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Coordinates: 46°11′N 30°21′E / 46.183°N 30.350°E / 46.183; 30.350
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{{short description|City in Odesa Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{short description|City in Odesa Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{Redirect|Akkerman}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Akkerman|Bilhorod}}
{{Expand Ukrainian|topic=geo|date=July 2022}}
{{Redirect|Bilhorod}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=uk|otherarticle=Білгород-Дністровський|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
| name = Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
|native_name = {{lang|uk|Білгород-Дністровський}}
| native_name = {{lang|uk|Білгород-Дністровський}}
|other_name = Cetatea Albă
| other_name = Cetatea Albă
|settlement_type = [[List of cities in Ukraine|City]]
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Ukraine|City]]
|image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center
|photo1a = Bilhorod Dnistrovskyi.jpg
|photo1a = Bilhorod Dnistrovskyi.jpg
|photo2a = Akkerman-fortress-aerial-2 (cropped).jpg
|photo2a = Akkerman-fortress-aerial-2 (cropped).jpg
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| border = 0
| border = 0
| foot_montage = }}
| foot_montage = }}
|image_caption =
| image_caption =
|image_shield = Герб Білгорода-Дністровського.svg
| image_shield = Герб Білгорода-Дністровського.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (1-1).svg
| image_flag = Flag of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (1-1).svg
|shield_size = 90px
| shield_size = 90px
|pushpin_map = Ukraine Odesa Oblast#Ukraine
| pushpin_map = Ukraine Odesa Oblast#Ukraine
|pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ukraine
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ukraine
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{UKR}}
| subdivision_name = {{UKR}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblast]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblast]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Odesa Oblast}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odesa Oblast]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]]
|subdivision_name2 = {{Flagicon image|Bilhorod-Dnistrovskiy_Raion_prapor.png}} [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]]
|population_as_of = 2022
| population_as_of = 2022
|population_total = 47727
| population_total = 47727
|area_total_km2 = 31
| area_total_km2 = 31
|elevation_m = 28
| elevation_m = 28
|population_footnotes = <ref name="ua2022estimate"/>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="ua2022estimate"/>
|timezone = EET
| timezone = EET
|utc_offset = +2
| utc_offset = +2
|timezone_DST = EEST
| timezone_DST = EEST
|utc_offset_DST = +3
| utc_offset_DST = +3
|coordinates = {{coord|46|11|N|30|21|E|region:UA_type:city|display=it}}
| coordinates = {{coord|46|11|N|30|21|E|region:UA_type:city|display=it}}
|postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code_type = Postal code
|postal_code = 67700—67719
| postal_code = 67700—67719
|area_code = +380 4849
| area_code = +380 4849
|blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
|blank_info = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
| blank_info = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
|website = [https://bilgorod-d.gov.ua/ https://bilgorod-d.gov.ua/ ]
| website = [https://bilgorod-d.gov.ua/ https://bilgorod-d.gov.ua/ ]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Hromada]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi urban hromada]]
}}
}}
'''Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi''' ({{lang-uk|Бі́лгород-Дністро́вський}}, {{IPA-uk|ˈb⁽ʲ⁾iɫɦorod d⁽ʲ⁾n⁽ʲ⁾iˈstrɔu̯sʲkɪj|IPA}}; {{lang-ro|Cetatea Albă}}; {{lang-ru|Белгород-Днестровский|Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy}}), historically known as '''Aq Kirmān''' ({{lang-tr|Akkerman}}) or by [[#Nomenclature|other names]], is a [[List of cities in Ukraine|city]], [[List of hromadas of Ukraine|municipality]] and port in [[Odesa Oblast]], southwestern [[Ukraine]]. It is situated on the right bank of the [[Dniester Estuary]] leading to the [[Black Sea]],<ref name=Kaba/> in the historical region of [[Budjak]]. It also serves as the administrative center of [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] and is the only locality which constitutes an [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi urban hromada|urban hromada]] in Ukraine.<ref name="admreform_2020_bilhorod-dnistrovskyi_city">{{cite web |title=Белгород-Днестровская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/bilgorod/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> It is the location of a large [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky Seaport|freight seaport]]. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2022|47,727|punct=.}}
'''Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi''' ({{lang-uk|Білгород-Дністровський}}, {{IPA-uk|ˈb⁽ʲ⁾iɫɦorod d⁽ʲ⁾n⁽ʲ⁾iˈstrɔu̯sʲkɪj|IPA}}; {{lang-ro|Cetatea Albă}}; {{lang-ru|Белгород-Днестровский|Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy}}), historically known as '''Aq Kirmān''' ({{lang-tr|Akkerman}}) or by [[#Nomenclature|other names]], is a port city in [[Odesa Oblast]], southwestern [[Ukraine]]. It is situated on the right bank of the [[Dniester Estuary]] leading to the [[Black Sea]],<ref name=Kaba/> in the historical region of [[Budjak]]. It also serves as the administrative center of [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]] and is coterminous with ''Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi urban hromada'', one of the [[hromada]]s of Ukraine.<ref name="admreform_2020_bilhorod-dnistrovskyi_city">{{cite web |title=Белгород-Днестровская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/bilgorod/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> It is the location of a large [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky Seaport|freight seaport]]. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2022|47,727|punct=.}}


== Nomenclature ==
== Name ==
The city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi is also referred to by alternative [[transliteration]]s from Ukrainian as '''Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky''' or '''Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyy'''. ''Dnistrovsky'' was added to differentiate it from [[Belgorod]] (in Ukrainian Bilhorod), a city in Russia, when both were a part of the [[Soviet Union]].
The city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi is also referred to by alternative [[transliteration]]s from Ukrainian as '''Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky'''. ''Dnistrovsky'' was added to differentiate it from [[Belgorod]] (in Ukrainian Bilhorod), a city in Russia, when both were a part of the [[Soviet Union]].


;Previous names
;Previous names
* '''Ophiussa''' (Οφιούσσα),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Масляк |first=П. О. |title=Тринадцять назв одного міста (Білгород-Дністровський) |url=https://geoknigi.com/book_view.php?id=550 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Пізнавальний сайт "Географія" |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mercator |first=Gerard |url=https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/24163/Russia_cum_Confinijs_First_Edition/Mercator.html |title=Atlas |year=1595 |edition=1st |location=Duisberg}}</ref> [[Phoenicia]]n colony (meaning "city of snakes" in [[Greek language|Greek]])
* '''Ophiussa''' (Οφιούσσα),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Масляк |first=П. О. |title=Тринадцять назв одного міста (Білгород-Дністровський) |url=https://geoknigi.com/book_view.php?id=550 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Пізнавальний сайт "Географія" |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mercator |first=Gerard |url=https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/24163/Russia_cum_Confinijs_First_Edition/Mercator.html |title=Atlas |year=1595 |edition=1st |location=Duisberg}}</ref> [[Phoenicia]]n colony (meaning "city of snakes" in [[Greek language|Greek]])
* '''[[Tyras]]''' (Τύρας), [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] colony (also the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] name for the River [[Dniester]])
* '''[[Tyras]]''' (Τύρας), [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] colony (also the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] name for the River [[Dniester]])
* '''Turis''', [[Antes people|Antes]] name
* '''Turis''', [[Antes people|Antes]] name
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* '''Akkerman''', [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] ("White Castle")<ref>C. Blackie, ''Etymological Geography'' (London: Daldy, Isbister, & Co., 1876), [https://archive.org/details/etymologicalgeo00blac/page/19 p. 19].</ref> and Russian name until 1944
* '''Akkerman''', [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] ("White Castle")<ref>C. Blackie, ''Etymological Geography'' (London: Daldy, Isbister, & Co., 1876), [https://archive.org/details/etymologicalgeo00blac/page/19 p. 19].</ref> and Russian name until 1944
* '''Aqkermen''', [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] name
* '''Aqkermen''', [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] name
* '''Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy''', Russian (Бе́лгород-Днестро́вский, "White city on the Dniester")
* '''Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy''', Russian (Белгород-Днестровский, "White city on the Dniester")
* '''Weißenburg''', ("White Castle"), [[German language|German]] name


The town became part of the Principality of [[Moldavia]] in 1359. The fortress was enlarged and rebuilt in 1407 under [[Alexandru cel Bun|Alexander the Good]] and in 1440 under [[Stephen II of Moldavia]].<ref name=Kaba/> It fell to Ottoman conquest on August 5, 1487. The city was known in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] as '''Cetatea Albă'''<ref name=Kaba>{{cite book|last=Kaba|first=John|title=Politico-economic Review of Basarabia|year=1919|publisher=American Relief Administration|location=United States|page=15|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7313/view/1/15/}}</ref> with other languages using the Turkish name, '''Akkerman''', or variations of the Turkish name. Since 1944 the city has been known as "Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi" (Білгород-Дністровський), while on the Soviet geography maps often translated into its [[Russian language|Russian]] equivalent of "'''Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy'''" (Бе́лгород-Днестро́вский), literally "white city on the Dniester".
The town became part of the Principality of [[Moldavia]] in 1359. The fortress was enlarged and rebuilt in 1407 under [[Alexandru cel Bun|Alexander the Good]] and in 1440 under [[Stephen II of Moldavia]].<ref name=Kaba/> It fell to Ottoman conquest on August 5, 1487. The city was known in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] as '''Cetatea Albă'''<ref name=Kaba>{{cite book|last=Kaba|first=John|title=Politico-economic Review of Basarabia|year=1919|publisher=American Relief Administration|location=United States|page=15|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7313/view/1/15/}}</ref> with other languages using the Turkish name, '''Akkerman''', or variations of the Turkish name. Since 1944 the city has been known as "Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi" (Білгород-Дністровський), while on the Soviet geography maps often translated into its [[Russian language|Russian]] equivalent of "'''Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy'''" (Белгород-Днестровский), literally "white city on the Dniester".


The city is known by translations of "white city" or "castle" in a number of languages including Белгород Днестровски (''Belgorod-Dnestrovski'') in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], ''Akerman'' (Акерман) in [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], ''Białogród nad Dniestrem'' in [[Polish language|Polish]], ''Walachisch Weißenburg'' in [[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian German]],<ref>Hans Miksch. ''Wien— das Stalingrad der Osmanen.'' Volume 3 of ''Der Kampf der Kaiser und Kalifen.'' Bernard & Graefe, 1992. {{ISBN|9783763754717}} p. 106.</ref> ''Dnyeszterfehérvár'' in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and {{lang|he|עיר לבן}} (''Ir Lavan'') in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].
The city is known by translations of "white city" or "castle" in a number of languages including Белгород Днестровски (''Belgorod-Dnestrovski'') in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], ''Akerman'' (Акерман) in [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], ''Białogród nad Dniestrem'' in [[Polish language|Polish]], ''Walachisch Weißenburg'' in [[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian German]],<ref>Hans Miksch. ''Wien— das Stalingrad der Osmanen.'' Volume 3 of ''Der Kampf der Kaiser und Kalifen.'' Bernard & Graefe, 1992. {{ISBN|9783763754717}} p. 106.</ref> ''Dnyeszterfehérvár'' in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and {{lang|he|עיר לבן}} (''Ir Lavan'') in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].


In Western European languages, including English, the city has typically been known by the official name of the time or a transliteration derived from it.
In Western European languages, including English, the city has typically been known by the official name of the time or a transliteration derived from it.
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== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Greek colonies of the Northern Euxine Sea (Black Sea).svg|thumb|300x300px|Ancient Greek colonies on the northern coast of the [[Black Sea]], 8th to 3rd century BC]]
[[File:Greek colonies of the Northern Euxine Sea (Black Sea).svg|thumb|300x300px|Ancient Greek colonies on the northern coast of the [[Black Sea]], 8th to 3rd century BC]]
In the 6th century BC, [[Milesians (Greek)|Milesian]] colonists founded a settlement named [[Tyras]] on the future location of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, which later came under [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule. In [[Late Antiquity]], the Byzantines built a fortress and named it ''Asprokastron'' ("White Castle" - a meaning kept in several languages), but it passed out of their control in the 7th-15th centuries under control of Bulgaria, the cities called Belgorod(white city), as it was the border of the Bulgarian empire.<ref name="ODB"/> The ''[[Voskresensk Chronicle]]'' lists Bilhorod "at the mouth of the Dniester, above the sea" among the towns controlled by [[Kievan Rus']]{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}.
In the 6th century BC, [[Milesians (Greek)|Milesian]] colonists founded a settlement named [[Tyras]] on the future location of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, which later came under [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule. In [[Late Antiquity]], the Byzantines built a fortress and named it ''Asprokastron'' ("White Castle" - a meaning kept in several languages), but it passed out of their control in the 7th-15th centuries under control of Bulgaria, the cities called Belgorod (white city), as it was the border of the Bulgarian empire.<ref name="ODB"/> The ''[[Voskresensk Chronicle]]'' lists Bilhorod "at the mouth of the Dniester, above the sea" among the towns controlled by [[Kievan Rus']]{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}.


In the 13th century the site was controlled by the [[Cumans]], and became a center of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] commercial activity from {{circa|1290}} on. Briefly held by the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] in the early 14th century, by the middle of the century it was a [[Genoese colony]].<ref name="ODB"/> [[Sfântul Ioan cel Nou]] (''Saint John the New''), the [[patron saint]] of [[Moldavia]], was [[martyr]]ed in the city in 1330 during a [[Nogais|Tatar]] incursion. In 1391, Cetatea Albă was the last city on the right bank of the Dnister to be incorporated into the newly established Principality of Moldavia, and for the next century was its second major city, the major port and an important fortress.
In the 13th century the site was controlled by the [[Cumans]], and became a center of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] commercial activity from {{circa|1290}} on. Briefly held by the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] in the early 14th century, by the middle of the century it was a [[Genoese colony]].<ref name="ODB"/> [[Sfântul Ioan cel Nou]] (''Saint John the New''), the [[patron saint]] of [[Moldavia]], was [[martyr]]ed in the city in 1330 during a [[Nogais|Tatar]] incursion. In 1391, Cetatea Albă was the last city on the right bank of the Dnister to be incorporated into the newly established Principality of Moldavia, and for the next century was its second major city, the major port and an important fortress.
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In the 15th century, the port saw much commercial traffic as well as being frequently used for passenger traffic between central Europe and [[Constantinople]]. Among the travellers who passed through the town was [[John VIII Palaiologos]].<ref name="ODB"/> Following the [[Fall of Constantinople]] to the Ottomans in 1453, Sultan [[Mehmed II]] brought in colonists from Asprokastron to repopulate the city.<ref name="ODB"/>
In the 15th century, the port saw much commercial traffic as well as being frequently used for passenger traffic between central Europe and [[Constantinople]]. Among the travellers who passed through the town was [[John VIII Palaiologos]].<ref name="ODB"/> Following the [[Fall of Constantinople]] to the Ottomans in 1453, Sultan [[Mehmed II]] brought in colonists from Asprokastron to repopulate the city.<ref name="ODB"/>


In 1484, along with [[Kiliia]], it was the last of the Black Sea ports to be conquered by the Ottomans.<ref name="ODB"/> The Moldavian prince [[Stephen III of Moldavia|Stephen the Great]] was unable to aid in its defence, being under threat of a [[Poland|Polish]] invasion. The citadel surrendered when the Ottomans claimed to have reached an agreement with Prince Stephen, and promised safe passage to the inhabitants and their belongings; however, most of the city-dwellers were slaughtered. Later, attempts by Stephen the Great to restore his rule over the area were unsuccessful. Cetatea Albă was subsequently a base from which the Ottomans were able to attack Moldavia proper. In 1485, [[Tatars]] setting out from this city founded [[Pazardzhik]] in Bulgaria. In 1570 ([[Hijri year|Hijri]] 977) the town of Akkerman was inhabited by Muslims, Christians and Jews. It had 55 Muslim households in 25 neighbourhoods and 113 Non-Muslim households in 9 neighbourhoods and it was a "has" of the [[Sultan]], a land property that was directly owned by the Sultan. The castle of Akkerman also had a Jewish congregation and a [[Romani people|Romani]] congregation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=GÖKBİLGİN |first=M. TAYYİB |date=1956 |title=KANUNÎ SULTAN SÜLEYMAN DEVRİ BAŞLARINDA RUMELİ EYALETİ, LİVALARI, ŞEHİR VE KASABALARI |url=https://belleten.gov.tr/tam-metin-pdf/1214/tur |journal=BELLETEN |volume=20 |issue=78 |pages=247-294 |issn=0041-4255 |eissn=2791-6472 |via=BELLETEN}}</ref>
In 1484, along with [[Kiliia]], it was the last of the Black Sea ports to be conquered by the Ottomans.<ref name="ODB"/> The Moldavian prince [[Stephen III of Moldavia|Stephen the Great]] was unable to aid in its defence, being under threat of a [[Poland|Polish]] invasion. The citadel surrendered when the Ottomans claimed to have reached an agreement with Prince Stephen, and promised safe passage to the inhabitants and their belongings; however, most of the city-dwellers were slaughtered. Later, attempts by Stephen the Great to restore his rule over the area were unsuccessful. Cetatea Albă was subsequently a base from which the Ottomans were able to attack Moldavia proper. In 1485, [[Tatars]] setting out from this city founded [[Pazardzhik]] in Bulgaria. In 1570 ([[Hijri year|Hijri]] 977) the town of Akkerman was inhabited by Muslims, Christians and Jews. It had 55 Muslim households in 25 neighbourhoods and 113 Non-Muslim households in 9 neighbourhoods and it was a "has" of the [[Sultan]], a land property that was directly owned by the Sultan. The castle of Akkerman also had a Jewish congregation and a [[Romani people|Roma]] congregation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=GÖKBİLGİN |first=M. TAYYİB |date=1956 |title=KANUNÎ SULTAN SÜLEYMAN DEVRİ BAŞLARINDA RUMELİ EYALETİ, LİVALARI, ŞEHİR VE KASABALARI |url=https://belleten.gov.tr/tam-metin-pdf/1214/tur |journal=Belleten |volume=20 |issue=78 |pages=247–294 |issn=0041-4255 |eissn=2791-6472 }}</ref>


It was established as the fortress of ''Akkerman'', part of the Ottoman defensive system against [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]] and, later, the [[Russian Empire]]. Major battles between the Ottomans and the Russians were fought near Akkerman in 1770 and 1789. Russia conquered the town in 1770, 1774, and 1806, but returned it after the conclusion of hostilities.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Akkerman|volume=1|page=457|noicon=y}}</ref> It was not incorporated into Russia until 1812, along with the rest of [[Bessarabia]].
It was established as the fortress of ''Akkerman'', part of the Ottoman defensive system against [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland-Lithuania]] and, later, the [[Russian Empire]]. Major battles between the Ottomans and the Russians were fought near Akkerman [[Siege of Akkerman|in 1770]] and 1789. Russia conquered the town in 1770, 1774, and 1806, but returned it after the conclusion of hostilities.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Akkerman|volume=1|page=457|noicon=y}}</ref> It was not incorporated into Russia until 1812, along with the rest of [[Bessarabia]].


On 25 September 1826, Russia and the Ottomans signed here the ''[[Convention of Akkerman|Akkerman Convention]]'' which imposed that the [[hospodars]] of Moldavia and [[Wallachia]] be elected by their respective [[Sfatul boieresc|Divans]] for seven-year terms, with the approval of both Powers.
On 25 September 1826, Russia and the Ottomans signed here the ''[[Convention of Akkerman|Akkerman Convention]]'' which imposed that the [[hospodars]] of Moldavia and [[Wallachia]] be elected by their respective [[Sfatul boieresc|Divans]] for seven-year terms, with the approval of both Powers.
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=== Jewish history ===
=== Jewish history ===
In Jewish sources, the city is referred as Weissenburg and Ir Lavan (meaning "white castle" in German and "white city" in Hebrew) as well as Akerman (אַקערמאַן). [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]] Jews lived there since the 16th century, some even claim the existence of [[Khazar]] [[Jews]] in the town as early as the 10th century. In 1897, 5,613 Jews lived in the city (19.9% of the total population). The town Jewish community was influenced mainly from the Jewish community of nearby [[Odesa]]. During a pogrom in 1905, eight Jews living in the city were killed. During [[World War II]], most of the Jews living in the city fled to nearby Odesa, where they were later killed. The 800 Jews who were left in the city were shot to death in the nearby Leman River.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=imcpl1111&tabID=T003&searchId=R11&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX2587502349&&docId=GALE%7CCX2587502349&docType=GALE|title=Gale - Product Login|website=go.galegroup.com}}</ref>{{subscription required}} Around 500 of the prewar town Jews survived the war, and around half of them returned to the city.
In Jewish sources, the city is referred as Weissenburg and Ir Lavan (meaning "white castle" in German and "white city" in Hebrew) as well as Akerman (אַקערמאַן). [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]] Jews lived there since the 16th century, some even claim the existence of [[Khazar]] [[Jews]] in the town as early as the 10th century. In 1897, 5,613 Jews lived in the city (19.9% of the total population). The town Jewish community was influenced mainly from the Jewish community of nearby [[Odesa]]. During a pogrom in 1905, eight Jews living in the city were killed. During [[World War II]], most of the Jews living in the city fled to nearby Odesa, where they were later killed. The 800 Jews who were left in the city were shot to death in the nearby Leman River.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=imcpl1111&tabID=T003&searchId=R11&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX2587502349&&docId=GALE%7CCX2587502349&docType=GALE|title=Gale - Product Login|website=go.galegroup.com}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Around 500 of the prewar town Jews survived the war, and around half of them returned to the city.


== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==
As of 1920, the population was estimated at 35,000. 8,000 were [[Romanian people|Romanian]], 8,000 were [[Jewish people|Jewish]], and 5,000 were [[German people|German]]. Additional populations included Turks, [[Greek people|Greeks]], [[Bulgarian people|Bulgarians]] and [[Russian people|Russians]].<ref name=Kaba/>
As of 1920, the population was estimated at 35,000. 8,000 were [[Romanian people|Romanian]], 8,000 were [[Jewish people|Jewish]], and 5,000 were [[German people|German]]. Additional populations included Turks, [[Greek people|Greeks]], [[Bulgarian people|Bulgarians]] and [[Russian people|Russians]].<ref name=Kaba/>


According to the 2001 Ukrainian census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/|title=All-Ukrainian population census-|website=www.ukrcensus.gov.ua}}</ref> the majority of the city's population are [[Ukrainians]] (63%). Other important communities include [[Russians]] (28%), [[Bulgarians]] (3.7%) and [[Moldovans]]/[[Romanians]] (1.9%). The language situation is notably different, with [[Russian language|Russian]]-speakers representing a majority (54%), followed by speakers of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (42%), [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] (1.6%) and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] (1.3%).
According to the [[2001 Ukrainian census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/|title=All-Ukrainian population census-|website=www.ukrcensus.gov.ua}}</ref> the majority of the city's population are [[Ukrainians]] (62.88%). Other communities include [[Russians]] (28.25%), [[Bulgarians]] (3.72%), [[Moldovans]] (1.89%), Gagauz (0.41%) and Romanians (0.02%).<ref>http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm</ref> The language situation is notably different, with self-identified [[Russian language|Russian]]-speakers representing a majority (54.52%), followed by speakers of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (42.08%), [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] (1.66%) and Moldovan (0.67%).<ref>https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/</ref>


== Climate ==
== Geography ==
=== Climate ===
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb'' bordering on ''Dfa''.).
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb'' bordering on ''Dfa''.).


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* [[Nicolas Astrinidis]] (1921-2010), composer who settled in Greece
* [[Nicolas Astrinidis]] (1921-2010), composer who settled in Greece
* [[Elena Cernei]] (1924–2000), Romanian opera singer
* [[Elena Cernei]] (1924–2000), Romanian opera singer
* [[Mihail Crama]] (1923–1994), Romanian poet and prose writer
⚫
* [[Tamara Tchinarova]] (1919-2017), ballet dancer
⚫
* [[Vasyl Lomachenko]] (born 1988), Ukrainian professional boxer
* [[Oleksiy Kikireshko]] (born 1977), rally driver
* [[Oleksiy Kikireshko]] (born 1977), rally driver
* [[Boris Levenson]] (1884-1947), composer and conductor
⚫
* [[Vasyl Lomachenko]] (born 1988), Ukrainian professional boxer
* [[Jacques Roitfeld]] (1889–1999), French film producer
* [[Jacques Roitfeld]] (1889–1999), French film producer
* [[Porfiriy Stamatov]] (1840–1925), Minister of Justice of Bulgaria (1881)
* [[Porfiriy Stamatov]] (1840–1925), Minister of Justice of Bulgaria (1881)
⚫
* [[Tamara Tchinarova]] (1919-2017), ballet dancer
* [[Nicolae Văcăroiu]] (born 1943), former [[Prime Minister of Romania]]
* [[Nicolae Văcăroiu]] (born 1943), former [[Prime Minister of Romania]]
* [[Osip Yermansky]] (1867-1941), Menshevik economist
* [[Osip Yermansky]] (1867-1941), Menshevik economist

== Sister cities ==

* {{Flag|TUR}} [[Fethiye]], Turkey <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-25 |title=Місто Білгород-Дністровський та місто Фетхіє стали містами-побратимами |url=http://bilgorod-d.gov.ua/page/msto_blgoroddnstrovskii_ta_msto_feth_stali_mstamipobratimami |access-date=2024-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725165653/http://bilgorod-d.gov.ua/page/msto_blgoroddnstrovskii_ta_msto_feth_stali_mstamipobratimami |archive-date=25 July 2021 }}</ref>
* {{Flag|ARM}} [[Vagharshapat]], Armenia <ref>{{Cite web |title=Город Белгород-Днестровский обзавелся побратимом в Армении |url=http://trassae95.com/all/news/2018/03/22/gorod-belgorod-dnestrovskij-obzavelsya-pobratimom-v-armenii-45132.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Трасса Е-95}}</ref>


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
<gallery perrow="8">
<gallery perrow="8">
File:Акерманська фортеця. Генуезький замок (цитадель) 03.jpg|The inner part of fortress Akkerman.
File:Акерманська фортеця. Генуезький замок (цитадель) 03.jpg|The citadel of [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|Akkerman fortress]]
File:Белгород-Днестровский 3256.jpg|The excavations in front of Akkerman.
File:Белгород-Днестровский 3256.jpg|The excavations of Tyras
File:BilhorodDnistrovskyy Akkerman3.JPG|The fortress Akkerman from the sea.
File:BilhorodDnistrovskyy Akkerman3.JPG|View of the fortress from the sea
File:Belgorod ua.jpg|The walls of Fortress Akkerman.
File:Belgorod ua.jpg|The walls of the fortress
File:Аккерманська фортеця - комплекс.jpg|Aerial photo of the Akkerman fortress.
File:Аккерманська фортеця - комплекс.jpg|Aerial photo of the fortress
File:Будівля земської управи 065.JPG|High school building in Bilhorod-Dnistrovs'kyj
File:Будівля земської управи 065.JPG|High school building
File:Аккерман P1440123 Синагога.jpg|Synagogue
File:Аккерман P1440123 Синагога.jpg|Synagogue
File:Білгород-Дністровський P1440087 Особняк Феміліді.jpg|Local museum
File:Білгород-Дністровський P1440087 Особняк Феміліді.jpg|Local museum
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File:Білгород-Дністровський .Церква Миколаївська.Профіль.JPG|St. Nicholas Church
File:Білгород-Дністровський .Церква Миколаївська.Профіль.JPG|St. Nicholas Church
File:Церква Успіння Пречистої Богородиці.jpg|Armenian Dormition Church (14th century)
File:Церква Успіння Пречистої Богородиці.jpg|Armenian Dormition Church (14th century)
File:Temple and shopping center.JPG|Temple of Salvation and a shopping center at Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
File:Temple and shopping center.JPG|Temple of Salvation and a shopping center
</gallery>
</gallery>


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{{Odesa Oblast}}
{{Odesa Oblast}}
{{Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion}}
{{Seven Wonders of Ukraine}}
{{Seven Wonders of Ukraine}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi| ]]
[[Category:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi| ]]
⚫
[[Category:Cities in Odesa Oblast]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Port cities of the Black Sea]]
[[Category:Port cities of the Black Sea]]
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[[Category:Hromadas in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]]
[[Category:Hromadas in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]]
[[Category:Izmail Oblast]]
[[Category:Izmail Oblast]]
⚫
[[Category:Cities in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion]]
[[Category:Market towns in Moldavia]]

Latest revision as of 18:36, 27 June 2024

"Akkerman" and "Bilhorod" redirect here. For other uses, see Akkerman (disambiguation) and Bilhorod (disambiguation).

Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
Білгород-Дністровський
Cetatea Albă
City
Flag of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
Flag
Coat of arms of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
Coat of arms
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi is located in Odesa Oblast
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
Location in Ukraine
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi is located in Ukraine
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (Ukraine)
Coordinates: 46°11′N 30°21′E / 46.183°N 30.350°E / 46.183; 30.350
Country Ukraine
OblastOdesa Oblast
RaionBilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion
HromadaBilhorod-Dnistrovskyi urban hromada
Area
 • Total31 km2 (12 sq mi)
Elevation
28 m (92 ft)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total47,727
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
67700—67719
Area code+380 4849
ClimateCfb
Websitehttps://bilgorod-d.gov.ua/

Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (Ukrainian: Білгород-Дністровський, IPA: [ˈb⁽ʲ⁾iɫɦorod d⁽ʲ⁾n⁽ʲ⁾iˈstrɔu̯sʲkɪj]; Romanian: Cetatea Albă; Russian: Белгород-Днестровский, romanized: Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy), historically known as Aq Kirmān (Turkish: Akkerman) or by other names, is a port city in Odesa Oblast, southwestern Ukraine. It is situated on the right bank of the Dniester Estuary leading to the Black Sea,[2] in the historical region of Budjak. It also serves as the administrative center of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion and is coterminous with Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.[3] It is the location of a large freight seaport. Population: 47,727 (2022 estimate).[1]

Name

[edit]

The city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi is also referred to by alternative transliterations from Ukrainian as Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky. Dnistrovsky was added to differentiate it from Belgorod (in Ukrainian Bilhorod), a city in Russia, when both were a part of the Soviet Union.

Previous names
  • Ophiussa (Οφιούσσα),[4][5] Phoenician colony (meaning "city of snakes" in Greek)
  • Tyras (Τύρας), Ancient Greek colony (also the Greek name for the River Dniester)
  • Turis, Antes name
  • Asprokastron (Ἀσπρόκαστρον, "White Castle"), Greek name in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.[6] Name attested from 944 to 1484 AD.
  • Maurokastron (Μαυρόκαστρον, "Black Castle"), Greek name of a Roman/Byzantine fort in Late Antiquity on a site directly opposite Asprokastron, but usually taken together.[6]
  • Album Castrum ("White Castle"), Latin name
  • Cetatea Albă ("White Citadel"), Romanian name
  • Moncastro, Italian corruption of Maurokastron used by Genoese traders and during Genoese rule (14th–15th centuries)[6]
  • Turla, Turkic
  • Akkerman, Ottoman Turkish ("White Castle")[7] and Russian name until 1944
  • Aqkermen, Crimean Tatar name
  • Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy, Russian (Белгород-Днестровский, "White city on the Dniester")
  • Weißenburg, ("White Castle"), German name

The town became part of the Principality of Moldavia in 1359. The fortress was enlarged and rebuilt in 1407 under Alexander the Good and in 1440 under Stephen II of Moldavia.[2] It fell to Ottoman conquest on August 5, 1487. The city was known in Romanian as Cetatea Albă[2] with other languages using the Turkish name, Akkerman, or variations of the Turkish name. Since 1944 the city has been known as "Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi" (Білгород-Дністровський), while on the Soviet geography maps often translated into its Russian equivalent of "Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy" (Белгород-Днестровский), literally "white city on the Dniester".

The city is known by translations of "white city" or "castle" in a number of languages including Белгород Днестровски (Belgorod-Dnestrovski) in Bulgarian, Akerman (Акерман) in Gagauz, Białogród nad Dniestrem in Polish, Walachisch Weißenburg in Transylvanian German,[8] Dnyeszterfehérvár in Hungarian and עיר לבן (Ir Lavan) in Hebrew.

In Western European languages, including English, the city has typically been known by the official name of the time or a transliteration derived from it.

The city's former name Akkerman is still extensively used as a nickname in informal speech and in local media.

History

[edit]
Ancient Greek colonies on the northern coast of the Black Sea, 8th to 3rd century BC

In the 6th century BC, Milesian colonists founded a settlement named Tyras on the future location of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, which later came under Roman and Byzantine rule. In Late Antiquity, the Byzantines built a fortress and named it Asprokastron ("White Castle" - a meaning kept in several languages), but it passed out of their control in the 7th-15th centuries under control of Bulgaria, the cities called Belgorod (white city), as it was the border of the Bulgarian empire.[6] The Voskresensk Chronicle lists Bilhorod "at the mouth of the Dniester, above the sea" among the towns controlled by Kievan Rus'[citation needed].

In the 13th century the site was controlled by the Cumans, and became a center of Genoese commercial activity from c. 1290 on. Briefly held by the Second Bulgarian Empire in the early 14th century, by the middle of the century it was a Genoese colony.[6] Sfântul Ioan cel Nou (Saint John the New), the patron saint of Moldavia, was martyred in the city in 1330 during a Tatar incursion. In 1391, Cetatea Albă was the last city on the right bank of the Dnister to be incorporated into the newly established Principality of Moldavia, and for the next century was its second major city, the major port and an important fortress.

In 1420, the citadel was attacked for the first time by the Ottomans, but defended successfully by Moldavian Prince Alexander the Kind.

In the 15th century, the port saw much commercial traffic as well as being frequently used for passenger traffic between central Europe and Constantinople. Among the travellers who passed through the town was John VIII Palaiologos.[6] Following the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II brought in colonists from Asprokastron to repopulate the city.[6]

In 1484, along with Kiliia, it was the last of the Black Sea ports to be conquered by the Ottomans.[6] The Moldavian prince Stephen the Great was unable to aid in its defence, being under threat of a Polish invasion. The citadel surrendered when the Ottomans claimed to have reached an agreement with Prince Stephen, and promised safe passage to the inhabitants and their belongings; however, most of the city-dwellers were slaughtered. Later, attempts by Stephen the Great to restore his rule over the area were unsuccessful. Cetatea Albă was subsequently a base from which the Ottomans were able to attack Moldavia proper. In 1485, Tatars setting out from this city founded Pazardzhik in Bulgaria. In 1570 (Hijri 977) the town of Akkerman was inhabited by Muslims, Christians and Jews. It had 55 Muslim households in 25 neighbourhoods and 113 Non-Muslim households in 9 neighbourhoods and it was a "has" of the Sultan, a land property that was directly owned by the Sultan. The castle of Akkerman also had a Jewish congregation and a Roma congregation.[9]

It was established as the fortress of Akkerman, part of the Ottoman defensive system against Poland-Lithuania and, later, the Russian Empire. Major battles between the Ottomans and the Russians were fought near Akkerman in 1770 and 1789. Russia conquered the town in 1770, 1774, and 1806, but returned it after the conclusion of hostilities.[10] It was not incorporated into Russia until 1812, along with the rest of Bessarabia.

On 25 September 1826, Russia and the Ottomans signed here the Akkerman Convention which imposed that the hospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia be elected by their respective Divans for seven-year terms, with the approval of both Powers.

During the Russian Revolution, Akkerman was alternatively under the control of the Ukrainian People's Republic and troops loyal to the government of Soviet Russia. Furthermore, the city and the surrounding district were also claimed by the Moldovan Democratic Republic, which however had no means to enforce such claims on the ground. The city was occupied by the Romanian Army on 9 March 1918, after heavy fighting with local troops led by the Bolsheviks. Formal integration followed later that month, when an assembly of the Moldovan Democratic Republic proclaimed the whole of Bessarabia united with Romania. In the interwar period, projects aimed to expand the city and the port were reviewed. Romania ceded the city to the Soviet Union on 28 June 1940 following the 1940 Soviet Ultimatum, but regained it on 28 July 1941 during the invasion of the USSR by the Axis forces in the course of the Second World War and had it within its boundaries until 22 August 1944 when the Red Army reoccupied the city. The Soviets partitioned Bessarabia, and its southern flanks (including Bilhorod/Belgorod) became part of the Ukrainian SSR, and after 1991, nowadays Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and the center of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Municipality. The municipality was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Municipality was merged into Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion.[11][12]

Jewish history

[edit]

In Jewish sources, the city is referred as Weissenburg and Ir Lavan (meaning "white castle" in German and "white city" in Hebrew) as well as Akerman (אַקערמאַן). Karaite Jews lived there since the 16th century, some even claim the existence of Khazar Jews in the town as early as the 10th century. In 1897, 5,613 Jews lived in the city (19.9% of the total population). The town Jewish community was influenced mainly from the Jewish community of nearby Odesa. During a pogrom in 1905, eight Jews living in the city were killed. During World War II, most of the Jews living in the city fled to nearby Odesa, where they were later killed. The 800 Jews who were left in the city were shot to death in the nearby Leman River.[13] Around 500 of the prewar town Jews survived the war, and around half of them returned to the city.

Demographics

[edit]

As of 1920, the population was estimated at 35,000. 8,000 were Romanian, 8,000 were Jewish, and 5,000 were German. Additional populations included Turks, Greeks, Bulgarians and Russians.[2]

According to the 2001 Ukrainian census,[14] the majority of the city's population are Ukrainians (62.88%). Other communities include Russians (28.25%), Bulgarians (3.72%), Moldovans (1.89%), Gagauz (0.41%) and Romanians (0.02%).[15] The language situation is notably different, with self-identified Russian-speakers representing a majority (54.52%), followed by speakers of Ukrainian (42.08%), Bulgarian (1.66%) and Moldovan (0.67%).[16]

Geography

[edit]

Climate

[edit]

Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb bordering on Dfa.).

Climate data for Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.5
(34.7) 		2.1
(35.8) 		5.9
(42.6) 		12.9
(55.2) 		19.1
(66.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		21.2
(70.2) 		15.1
(59.2) 		8.9
(48.0) 		4.4
(39.9) 		13.8
(56.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		3.1
(37.6) 		9.6
(49.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.5
(70.7) 		17.3
(63.1) 		11.6
(52.9) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.8
(35.2) 		10.6
(51.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.7
(25.3) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		0.4
(32.7) 		6.4
(43.5) 		12.1
(53.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		13.5
(56.3) 		8.2
(46.8) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		7.3
(45.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35
(1.4) 		36
(1.4) 		27
(1.1) 		31
(1.2) 		39
(1.5) 		48
(1.9) 		49
(1.9) 		36
(1.4) 		38
(1.5) 		25
(1.0) 		38
(1.5) 		42
(1.7) 		444
(17.5)
Source: Climate-Data.org[17]

Notable people

[edit]

Sister cities

[edit]
[edit]
  • The citadel of Akkerman fortress
    The citadel of Akkerman fortress
  • The excavations of Tyras
    The excavations of Tyras
  • View of the fortress from the sea
    View of the fortress from the sea
  • The walls of the fortress
    The walls of the fortress
  • Aerial photo of the fortress
    Aerial photo of the fortress
  • High school building
    High school building
  • Synagogue
    Synagogue
  • Local museum
    Local museum
  • Jaroszewicz Manor
    Jaroszewicz Manor
  • Ascension Cathedral
    Ascension Cathedral
  • St. John Church
    St. John Church
  • St. Nicholas Church
    St. Nicholas Church
  • Armenian Dormition Church (14th century)
    Armenian Dormition Church (14th century)
  • Temple of Salvation and a shopping center
    Temple of Salvation and a shopping center

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d Kaba, John (1919). Politico-economic Review of Basarabia. United States: American Relief Administration. p. 15.
  3. ^ "Белгород-Днестровская городская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.
  4. ^ Масляк, П. О. "Тринадцять назв одного міста (Білгород-Дністровський)". Пізнавальний сайт "Географія" (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  5. ^ Mercator, Gerard (1595). Atlas (1st ed.). Duisberg.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Browning, Robert (1991). "Asprokastron". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
  7. ^ C. Blackie, Etymological Geography (London: Daldy, Isbister, & Co., 1876), p. 19.
  8. ^ Hans Miksch. Wien— das Stalingrad der Osmanen. Volume 3 of Der Kampf der Kaiser und Kalifen. Bernard & Graefe, 1992. ISBN 9783763754717 p. 106.
  9. ^ GÖKBİLGİN, M. TAYYİB (1956). "KANUNÎ SULTAN SÜLEYMAN DEVRİ BAŞLARINDA RUMELİ EYALETİ, LİVALARI, ŞEHİR VE KASABALARI". Belleten. 20 (78): 247–294. eISSN 2791-6472. ISSN 0041-4255.
  10. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Akkerman". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 457.
  11. ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  12. ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. 17 July 2020.
  13. ^ "Gale - Product Login". go.galegroup.com.(subscription required)
  14. ^ "All-Ukrainian population census-". www.ukrcensus.gov.ua.
  15. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  16. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  17. ^ "Climate: Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  18. ^ "Місто Білгород-Дністровський та місто Фетхіє стали містами-побратимами". 25 July 2021. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  19. ^ "Город Белгород-Днестровский обзавелся побратимом в Армении". Трасса Е-95. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
[edit]

Media related to Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi at Wikimedia Commons

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