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{{Short description|God of the Sky/Heaven, king of the gods, supreme deity in Vietnamese mythology and folk religion}}
{{Short description|God of the Sky/Heaven, king of the gods, supreme deity in Vietnamese mythology and folk religion}}
{{Infobox Vietnamese
{{Infobox Vietnamese
| title = '''Ông Trời'''<br><small>'''Ngọc Hoàng'''
| title = '''Ông Trời'''<br><small>'''Ngọc Hoàng'''</small>
| image = Bảo tàng Lịch sử TP (cổ vật nhà Nguyễn, tượng Ngọc Hoàng) (1).jpg
| image = Bảo tàng Lịch sử TP (cổ vật nhà Nguyễn, tượng Ngọc Hoàng) (1).jpg
| caption = Ngọc Hoàng statue, Nguyễn dynasty antiquities
| caption = Ngọc Hoàng statue, Nguyễn dynasty antiquities
Line 8: Line 8:
| chuhan = 玉皇
| chuhan = 玉皇
}}
}}
'''Ông Trời''' (literally meaning "Old Man Sky/Heaven") is commonly referred to just as '''Trời''' ("sky, heaven"). Ông Trời is one of the most important gods in [[Vietnamese folk religion|traditional Vietnamese folk religion]]. Later, due to the influence of [[Taoism]], he was identified with the [[Jade Emperor]], so he was often called the '''Ngọc Hoàng Thượng Đế''', often referred to as '''Ngọc Hoàng''' or '''Thượng Đế'''.
'''Ông Trời''' ({{Lit|old man sky/heaven}}), commonly referred to as '''Trời''' ("sky, heaven"{{Lit|sky, heaven}}), is one of the most important gods in [[Vietnamese folk religion|traditional Vietnamese folk religion]]. Later, due to the influence of [[Taoism]], he was merged and identified with the [[Jade Emperor]], so he was called the '''Ngọc Hoàng Thượng Đế''', often referred to as '''Ngọc Hoàng''' or '''Thượng Đế'''.<ref name = "Thần thoại các dân tộc Việt Nam">{{cite web |url= http://khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2537%3Athn-thoi-cac-dan-tc-vit-nam-th-loi-va-bn-cht&catid=97%3Avn-hoa-dan-gian&Itemid=155&lang=vi|title= Thần thoại các dân tộc Việt Nam, thể loại và bản chất|last= Nguyễn|first= Thị Huế|date= |website= |publisher= HCMUSSH|access-date= |quote=}}</ref>


== Names ==
== Names ==
Ông Trời is referred to by many names depending on the religious circumstances such as,
Ông Trời is referred to by many names depending on the religious circumstances. In South Vietnam, he is often called Ông Thiên (翁天). In [[Đạo Mẫu]], he is called the Vua Cha Ngọc Hoàng (𢂜吒玉皇, Monarchical Father Ngọc Hoàng), as he is the father of [[Liễu Hạnh]]. In [[Vietnamese Buddhism]], he is frequently identified with [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra]] (Đế Thích Thiên; 帝釋天).


Later, due the influence of Chinese Taoism, he is also identified with the [[Jade Emperor]] and sometimes used the same names of him, such as Ngọc Hoàng (玉皇), a shorter version of Hạo Ngọc Hoàng Thượng Đế (玉皇上帝), and Ngọc Hoàng Đại Đế (玉皇大帝). Generally, these names refer to the Jade Emperor rather than Ông Trời.
In South Vietnam, he is often called Ông Thiên (翁天)

In [[Đạo Mẫu]], he is called the Vua Cha Ngọc Hoàng (𢂜吒玉皇, Monarchial Father Ngọc Hoàng).

In [[Vietnamese Buddhism]], he is frequently identified with [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra]] (Đế Thích Thiên; 帝釋天).

In [[Vietnamese mythology]] and [[Vietnamese folk religion|folk religion]], he is referred to as Hạo Thiên Đế (昊天帝) which is a shortening of the name, Hạo Thiên Ngọc Hoàng Thượng đế (昊天玉皇上帝). These names are derived from the names used to refer to the [[Jade Emperor]], such as Ngọc Hoàng Thượng Đế (玉皇上帝), shorten as Ngọc Hoàng (玉皇), Thượng đế (上帝), or Ngọc Đế (玉帝). An alternative name for the Jade Emperor would be Ngọc Hoàng Đại Đế (玉皇大帝).

In solemn liturgical texts he is called Hoàng Thiên Thượng Đế (皇天上帝).


==Mythology==
==Mythology==
[[File:Bảo tàng Mỹ thuật Tp (Đồ gỗ, tượng ngọc đế).jpg|thumb|Ngọc Hoàng statue in [[Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts]]]]
[[File:Bảo tàng Mỹ thuật Tp (Đồ gỗ, tượng ngọc đế).jpg|thumb|Ngọc Hoàng statue in [[Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts]]]]
Ông Trời was originally a Vietnamese god, but due to later influence by [[Taoism]] from China, this god was identified and linked with the [[Jade Emperor]] (Ngọc Hoàng).
Ông Trời was originally a Vietnamese god,<ref name="Thần thoại các dân tộc Việt Nam" /> but due to later influence by [[Taoism]] from China, this god was identified and linked with the [[Jade Emperor]] (Ngọc Hoàng).


===Origin===
===Origin===
Line 36: Line 28:
Ông Trời also has a wife, called Bà Trời (or [[Xi Wangmu|Tây Vương Mẫu]]), and every time they get angry at each other, it's both sunny and rainy. Every time Trời is angry with humans for making mistakes in the world, natural disasters will be sent: storms, floods, droughts...
Ông Trời also has a wife, called Bà Trời (or [[Xi Wangmu|Tây Vương Mẫu]]), and every time they get angry at each other, it's both sunny and rainy. Every time Trời is angry with humans for making mistakes in the world, natural disasters will be sent: storms, floods, droughts...


He is the first god of heaven who created mankind. The Ngọc Hoàng used clay to mold the body and dried it in the sun, and suddenly a heavy rain fell, and hurriedly took the statues away, but some statues could not be retrieved in time and were damaged by rainwater. The damaged statues turned into disabled people on the ground, and the removed statues turned into healthy people with full limbs. Later, the job of shaping people was assigned by Ngọc Hoàng to twelve [[Bà mụ]].
He is the first god of heaven who created mankind. The Ngọc Hoàng used the residue left in heaven and earth to mold all kinds of animals, from the big ones to the small ones like bugs. After that, Trời decanted the clean substance to mold human. Therefore, humans are wiser than animals. Later, the job of shaping people was assigned by Ngọc Hoàng to twelve [[Bà mụ]].


The Trời's country is from the ground up to above, there are nine heavens. The Ngọc Hoàng was in the palace and was imitated by the emperor below. At the door of the palace, there is a god in armor holding a staff to hold the door. Ngọc Hoàng met here, the court was no different from that in the lower world, there were mandarins, martial arts officers, and generals, that is, the gods of heaven, the army of Trời to punish the rebellious gods. Ngọc Hoàng also has a family, a wife, and children.
The Trời's country is from the ground up to above, there are nine heavens. The Ngọc Hoàng was in the palace and was imitated by the emperor below. At the door of the palace, there is a god in armor holding a staff to hold the door. Ngọc Hoàng met here, the court was no different from that in the lower world, there were mandarins, martial arts officers, and generals, that is, the gods of heaven, the army of Trời to punish the rebellious gods. Ngọc Hoàng also has a family, a wife, and children.
Line 42: Line 34:
Ngọc Hoàng's wife is Tây Vương Mẫu, in Côn Lôn mountain, the world of fairies, with a herd of fairies. Tây Vương Mẫu has a garden of Bàn Đào, the fruit ripens once every three thousand years when eaten, it gives birth to immortality, often used to prepare feasts for the gods in heaven. Tây Vương Mẫu is a woman of outstanding beauty, with three blue birds specializing in finding food for Vương Mẫu, turning into a flock of beautiful and graceful maids.
Ngọc Hoàng's wife is Tây Vương Mẫu, in Côn Lôn mountain, the world of fairies, with a herd of fairies. Tây Vương Mẫu has a garden of Bàn Đào, the fruit ripens once every three thousand years when eaten, it gives birth to immortality, often used to prepare feasts for the gods in heaven. Tây Vương Mẫu is a woman of outstanding beauty, with three blue birds specializing in finding food for Vương Mẫu, turning into a flock of beautiful and graceful maids.


The Ngọc Hoàng is always dressed in imperial attire, a shirt embroidered with a golden dragon, a hat with red tassels on his head, leading thirteen five-colored pearls, and holding hốt in hand. The Ngọc Hoàng sits on the throne to touch the dragon each time he meets the dynasty, and deals with things in heaven or on earth. On the left and right sides of Ngọc Hoàng, there are gods of heaven waiting for the Ngọc Hoàng to command. Heaven is divided into nine levels, some say it's thirty-three, and the gods are more or less related to each other according to their titles and relationships. Ngọc Hoàng is the highest rank, on the first floor.<ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |author-link= Ngọc Khánh Vũ|title= Kho tàng thần thoại Việt Nam|url= https://books.google.com.vn/books?redir_esc=y&hl=vi&id=cXWBAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Tr%E1%BB%9Di|year= 2006|publisher= Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa-thông tin|isbn= |page= 7-25|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |author-link= Đổng Chi Nguyễn|title= Lược khảo về thần thọai Việt Nam|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HH0aHAAACAAJ&q=l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c+kh%E1%BA%A3o+v%E1%BB%81+th%E1%BA%A7n+tho%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam|year= 1956|publisher= Văn Sử Địa|isbn=|page=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |author-link= David Leeming|title= Oxford Companion to World Mythology|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iPrhBwAAQBAJ&dq=Vietnamese+creation+myths&pg=PA394|year= 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0195387087|page= 394|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |author-link= Quốc Sỹ Doãn|title=Tuyển tập văn chương nhi đồng: Thần thoại (Việt-Nam, Trung-Hoa, Nhật-Bản, Đại-Dương|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8GYMAAAAIAAJ&q=%C3%94ng+Tr%E1%BB%9Di|year= 1969|publisher= Sáng tạo|isbn=|page=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |author-link= Trọng Miên Hoàng|title=Việt Nam văn học toàn thư|url= https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=3mJkAAAAMAAJ&q=th%E1%BA%A7n+tho%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&dq=th%E1%BA%A7n+tho%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&hl=vi&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZtoH6mtGAAxWZ0GEKHRx6BWU4FBDoAXoECAQQAw#Tr%E1%BB%9Di|year= 1985|publisher= Xuân thu|isbn=|page=|quote=}}</ref>}}
The Ngọc Hoàng is always dressed in imperial attire, a shirt embroidered with a golden dragon, a hat with red tassels on his head, leading thirteen five-colored pearls, and holding hốt in hand. The Ngọc Hoàng sits on the throne to touch the dragon each time he meets the dynasty, and deals with things in heaven or on earth. On the left and right sides of Ngọc Hoàng, there are gods of heaven waiting for the Ngọc Hoàng to command. Heaven is divided into nine levels, some say it's thirty-three, and the gods are more or less related to each other according to their titles and relationships. Ngọc Hoàng is the highest rank, on the first floor.<ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |author-link= Ngọc Khánh Vũ|title= Kho tàng thần thoại Việt Nam|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cXWBAAAAMAAJ&q=Tr%E1%BB%9Di|year= 2006|publisher= Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa-thông tin|isbn= |page= 7-25|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |author-link= Đổng Chi Nguyễn|title= Lược khảo về thần thọai Việt Nam|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HH0aHAAACAAJ&q=l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c+kh%E1%BA%A3o+v%E1%BB%81+th%E1%BA%A7n+tho%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam|year= 1956|publisher= Văn Sử Địa|isbn=|page=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |author-link= David Leeming|title= Oxford Companion to World Mythology|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iPrhBwAAQBAJ&dq=Vietnamese+creation+myths&pg=PA394|year= 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0195387087|page= 394|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |author-link= Quốc Sỹ Doãn|title=Tuyển tập văn chương nhi đồng: Thần thoại (Việt-Nam, Trung-Hoa, Nhật-Bản, Đại-Dương|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8GYMAAAAIAAJ&q=%C3%94ng+Tr%E1%BB%9Di|year= 1969|publisher= Sáng tạo|isbn=|page=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= |first= |author-link= Trọng Miên Hoàng|title=Việt Nam văn học toàn thư|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3mJkAAAAMAAJ&q=v%E1%BB%A3+tr%E1%BB%9Di+l%C3%A0+t%C3%A2y+v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+m%E1%BA%ABu|year= 1985|publisher= Xuân thu|isbn=|page=61-62|quote=}}</ref>}}


Some other versions say that the god, [[Thần Trụ Trời]] and Ông Trời are one.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://tinnguongviet.com/ngoc-hoang-thuong-de/|title= Ngọc Hoàng Thượng Đế: Thần tích Vua cha Ngọc Hoàng - Tín ngưỡng Việt|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= TinnguongViet|access-date= |quote=}} </ref>
Some other versions say that the god, [[Thần Trụ Trời]] and Ông Trời are one.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://tinnguongviet.com/ngoc-hoang-thuong-de/|title= Ngọc Hoàng Thượng Đế: Thần tích Vua cha Ngọc Hoàng - Tín ngưỡng Việt|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= TinnguongViet|access-date= |quote=}} </ref>
Line 49: Line 41:
[[File:Vồ Bồ Hong.jpg|thumb|People are carrying out worshiping Ông Trời at Vồ Bồ Hong, [[Bảy Núi|Cấm Mountain]]]]
[[File:Vồ Bồ Hong.jpg|thumb|People are carrying out worshiping Ông Trời at Vồ Bồ Hong, [[Bảy Núi|Cấm Mountain]]]]
[[File:Vietnam 08 - 093 - garden of my homestay (3184891576).jpg|thumb|A Bàn thiên in Vĩnh Long]]
[[File:Vietnam 08 - 093 - garden of my homestay (3184891576).jpg|thumb|A Bàn thiên in Vĩnh Long]]
He is worshiped all over Vietnam, there are many temples and shrines dedicated to him. In South and Central Vietnam, families often worship him at an outdoor altar called Bàn Thiên.<ref name="BT">[https://nld.com.vn/dia-phuong/tuc-tho-thong-thien-20110801033943145.htm/ Tục thờ Thông Thiên] Báo Người Lao Động 02/08/2011</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://baotintuc.vn/tin-tuc/tuc-tho-ong-thien-o-nam-bo-20150326084545306.htm|title= Tục thờ “ông thiên” ở Nam Bộ|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= Báo Tin tức|access-date= |quote=}} </ref>
He is worshiped all over Vietnam; there are many temples and shrines dedicated to him. In South and Central Vietnam, families often worship him at an outdoor altar called Bàn Thiên.<ref name="BT">[https://nld.com.vn/dia-phuong/tuc-tho-thong-thien-20110801033943145.htm/ Tục thờ Thông Thiên] Báo Người Lao Động 02/08/2011</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://baotintuc.vn/tin-tuc/tuc-tho-ong-thien-o-nam-bo-20150326084545306.htm|title= Tục thờ "ông thiên" ở Nam Bộ|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= Báo Tin tức|access-date= |quote=}} </ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
Line 59: Line 51:
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Đức Vua Cha Ngọc Hoàng – Nam Tào Bắc Đẩu – Hội đồng Quan Lớn – Đền Vạn Kiếp, Đắk Lắk.JPG|Đức Vua Cha Ngọc Hoàng with two other gods, Nam Tào and Bắc Đẩu, in Vạn Kiếp Temple.
File:Đức Vua Cha Ngọc Hoàng – Nam Tào Bắc Đẩu – Hội đồng Quan Lớn – Đền Vạn Kiếp, Đắk Lắk.JPG|Đức Vua Cha Ngọc Hoàng with two other gods, Nam Tào and Bắc Đẩu, in Vạn Kiếp Temple.
File:Jade Emperor Pagoda (9982068943).jpg|[[Ngọc Hoàng Pagoda]] in Ho Chi Minh City
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 68: Line 59:
* [[Yin and yang]]
* [[Yin and yang]]
'''Counterparts of Ông Trời in other cultures'''
'''Counterparts of Ông Trời in other cultures'''
* [[Amenominakanushi]], the [[Japanese mythology|Japanese]] counterpart
* [[Indra]]/[[Trimurti]], the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] counterpart
* [[Indra]]/[[Trimurti]], the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] counterpart
* [[Jade Emperor]], the [[Chinese theology|Chinese]] and [[Taoism|Taoist]] counterpart
* [[Jade Emperor]], the [[Chinese theology|Chinese]] and [[Taoism|Taoist]] counterpart
* [[Sakra (Buddhism)|Sakra]], the [[Buddhist]] counterpart
* [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra]], the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] counterpart
* [[Haneullim]], the [[Korean mythology|Korean]] counterpart
* [[Haneunim]], the [[Korean mythology|Korean]] counterpart
* [[Tengri]], the [[Turkic mythology|Turko]]-[[Mongolian mythology|Mongolian]] counterpart
* [[Thagyamin]], the [[Culture of Myanmar|Burmese Buddhist]] representation of Śakra, a counterpart of the Jade Emperor
* [[Yuanshi Tianzun]], the [[Taoism|Taoist]] counterpart


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Ong Troi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ong Troi}}
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[[Category:Vietnamese deities]]
[[Category:Vietnamese deities]]
[[Category:Vietnamese mythology]]
[[Category:Vietnamese mythology]]
[[Category:Vietnamese folk religion]]

Revision as of 04:28, 28 June 2024

Ông Trời
Ngọc Hoàng
Ngọc Hoàng statue, Nguyễn dynasty antiquities
Vietnamese alphabetÔng Trời
Ngọc Hoàng
Chữ Hán玉皇
Chữ Nôm翁𡗶

Ông Trời (lit. 'old man sky/heaven'), commonly referred to as Trời ("sky, heaven"lit. 'sky, heaven'), is one of the most important gods in traditional Vietnamese folk religion. Later, due to the influence of Taoism, he was merged and identified with the Jade Emperor, so he was called the Ngọc Hoàng Thượng Đế, often referred to as Ngọc Hoàng or Thượng Đế.[1]

Names

Ông Trời is referred to by many names depending on the religious circumstances. In South Vietnam, he is often called Ông Thiên (翁天). In Đạo Mẫu, he is called the Vua Cha Ngọc Hoàng (𢂜吒玉皇, Monarchical Father Ngọc Hoàng), as he is the father of Liễu Hạnh. In Vietnamese Buddhism, he is frequently identified with Śakra (Đế Thích Thiên; 帝釋天).

Later, due the influence of Chinese Taoism, he is also identified with the Jade Emperor and sometimes used the same names of him, such as Ngọc Hoàng (玉皇), a shorter version of Hạo Ngọc Hoàng Thượng Đế (玉皇上帝), and Ngọc Hoàng Đại Đế (玉皇大帝). Generally, these names refer to the Jade Emperor rather than Ông Trời.

Mythology

Ngọc Hoàng statue in Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts

Ông Trời was originally a Vietnamese god,[1] but due to later influence by Taoism from China, this god was identified and linked with the Jade Emperor (Ngọc Hoàng).

Origin

The origin of this god is not agreed upon, according to one of the most popular stories recounted that:

Once upon a time, before all things, there was a god. Trời is an incomparable power above, making everything: the earth, the mountains, the rivers, the sea, the rain, and the sun. Trời gave birth to all human beings, animals, and plants...

Trời sees everything and knows everything that happens in the world. Trời is the father of all things, considering all things, rewards and punishments do not leave anyone, no one escapes the net of heaven, everything is determined by heaven. Therefore, people believe in heaven's way, and often say that creation was born and raised by Trời, and when a person dies, they return to heaven.

Ông Trời also has a wife, called Bà Trời (or Tây Vương Mẫu), and every time they get angry at each other, it's both sunny and rainy. Every time Trời is angry with humans for making mistakes in the world, natural disasters will be sent: storms, floods, droughts...

He is the first god of heaven who created mankind. The Ngọc Hoàng used the residue left in heaven and earth to mold all kinds of animals, from the big ones to the small ones like bugs. After that, Trời decanted the clean substance to mold human. Therefore, humans are wiser than animals. Later, the job of shaping people was assigned by Ngọc Hoàng to twelve Bà mụ.

The Trời's country is from the ground up to above, there are nine heavens. The Ngọc Hoàng was in the palace and was imitated by the emperor below. At the door of the palace, there is a god in armor holding a staff to hold the door. Ngọc Hoàng met here, the court was no different from that in the lower world, there were mandarins, martial arts officers, and generals, that is, the gods of heaven, the army of Trời to punish the rebellious gods. Ngọc Hoàng also has a family, a wife, and children.

Ngọc Hoàng's wife is Tây Vương Mẫu, in Côn Lôn mountain, the world of fairies, with a herd of fairies. Tây Vương Mẫu has a garden of Bàn Đào, the fruit ripens once every three thousand years when eaten, it gives birth to immortality, often used to prepare feasts for the gods in heaven. Tây Vương Mẫu is a woman of outstanding beauty, with three blue birds specializing in finding food for Vương Mẫu, turning into a flock of beautiful and graceful maids.

The Ngọc Hoàng is always dressed in imperial attire, a shirt embroidered with a golden dragon, a hat with red tassels on his head, leading thirteen five-colored pearls, and holding hốt in hand. The Ngọc Hoàng sits on the throne to touch the dragon each time he meets the dynasty, and deals with things in heaven or on earth. On the left and right sides of Ngọc Hoàng, there are gods of heaven waiting for the Ngọc Hoàng to command. Heaven is divided into nine levels, some say it's thirty-three, and the gods are more or less related to each other according to their titles and relationships. Ngọc Hoàng is the highest rank, on the first floor.[2][3][4][5][6]

Some other versions say that the god, Thần Trụ Trời and Ông Trời are one.[7]

Worship

People are carrying out worshiping Ông Trời at Vồ Bồ Hong, Cấm Mountain
A Bàn thiên in Vĩnh Long

He is worshiped all over Vietnam; there are many temples and shrines dedicated to him. In South and Central Vietnam, families often worship him at an outdoor altar called Bàn Thiên.[8][9]

Television program

An interjection used in Vietnamese "Trời ơi!" (hey heavenly (lord)) is often translated into English as "for goodness' sake!" or "dear God!" or "what the hell!".

  • Đức Vua Cha Ngọc Hoàng with two other gods, Nam Tào and Bắc Đẩu, in Vạn Kiếp Temple.
    Đức Vua Cha Ngọc Hoàng with two other gods, Nam Tào and Bắc Đẩu, in Vạn Kiếp Temple.

See also

Counterparts of Ông Trời in other cultures

References

  1. ^ a b Nguyễn, Thị Huế. "Thần thoại các dân tộc Việt Nam, thể loại và bản chất". HCMUSSH.
  2. ^ Kho tàng thần thoại Việt Nam. Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa-thông tin. 2006. p. 7-25.
  3. ^ Lược khảo về thần thọai Việt Nam. Văn Sử Địa. 1956.
  4. ^ Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press. 2009. p. 394. ISBN 978-0195387087.
  5. ^ Tuyển tập văn chương nhi đồng: Thần thoại (Việt-Nam, Trung-Hoa, Nhật-Bản, Đại-Dương. Sáng tạo. 1969.
  6. ^ Việt Nam văn học toàn thư. Xuân thu. 1985. p. 61-62.
  7. ^ "Ngọc Hoàng Thượng Đế: Thần tích Vua cha Ngọc Hoàng - Tín ngưỡng Việt". TinnguongViet.
  8. ^ Tục thờ Thông Thiên Báo Người Lao Động 02/08/2011
  9. ^ "Tục thờ "ông thiên" ở Nam Bộ". Báo Tin tức.
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