Tafilalt: Difference between revisions

Designations
Designations
Ramsar Wetland
Official name	Oasis du Tafilalet
Designated	15 January 2005
Reference no.	1483

Tafilalt

تافيلالت
Tafilalt تافيلالت
Region
	Panorama of the oasis of Tafilalet, seen from the ksar of Tingheras (Rissani).
	Tafilalt Location in Morocco
	Coordinates: 31°20′22.43″N 4°16′5.48″W / 31.3395639°N 4.2681889°W
Country	Morocco
Region	Drâa-Tafilalet
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)

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Tafilalt or Tafilet (Arabic: تافيلالت), historically Sijilmasa, is a region of Morocco, centered on its largest oasis.^[2]

Etymology

There are many speculations regarding the origin of the word "Tafilalt", however it is known that Tafilalt is a Berber word meaning "jug", which is specifically a pottery jar used to store water.^[3]

History

Although previous settlements existed, especially during the Roman period, the first continuously inhabited town in the area after the spread of Islam was Sijilmasa, founded by the Midrarid dynasty.^[4] It was on the direct caravan route from the Niger River to Tangier, and attained a considerable degree of prosperity.^[5]^[6]

In the 17th century, the Alawi dynasty of Morocco first achieved political ascendancy in Tafilalt, and in 1606, Sultan Zidan Abu Maali hid in Tafilalt, where he made a profit off of gold mined in the area, built an army, eventually taking control of the city of Marrakesh. A few years later in 1610, Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli also built up an army in the Tafilalt area and took Marrakesh back for himself, but lost control after Sidi Yahya ben Younes liberated the city for Zidan. A decade after this, a revolutionary movement arose in Tafilalt against the ruling sultan, but was repressed after four months of skirmishes. Later, Tafilalt was a major center of the Dila'ites.^[7] In 1648, a custom was established by Moorish sultans of Morocco sending superfluous sons or daughters who would not inherit titles or power to Tafilalt.^[5]

Medieval traveler Ibn Battuta wrote about visiting Sijilmasa (near Tafilalt) in the fourteenth century on his journey from Fez to Mali, "the country of the blacks".^[2] It was later destroyed in 1818 by the Aït Atta, but its ruins remain, including two gateways.^[8] The first European to visit Tafilalt in the modern era was René Caillié (1828), and later Gerhard Rohlfs (1864).^[9]^[5] English writer W. B. Harris described Tafilalt in a journal after his visit.^[10]

Geography

Entirely located along the Ziz River,^[11] the oasis was, before mechanized transport, ten days' journey south of Fez and Meknes, across the Atlas Mountains.^[2] It is known for its dates.^[10]

Notable residents

It was the birthplace of the famed Rabbi Israel Abuhatzeira, known as the "Baba Sali" (Arabic: بابا صلى‎, Hebrew: באבא סאלי, lit. "Praying Father"), (1889–1984).^[12]

In literature

Mercenaries of Hell (original title Pokol zsoldosai), a novel by the famous Hungarian author Jenő Rejtő takes place in the village and surrounding area.^[13]^{[circular reference]}

References

^ "Oasis du Tafilalet". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Michael Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5.
^ Chafik, Mohammed (1990). المعجم العربي الأمازيغي. Morocco: أكاديمية المملكة المغربية. p. 217 – via scribd.
^ Everett Jenkins Jr. (1 October 1999). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. McFarland. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7864-4713-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tafilált". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 354.
^ Julius Honnor (2012). Morocco Footprint Handbook. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-907263-31-6.
^ Aomar Boum; Thomas K. Park (2 June 2016). Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 453. ISBN 978-1-4422-6297-3.
^ Lonely Planet; Paul Clammer; James Bainbridge (1 July 2014). Lonely Planet Morocco. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-74360-025-2.
^ Samuel Pickens; Michel Renaudeau; Xavier Richer (1993). Le Sud marocain. www.acr-edition.com. p. 152. ISBN 978-2-86770-056-9.
^ ^a ^b Ronald A. Messier (19 August 2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. ABC-CLIO. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.
^ Ronald A. Messier; James A. Miller (15 June 2015). The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny. University of Texas Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-292-76667-9.
^ Marek Čejka; Roman Kořan (16 October 2015). Rabbis of our Time: Authorities of Judaism in the Religious and Political Ferment of Modern Times. Taylor & Francis. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-317-60543-0.
^ "A pokol zsoldosai". Wikipédia (in Hungarian). 23 September 2018.

External links

Media related to Tafilalt at Wikimedia Commons

[1] "Oasis du Tafilalet". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.

[DumperStanley2007-2] Michael Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5.

[3] Chafik, Mohammed (1990). المعجم العربي الأمازيغي. Morocco: أكاديمية المملكة المغربية. p. 217 – via scribd.

[Jr.1999-4] Everett Jenkins Jr. (1 October 1999). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. McFarland. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7864-4713-8.

[EB1911-5] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tafilált". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 354.

[Honnor2012-6] Julius Honnor (2012). Morocco Footprint Handbook. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-907263-31-6.

[BoumPark2016-7] Aomar Boum; Thomas K. Park (2 June 2016). Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 453. ISBN 978-1-4422-6297-3.

[PlanetClammer2014-8] Lonely Planet; Paul Clammer; James Bainbridge (1 July 2014). Lonely Planet Morocco. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-74360-025-2.

[PickensRenaudeau1993-9] Samuel Pickens; Michel Renaudeau; Xavier Richer (1993). Le Sud marocain. www.acr-edition.com. p. 152. ISBN 978-2-86770-056-9.

[Messier2010-10] Ronald A. Messier (19 August 2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. ABC-CLIO. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-313-38590-2.

[MessierMiller2015-11] Ronald A. Messier; James A. Miller (15 June 2015). The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny. University of Texas Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-292-76667-9.

[ČejkaKořan2015-12] Marek Čejka; Roman Kořan (16 October 2015). Rabbis of our Time: Authorities of Judaism in the Religious and Political Ferment of Modern Times. Taylor & Francis. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-317-60543-0.

[Rejtojeno-13] "A pokol zsoldosai". Wikipédia (in Hungarian). 23 September 2018.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |name          =Tafilalt
 |other_name             =
-|native_name            = Tafilalt / ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
+|native_name            = تافيلالت <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
 |nickname               =
-|settlement_type        =Region
+|settlement_type        = Region
 |motto                  =
 <!-- images and maps  ----------->
 |image_skyline          = Tafilalet_tinghreras_est.jpg
 |imagesize              = 300px
-|image_caption          =Panorama of the oasis of Tafilalet, seen from the ksar of Tingheras (Rissani).
+|image_caption          = Panorama of the oasis of Tafilalet, seen from the ksar of Tingheras (Rissani).
 |image_flag             =
 |flag_size              =
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 |map_caption            =
 |pushpin_map            = Morocco<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->
-|pushpin_label_position =bottom
+|pushpin_label_position = bottom
-|pushpin_mapsize        =300
+|pushpin_mapsize        = 300
-|pushpin_map_caption    =Location in Morocco
+|pushpin_map_caption    = Location in Morocco
 <!-- Location ------------------>
 |subdivision_type       = Country
 |subdivision_name       = {{flag|Morocco}}
 |subdivision_type1      = [[Regions of Morocco|Region]]
-|subdivision_name1      =  [[Drâa-Tafilalet]]
+|subdivision_name1      = [[Drâa-Tafilalet]]
-|subdivision_type2      =[[Provinces of Morocco|Province]]
+|subdivision_type2      = [[Provinces of Morocco|Province]]
 |subdivision_name2      =
 |subdivision_type3      =
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 |population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
 <!-- General information  --------------->
-|timezone               = [[Western European Time|WET]]
+|timezone               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
-|utc_offset             =  +0
+|utc_offset             = +1
-|timezone_DST           = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]]
+|timezone_DST           =
-|utc_offset_DST         = +1
+|utc_offset_DST         =
 |coordinates            = {{coord|31|20|22.43|N|4|16|5.48|W|region:MA|display=inline,title}}
 |elevation_footnotes    =  <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 |website                =
 |footnotes              =
+}}
+{{Designation list
+ | designation1        = Ramsar
+ | designation1_offname = Oasis du Tafilalet
+ | designation1_date   = 15 January 2005
+ | designation1_number = 1483<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oasis du Tafilalet|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1483|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
 }}
 [[File:Isoprusia tafilaltana fossil trilobite Maroc.jpg|thumb|upright|''Isoprusia tafilaltana,'' a fossil [[trilobite]] found in (and named after) Tafilalt ]]
-'''Tafilalt''' or '''Tafilet''' ([[Berber languages|Berber]]: '''Tafilalt''', ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ; {{lang-ar|تافيلالت}}), historically [[Sijilmasa]], is a region and the largest [[oasis]] in [[Morocco]].<ref name="DumperStanley2007"/>
+'''Tafilalt''' or '''Tafilet''' ({{lang-ar|تافيلالت}}), historically [[Sijilmasa]], is a [[Regions of Morocco|region]] of [[Morocco]], centered on its largest [[oasis]].<ref name="DumperStanley2007"/>
 ==Etymology==
-The word "Tafilalt" is an Amazigh word and it means "Jug", which is specifically a jar made of clay and used to conserve water.<ref>{{Cite book|title=المعجم العربي الأمازيغي|last=Chafik|first=Mohammed|publisher=أكاديمية المملكة المغربية|year=1990|isbn=|location=Morocco|pages=217|via=scribd}}</ref>
+There are many speculations regarding the origin of the word "Tafilalt", however it is known that Tafilalt is a [[Berber languages|Berber]] word meaning "jug", which is specifically a pottery jar used to store water.<ref>{{Cite book|title=المعجم العربي الأمازيغي|last=Chafik|first=Mohammed|publisher=أكاديمية المملكة المغربية|year=1990|location=Morocco|pages=217|via=scribd}}</ref>
 ==History==
-In the area, the town of [[Sijilmasa]] founded by [[Miknasa]] [[Berber people|Amazigh]] leader Moussa ben Nasser in 757, formerly existed.<ref name="Jr.1999">{{cite book|author=Everett Jenkins, Jr.|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giEkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|date=1 October 1999|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4713-8|page=57}}</ref> It was on the direct caravan route from the [[Niger river]] to [[Tangier]], and attained a considerable degree of prosperity.<ref name="Honnor2012">{{cite book|author=Julius Honnor|title=Morocco Footprint Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtXcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|year=2012|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-907263-31-6|page=195}}</ref> In the 17th century, the [[Alaouite dynasty]] of Morocco is known to have started in Tafilalt, and in 1606 [[Zidan al-Nasir]], Sultan of Morocco hid in Tafilalt, where he made a profit off of gold mined in the area, built an army, and took back control over [[Marrakech]]. A few years later in 1610, [[Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli]] also built up in army in the Tafilalt area and took Marrakech back for himself, but lost control after [[Sidi Yahya ben Younes]] liberated the city for al-Nasir. A decade after this, a small revolt built up in Tafilalt against the sultan, but was repressed after four months of skirmishes. Later, Tafilalt was a major center of the Dila'ites.<ref name="BoumPark2016">{{cite book|author1=Aomar Boum|author2=Thomas K. Park|title=Historical Dictionary of Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glgzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA453|date=2 June 2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-6297-3|page=453}}</ref> In 1648, a custom was established of the Moorish sultans of Morocco sending superfluous sons or daughters to Tafilalt.<ref name="EB1911"/>
+Although previous settlements existed, especially during the Roman period, the first continuously inhabited town in the area after the spread of Islam was [[Sijilmasa]], founded by the [[Midrarid dynasty]].<ref name="Jr.1999">{{cite book|author=Everett Jenkins Jr.|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giEkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|date=1 October 1999|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4713-8|page=57}}</ref> It was on the direct caravan route from the [[Niger River]] to [[Tangier]], and attained a considerable degree of prosperity.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Tafilált|volume=26|page=354}}</ref><ref name="Honnor2012">{{cite book|author=Julius Honnor|title=Morocco Footprint Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtXcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|year=2012|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-907263-31-6|page=195}}</ref>
+In the 17th century, the [[Alawi dynasty]] of Morocco first achieved political ascendancy in Tafilalt, and in 1606, Sultan [[Zidan Abu Maali]] hid in Tafilalt, where he made a profit off of gold mined in the area, built an army, eventually taking control of the city of [[Marrakesh]]. A few years later in 1610, [[Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli]] also built up an army in the Tafilalt area and took Marrakesh back for himself, but lost control after Sidi Yahya ben Younes liberated the city for Zidan. A decade after this, a revolutionary movement arose in Tafilalt against the ruling sultan, but was repressed after four months of skirmishes. Later, Tafilalt was a major center of the Dila'ites.<ref name="BoumPark2016">{{cite book|author1=Aomar Boum|author2=Thomas K. Park|title=Historical Dictionary of Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glgzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA453|date=2 June 2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-6297-3|page=453}}</ref> In 1648, a custom was established by Moorish sultans of Morocco sending superfluous sons or daughters who would not inherit titles or power to Tafilalt.<ref name="EB1911"/>
-Medieval traveler [[Ibn Batuta]] wrote about visiting Sijilmasa (near Tafilalt) in the fourteenth century on his journey from Fez to Mali, "the country of the blacks".<ref name="DumperStanley2007">{{cite book|author1=Michael Dumper|author2=Bruce E. Stanley|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA336|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5|page=336}}</ref> It was later destroyed in 1818 by the [[Aït Atta]], but its ruins remain, including two gateways.<ref name="PlanetClammer2014">{{cite book|author1=Lonely Planet|author2=Paul Clammer|author3=James Bainbridge|title=Lonely Planet Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnvqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT329|date=1 July 2014|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74360-025-2|page=329}}</ref> The first European to visit Tafilalt in the modern era was [[René Caillié]] (1828), and later [[Gerhard Rohlfs]] (1864).<ref name="PickensRenaudeau1993">{{cite book|author1=Samuel Pickens|author2=Michel Renaudeau|author3=Xavier Richer|title=Le Sud marocain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu2nAUUuvgQC&pg=PA152|year=1993|publisher=www.acr-edition.com|isbn=978-2-86770-056-9|page=152}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|title=TAFILALT|url=http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SUS_TAV/TAFILALT_or_TAFILET_ie_The_Coun.html|volume=26|pages=354}}</ref> English writer [[Walter Burton Harris|WB Harris]] described Tafilalt in a journal after his visit.<ref name="Messier2010"/>
+Medieval traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] wrote about visiting Sijilmasa (near Tafilalt) in the fourteenth century on his journey from Fez to Mali, "the country of the blacks".<ref name="DumperStanley2007">{{cite book|author1=Michael Dumper|author2=Bruce E. Stanley|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA336|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5|page=336}}</ref> It was later destroyed in 1818 by the [[Aït Atta]], but its ruins remain, including two gateways.<ref name="PlanetClammer2014">{{cite book|author1=Lonely Planet|author2=Paul Clammer|author3=James Bainbridge|title=Lonely Planet Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnvqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT329|date=1 July 2014|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74360-025-2|page=329}}</ref> The first European to visit Tafilalt in the modern era was [[René Caillié]] (1828), and later [[Gerhard Rohlfs]] (1864).<ref name="PickensRenaudeau1993">{{cite book|author1=Samuel Pickens|author2=Michel Renaudeau|author3=Xavier Richer|title=Le Sud marocain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu2nAUUuvgQC&pg=PA152|year=1993|publisher=www.acr-edition.com|isbn=978-2-86770-056-9|page=152}}</ref><ref name="EB1911"/> English writer [[Walter Burton Harris|W. B. Harris]] described Tafilalt in a journal after his visit.<ref name="Messier2010"/>
 ==Geography==
-Entirely located along the [[Ziz River]],<ref name="MessierMiller2015">{{cite book|author1=Ronald A. Messier|author2=James A. Miller|title=The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RubuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|date=15 June 2015|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-76667-9|page=53}}</ref> the oasis ten days' journey south of [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] and [[Meknes]], across the [[Atlas Mountains]].<ref name="DumperStanley2007"/> It is known for its [[Date Palm|date]]s.<ref name="Messier2010">{{cite book|author=Ronald A. Messier|title=The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfxoq5MzHa4C&pg=PA198|date=19 August 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38590-2|page=198}}</ref>
+Entirely located along the [[Ziz River]],<ref name="MessierMiller2015">{{cite book|author1=Ronald A. Messier|author2=James A. Miller|title=The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RubuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|date=15 June 2015|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-76667-9|page=53}}</ref> the oasis was, before mechanized transport, ten days' journey south of [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] and [[Meknes]], across the [[Atlas Mountains]].<ref name="DumperStanley2007"/> It is known for its [[Date palm|dates]].<ref name="Messier2010">{{cite book|author=Ronald A. Messier|title=The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfxoq5MzHa4C&pg=PA198|date=19 August 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38590-2|page=198}}</ref>
 ==Notable residents==
-It is the birthplace of the famed Rabbi Israel Abuhatzeira, known as the "[[Baba Sali]]" (Arabic: بابا صلى, Hebrew: באבא סאלי, lit. "Praying Father"), (1889–1984).<ref name="ČejkaKořan2015">{{cite book|author1=Marek Čejka|author2=Roman Kořan|title=Rabbis of our Time: Authorities of Judaism in the Religious and Political Ferment of Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuK9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT33|date=16 October 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-60543-0|page=33}}</ref>
+It was the birthplace of the famed Rabbi Israel Abuhatzeira, known as the "[[Baba Sali]]" ({{lang-ar|بابا صلى}}{{ltr}}, {{Lang-he|באבא סאלי}}, lit. "Praying Father"), (1889–1984).<ref name="ČejkaKořan2015">{{cite book|author1=Marek Čejka|author2=Roman Kořan|title=Rabbis of our Time: Authorities of Judaism in the Religious and Political Ferment of Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuK9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT33|date=16 October 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-60543-0|page=33}}</ref>
+==In literature==
+''Mercenaries of Hell'' (original title ''Pokol zsoldosai''), a novel by the famous Hungarian author [[Jenő Rejtő]] takes place in the village and surrounding area.<ref name="Rejtojeno">{{cite web |title=A pokol zsoldosai |url=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_pokol_zsoldosai |website=Wikipédia |language=hu |date=23 September 2018}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 107: / Line 118: @@
 ==External links==
+{{Commonscatinline}}
-* [http://www.tafilalet.org/ Tafilalt region web site]
 {{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Oases of Morocco]]
-[[Category:Alaouite dynasty]]
+[[Category:'Alawi dynasty]]
 [[Category:Geography of Drâa-Tafilalet]]
 [[Category:Ramsar sites in Morocco]]

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Germany Israel