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{{Infobox person
⚫
'''Katarzyna Weiglowa (Wajglowa)''' (German: '''Katherine Weigel'''; given erroneously in a Polish source of 17c. as '''Vogel''', and known in many English sources as '''Catherine Vogel''')<ref>"Vogel" appears in the 1995 Harvard edition of [[Stanisław Lubieniecki]]'s ''History of the Polish Reformation and Nine Related Documents'', translated and annotated by [[George Huntston Williams]], but with a footnote stating that Lubieniecki had erroneously given "Vogel", and mentioning that Katarzyna, who had been born "Zalaszowska", had married Melchior Weigel, a city councillor; and that in the sources she was called Zalaszowska, Weiglowa, or Melcherowa (-owa meaning "wife of," -ówna meaning "daughter of" -owska not showing the difference); and that some of those sources, which had disappeared, had survived in excerpts from the acts of the trial in Polish translation: Julian Bukowski, ''Dzieje Reformacji w Polsce'' 1 (Cracow, 1883) 176-79. Wojciech (Adalbert) Węgierski, pastor of the Cracow District of the Reformed Church had preserved in Polish and Latin important documents in the archive of the Cracow congregation; ''Kronika zboru krakowskiego'' (Cracow, 1817): Harvard Theological Studies Vol 37 (Minneapolis, 1995) p437, at footnote 162.</ref> (circa 1460 – April 19, 1539), was a [[Roman Catholic]] woman from the [[Poland during the Jagiellon dynasty|Kingdom of Poland]] who converted to [[Judaism]] or to [[Judaizers|Judaizing]] [[nontrinitarianism]].<ref name=jt15>[[Janusz Tazbir]], ''Reformacja w Polsce'', Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa 1993, p. 15</ref> She was burned at the stake in Kraków under the charge of [[apostasy]] when she refused to call [[Jesus Christ]] the [[Son of God]]. She is regarded by [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]] and [[Jews]] (among others) as a [[martyr]].
| name = Katarzyna Weiglowa
| image = Jan Matejko 1859 Burning of Katarzyna Malcherowa (Weigel) cropped.jpg
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
| caption = Burning of Katarzyna Weiglowa (Malcherowa) by [[Jan Matejko]] 1859
| birth_name = Katarzyna Zalasowska
| birth_date = c.{{Birth year|1460}}


| birth_place =
She was born '''Katarzyna Zalasowska''', a daughter of Stanisław Zalasowski<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080409085629/http://zalasowa.gp7.pl/readarticle.php?article_id=5 Historia - Z dziejów Zalasowej...]</ref> and widow of Melchior Weigel, merchant and councilman of Kraków.
| death_date = 19 April {{Death year|1539}} (aged 80)
| death_place = [[Kraków]]
| death_cause = [[burned at the stake]] for [[apostasy]]
| nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
| other_names = Katarzyna Waiglowa,<br/>Catherine Vogel
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = regarded by [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]] and [[Jews]] as a [[martyr]]
| notable_works =
| father = Stanisław Zalasowski
| mother = widow of Melchior Weigel
| spouse = Melchior Weigel
}}
⚫
'''Katarzyna Weiglowa (Wajglowa)''' ({{lang-de|Katherine Weigel}}; given erroneously in a Polish source of 17c. as '''Vogel''' (c.1459-1539), and known in many English sources as ''Catherine Vogel''{{efn|"Vogel" appears in the 1995 Harvard edition of [[Stanisław Lubieniecki]]'s ''History of the Polish Reformation and Nine Related Documents'', translated and annotated by [[George Huntston Williams]], but with a footnote stating that Lubieniecki had erroneously given "Vogel", and mentioning that Katarzyna, who had been born "Zalaszowska", had married Melchior Weigel, a city councillor; and that in the sources she was called Zalaszowska, Weiglowa, or Melcherowa (-owa meaning "wife of," -ówna meaning "daughter of" -owska not showing the difference); and that some of those sources, which had disappeared, had survived in excerpts from the acts of the trial in Polish translation: Julian Bukowski, ''Dzieje Reformacji w Polsce'' 1 (Kraków, 1883) 176-79. Wojciech (Adalbert) Węgierski, pastor of the Kraków District of the Reformed Church had preserved in Polish and Latin important documents in the archive of the Kraków congregation; ''Kronika zboru krakowskiego'' (Kraków, 1817): Harvard Theological Studies Vol. 37 (Minneapolis, 1995) p. 437, at footnote 162.}}; {{circa|1460}} – 19 April 1539) was a Polish woman who was [[burned at the stake]] for [[apostasy]] by the [[Polish Inquisition]]. She converted from [[Roman Catholicism]] to [[Judaism]] or to [[Judaizers|Judaizing]] [[nontrinitarianism]],<ref name=jt15>[[Janusz Tazbir]], ''Reformacja w Polsce'', Książka i Wiedza, Warsaw 1993, p. 15</ref> and was executed in [[Kraków]] after she refused to call [[Jesus Christ]] the [[Son of God]]. She is regarded by [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]] and [[Jews]] (among others) as a [[martyr]].


==Early life==
⚫
==Accusation of apostasy==
In the ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' she appears under a variant spelling of her maiden name as '''Catherine Zelazowska'''.<ref name=jee>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=96&letter=Z#ixzz0rGUgFNca "ZELAZOWSKA, CATHERINE"], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'', referring to
She was born Katarzyna Zalasowska, a daughter of Stanisław Zalasowski<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080409085629/http://zalasowa.gp7.pl/readarticle.php?article_id=5 Historia - Z dziejów Zalasowej...]</ref> and widow of Melchior Weigel, merchant and councilman of Kraków. In the ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' she appears under a variant spelling of her maiden name as '''Catherine Zelazowska'''.<ref name=jee>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=96&letter=Z#ixzz0rGUgFNca "ZELAZOWSKA, CATHERINE"], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'', referring to
*Grätz, Gesch. 3d ed., ix. 454, [[Heinrich Graetz]];
*Grätz, Gesch. 3d ed., ix. 454, [[Heinrich Graetz]];
*Sternberg, Gesch. der Juden in Polen, p. 56. </ref> Little is known about her life before 1529–1530 when she appeared several times before an [[episcopal court]] in Kraków, and refused to abjure "mistakes of the Jewish faith".<ref name=jt15/> Catherine probably started professing [[nontrinitarianism]] under the influence of writings by [[Martin Borrhaus]], published in 1527. ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' suggested<ref name=jee/> that she followed the example of a daughter of a [[Mikołaj II Radziwiłł]] and embraced [[Judaism]]. She tried to promote her views during the [[Sejm]] debates in 1538–1539.<ref name=jt86/>
*Sternberg, Gesch. der Juden in Polen, p. 56.</ref> Little is known about her life before 1529–1530 when she appeared several times before an [[episcopal court]] in Kraków, and refused to abjure "mistakes of the Jewish faith".<ref name=jt15/>


⚫
==Accusation of apostasy==
⚫
At the age of 70, Catherine was imprisoned in Kraków under the charge of confessing "[[heresy]]" by the order of [[Piotr Gamrat]], [[bishop of Kraków]],<ref>August Sokołowski, "Dzieje Polski Ilustrowane", vol. 2, [https://archive.org/stream/dziejepolskiillu00soko/dziejepolskiillu00soko_djvu.txt p 617]</ref> who had accused her before the [[Queen of Poland]] [[Bona Sforza]].
Catherine probably started professing [[nontrinitarianism]] under the influence of writings by [[Martin Borrhaus]], published in 1527. The ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' suggests<ref name=jee/> that she followed the example of a daughter of [[Mikołaj II Radziwiłł]] and embraced [[Judaism]]. She tried to promote her views during the [[Sejm]] debates in 1538–1539.<ref name=jt86/>


⚫
At the age of 70, Catherine was imprisoned in Kraków under the charge of confessing "[[heresy]]" by the order of [[Piotr Gamrat]], [[bishop of Kraków]],<ref>August Sokołowski, "Dzieje Polski Ilustrowane", vol. 2, [https://archive.org/stream/dziejepolskiillu00soko/dziejepolskiillu00soko_djvu.txt p 617]</ref> who had accused her before [[Queen Bona]].
⚫
==Execution==


⚫
==Execution==
She admitted professing the unity of God, and rejecting the notion of "[[Holy Trinity]]". She spent 10 years in prison,<ref>[http://site.voila.fr/unitariens/articles/heleneweigel.html Hélène Weigel (1459-1539)]</ref> before she was burnt alive at the stake on the Little Market place in Kraków at the age of 80. According to written testimonies, even on the stake she refused to abjure her faith which she confessed loudly until the end.<ref>[[Kazimierz Lepszy]], Słownik biograficzny historii powszechnej do XVII stulecia, Warszawa 1968, p. 450.</ref> Because of her Nontrinitarian views Catherine was not defended by Polish [[Protestant]]s. However, after her death believers from different branches of [[Protestantism]] have often referred to her as a victim of religious persecutions and a martyr.<ref name=jt86>Janusz Tazbir, ''op.cit.'' pp. 86–87</ref>
She admitted professing the unity of God, and rejecting the notion of "[[Holy Trinity]]". She spent 10 years in prison,<ref>[http://site.voila.fr/unitariens/articles/heleneweigel.html Hélène Weigel (1459–1539)]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> before she was burnt alive at the stake on the Little Market place in Kraków at the age of 80. According to written testimonies, even on the stake she refused to abjure her faith which she confessed loudly until the end.<ref>[[Kazimierz Lepszy]], Słownik biograficzny historii powszechnej do XVII stulecia, Warsaw 1968, p. 450.</ref> Because of her Nontrinitarian views Catherine was not defended by Polish [[Protestant]]s. However, after her death believers from different branches of [[Protestantism]] have often referred to her as a victim of religious persecutions and a martyr.<ref name=jt86>Janusz Tazbir, ''op.cit.'' pp. 86–87</ref>


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
The burning of Catherine was a surprising incident in Poland, which, in the 16th century, ranked among the countries with the highest degree of [[religious tolerance]].

The burning of Catherine was a surprising incident in Poland, which, in the 16th century ranked among the countries with the highest degree of [[religious tolerance]]. Presumably sentencing an elderly, lonely woman (of not noble birth) to death was simpler than attacking well-organised Polish Protestant groups.{{cn|date=September 2013}} It may have been a concession of the Queen [[Bona Sforza]] to appease Roman Catholics, who demanded repressions against "heretics".{{cn|date=September 2013}}<!--opinion must be attributed-->


After her death her fate faded into obscurity in Poland. The [[Sejm]] in 1539 did not take a stance on her execution, and mentions of her have been preserved mainly in Protestant polemical writings and in [[Judeophobic]] literature from the 17th century.<ref>Janusz Tazbir, ''op.cit.'' p. 87</ref>
After her death her fate faded into obscurity in Poland. The [[Sejm]] in 1539 did not take a stance on her execution, and mentions of her have been preserved mainly in Protestant polemical writings and in [[Judeophobic]] literature from the 17th century.<ref>Janusz Tazbir, ''op.cit.'' p. 87</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Weiglowa, Katarzyna}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Weiglowa, Katarzyna}}
[[Category:Converts to Judaism]]
[[Category:Converts to Judaism from Roman Catholicism]]
[[Category:1539 deaths]]
[[Category:1539 deaths]]
[[Category:Polish Jews]]
[[Category:16th-century converts to Judaism]]
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[[Category:Executed Polish people]]
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[[Category:Polish Unitarians]]
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[[Category:16th-century Polish women]]
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[[Category:16th-century executions by Poland]]
[[Category:Jewish women]]

Latest revision as of 22:37, 25 June 2024

Katarzyna Weiglowa
Burning of Katarzyna Weiglowa (Malcherowa) by Jan Matejko 1859
Born
Katarzyna Zalasowska

c.1460 (1460)
Died19 April 1539 (1540) (aged 80)
Kraków
Cause of deathburned at the stake for apostasy
Other namesKatarzyna Waiglowa,
Catherine Vogel
Known forregarded by Unitarians and Jews as a martyr
SpouseMelchior Weigel
Parents
  • Stanisław Zalasowski (father)
  • widow of Melchior Weigel (mother)

Katarzyna Weiglowa (Wajglowa) (German: Katherine Weigel; given erroneously in a Polish source of 17c. as Vogel (c.1459-1539), and known in many English sources as Catherine Vogel[a]; c. 1460 – 19 April 1539) was a Polish woman who was burned at the stake for apostasy by the Polish Inquisition. She converted from Roman Catholicism to Judaism or to Judaizing nontrinitarianism,[1] and was executed in Kraków after she refused to call Jesus Christ the Son of God. She is regarded by Unitarians and Jews (among others) as a martyr.

Early life

[edit]

She was born Katarzyna Zalasowska, a daughter of Stanisław Zalasowski[2] and widow of Melchior Weigel, merchant and councilman of Kraków. In the Jewish Encyclopedia she appears under a variant spelling of her maiden name as Catherine Zelazowska.[3] Little is known about her life before 1529–1530 when she appeared several times before an episcopal court in Kraków, and refused to abjure "mistakes of the Jewish faith".[1]

Accusation of apostasy

[edit]

Catherine probably started professing nontrinitarianism under the influence of writings by Martin Borrhaus, published in 1527. The Jewish Encyclopedia suggests[3] that she followed the example of a daughter of Mikołaj II Radziwiłł and embraced Judaism. She tried to promote her views during the Sejm debates in 1538–1539.[4]

At the age of 70, Catherine was imprisoned in Kraków under the charge of confessing "heresy" by the order of Piotr Gamrat, bishop of Kraków,[5] who had accused her before Queen Bona.

Execution

[edit]

She admitted professing the unity of God, and rejecting the notion of "Holy Trinity". She spent 10 years in prison,[6] before she was burnt alive at the stake on the Little Market place in Kraków at the age of 80. According to written testimonies, even on the stake she refused to abjure her faith which she confessed loudly until the end.[7] Because of her Nontrinitarian views Catherine was not defended by Polish Protestants. However, after her death believers from different branches of Protestantism have often referred to her as a victim of religious persecutions and a martyr.[4]

Aftermath

[edit]

The burning of Catherine was a surprising incident in Poland, which, in the 16th century, ranked among the countries with the highest degree of religious tolerance.

After her death her fate faded into obscurity in Poland. The Sejm in 1539 did not take a stance on her execution, and mentions of her have been preserved mainly in Protestant polemical writings and in Judeophobic literature from the 17th century.[8]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Vogel" appears in the 1995 Harvard edition of Stanisław Lubieniecki's History of the Polish Reformation and Nine Related Documents, translated and annotated by George Huntston Williams, but with a footnote stating that Lubieniecki had erroneously given "Vogel", and mentioning that Katarzyna, who had been born "Zalaszowska", had married Melchior Weigel, a city councillor; and that in the sources she was called Zalaszowska, Weiglowa, or Melcherowa (-owa meaning "wife of," -ówna meaning "daughter of" -owska not showing the difference); and that some of those sources, which had disappeared, had survived in excerpts from the acts of the trial in Polish translation: Julian Bukowski, Dzieje Reformacji w Polsce 1 (Kraków, 1883) 176-79. Wojciech (Adalbert) Węgierski, pastor of the Kraków District of the Reformed Church had preserved in Polish and Latin important documents in the archive of the Kraków congregation; Kronika zboru krakowskiego (Kraków, 1817): Harvard Theological Studies Vol. 37 (Minneapolis, 1995) p. 437, at footnote 162.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Janusz Tazbir, Reformacja w Polsce, Książka i Wiedza, Warsaw 1993, p. 15
  2. ^ Historia - Z dziejów Zalasowej...
  3. ^ a b "ZELAZOWSKA, CATHERINE", Jewish Encyclopedia, referring to
    • Grätz, Gesch. 3d ed., ix. 454, Heinrich Graetz;
    • Sternberg, Gesch. der Juden in Polen, p. 56.
  4. ^ a b Janusz Tazbir, op.cit. pp. 86–87
  5. ^ August Sokołowski, "Dzieje Polski Ilustrowane", vol. 2, p 617
  6. ^ Hélène Weigel (1459–1539)[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ Kazimierz Lepszy, Słownik biograficzny historii powszechnej do XVII stulecia, Warsaw 1968, p. 450.
  8. ^ Janusz Tazbir, op.cit. p. 87
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