focus-space-heaters-rcna11748}}</ref> U.S. Representative [[Ritchie Torres]], representing parts of the Bronx, co-wrote the Empowering the U.S. Fire Administration Act following the fire; the legislation permitted the [[United States Fire Administration]] to help local fire departments following major fires.<ref name="ABC7 New York 2023 x867">{{cite web |date=January 9, 2023 |title=Bronx fire: Vigils, street co-naming mark 1 year since deadly apartment fire in Tremont |url=https://abc7ny.com/bronx-fire-tremont-victims-of-gambia/12679624/ |access-date=February 25, 2024 |website=ABC7 New York}}</ref>
-Bronx-native and rapper [[Cardi B]] pledged to cover the funeral expenses of all 17 victims as well as repatriation costs for a number of the victims who are to be buried in Gambia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chapman|first=Wilson|date=2022-01-19|title=Cardi B Will Cover Funeral Costs for Bronx Fire Victims|url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/cardi-b-bronx-fire-victims-funerals-1235157832/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Cardi B will pay funeral expenses for Bronx fire victims|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/01/20/cardi-b-bronx-fire-victims-funeral/|access-date=2022-01-22|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Mier|first=Tomás|date=2022-01-19|title=Cardi B Offers to Cover Funeral Expenses of All 17 Bronx Fire Victims|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/cardi-b-to-cover-bronx-fire-funeral-expenses-1287436/|access-date=2022-01-22|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref>
+The street outside Twin Parks was renamed 17 Abdoulie Touray Way on the first anniversary of the fire in 2023. The name 17 Abdoulie Touray memorializes the 17 victims of the fire, as well as the building's first Gambian resident, Abdoulie Touray.<ref name="ABC7 New York 2023 x867" /><ref name="Santia 2023 r280">{{cite web |last=Santia |first=Marc |date=January 9, 2023 |title=Bronx Fire Tragedy 1 Year Later: Families Honor Victims With Street Renaming |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/bronx-fire-tragedy-1-year-later-families-honor-victims-with-street-renaming/4037560/ |access-date=February 25, 2024 |website=NBC New York}}</ref>
-Multiple organizations spoke out about the fire and highlighted concerns such as fire safety and fire prevention measures that have not been updated due to being constructed prior to such requirements. Other organizations used the space heater as the ignition point to highlight those that were currently living in buildings without heat that may have to utilize other means; such as a space heater for heat.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ortiz|first=Erik|date=January 11, 2022|title=Deadly Bronx fire puts focus on space heaters as 'symbols of inequity'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/symbols-inequity-deadly-bronx-fire-puts-focus-space-heaters-rcna11748|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=NBC News|language=en|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112173512/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/symbols-inequity-deadly-bronx-fire-puts-focus-space-heaters-rcna11748}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 84: / Line 81: @@
 {{reflist}}
+== External links ==
+* [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/07/08/nyregion/bronx-fire-nyc.html The Chain of Failures That Left 17 Dead in a Bronx Apartment Fire] – The New York Times
+* [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/09/insider/reconstructing-the-bronx-apartment-fire.html Reconstructing the Bronx Apartment Fire] – The New York Times
+* [https://documentedny.com/2023/01/08/early-arrival-apartment-fire-bronx/ One Year After Bronx Apartment Fire, Victims Still Need Money] – Documented NY
 {{New York City Fire Department}}
@@ Line 90: / Line 92: @@
 [[Category:2022 in New York City]]
 [[Category:2020s in the Bronx|2022 apartment fire]]
-[[Category:Building fires in New York City]]
+[[Category:Building and structure fires in New York City]]
 [[Category:Disasters in the Bronx|2022 apartment fire]]
 [[Category:Fordham, Bronx|2022 apartment fire]]
 [[Category:Gambian-American history]]
 [[Category:January 2022 events in the United States]]
-[[Category:Residential building fires]]
+[[Category:Residential building fires in the United States]]
 [[Category:Tremont, Bronx|2022 apartment fire]]
-[[Category:High-rise fires]]
+[[Category:High-rise fires in the United States]]