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{{lead too short|date=August 2021}}
{{lead too short|date=August 2021}}
{{Conservatism US}}
{{Conservatism US}}
In the United States, [[black conservatism]] is a political and social movement rooted in [[African-American]] communities that aligns largely with the [[American conservative]] movement, including the [[Christian right]].<ref name="Diamond1996">{{cite book |last1=Diamond |first1=Sara |title=Facing the Wrath: Confronting the Right in Dangerous Times |date=1996 |publisher=Common Courage Press |isbn=978-1-56751-078-2 |page=96 |language=English |quote=Christian Right activists allied with black conservatives to make their causes appear more mainstream across racial and class lines. In this vein, the Family Research Council (the lobbying affiliate of Focus on the Family) recently named as vice-president Kay Cole James, a black anti-abortion activist.}}</ref> Black conservatism emphasizes [[social conservatism in the United States|social conservatism]], [[traditionalist conservatism|traditionalism]], [[patriotism]], [[capitalism]], and [[free market]]s. What characterizes a "black conservative" has changed over time, and proponents do not necessarily share the same political philosophy.
In the United States, [[black conservatism]] is a political and social movement rooted in [[African-American]] communities that aligns largely with the [[American conservative]] movement, including the [[Christian right]].<ref name="Diamond1996">{{cite book |last1=Diamond |first1=Sara |title=Facing the Wrath: Confronting the Right in Dangerous Times |date=1996 |publisher=Common Courage Press |isbn=978-1-56751-078-2 |page=96 |language=English |quote=Christian Right activists allied with black conservatives to make their causes appear more mainstream across racial and class lines. In this vein, the Family Research Council (the lobbying affiliate of Focus on the Family) recently named as vice-president Kay Cole James, a black anti-abortion activist.}}</ref> Black conservatism emphasizes [[social conservatism in the United States|social conservatism]], [[traditionalist conservatism|traditionalism]], [[patriotism]], [[capitalism]] and [[free market]]s. What characterizes a "black conservative" has changed over time, and proponents do not necessarily share the same political philosophy.


Influential black conservatives in the early 21st century who have held public office include Senator [[Tim Scott]], Supreme Court Justice [[Clarence Thomas]], Virginia Lt. Gov. [[Winsome Sears]], and Cabinet secretaries [[Ben Carson]], [[Condoleezza Rice]], and [[Colin Powell]]. [[Thomas Sowell]], [[Shelby Steele]], [[Armstrong Williams]], [[Larry Elder]], [[Walter E. Williams|Walter Williams]], [[Jason L. Riley]], and [[Candace Owens]] are among the most influential black conservative political commentators.<ref>{{cite news |date=2007-10-04 |title=Lexington: The school of very hard knocks |publisher=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9905608 |access-date=2011-05-17}}</ref>
Influential black conservatives in the early 21st century who have held public office include U.S. Senator [[Tim Scott]], U.S. Supreme Court Justice [[Clarence Thomas]], Virginia Lt. Gov. [[Winsome Sears]], North Carolina Lt. Gov. [[Mark Robinson (American politician)|Mark Robinson]], and Cabinet secretaries [[Ben Carson]], [[Condoleezza Rice]], and [[Colin Powell]]. [[Thomas Sowell]], [[Shelby Steele]], [[Armstrong Williams]], [[Larry Elder]], [[Walter E. Williams|Walter Williams]], and [[Jason L. Riley]] are among the most influential black conservative political commentators.<ref>{{cite news |date=2007-10-04 |title=Lexington: The school of very hard knocks |publisher=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9905608 |access-date=2011-05-17}}</ref>


== Overview ==
== Overview ==
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=== Beliefs ===
=== Beliefs ===


One of the main characteristics of black conservatism is its emphasis on personal choice and responsibilities above [[socioeconomic status]] and [[institutional racism]]. In the tradition of African American politics and intellectual life, black conservatives tend to side with [[Booker T. Washington]] as contrasted with [[W. E. B. Du Bois]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wright Rigueur |first=Leah |date=15 February 2015 |title=The Forgotten History of Black Republicans |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/02/12/the-forgotten-history-of-black-republicans.html |work=The Daily Beast |location=New York City |access-date=30 March 2017 }}</ref> For many black conservatives, the key mission is to bring repair and success to the black community by applying the following fundamental principles:
One of the main characteristics of black conservatism is its emphasis on personal choice and responsibilities above [[socioeconomic status]] and [[institutional racism]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wright Rigueur |first=Leah |date=15 February 2015 |title=The Forgotten History of Black Republicans |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/02/12/the-forgotten-history-of-black-republicans.html |work=The Daily Beast |location=New York City |access-date=30 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>For an overview of these themes, see Stan Faryna, Brad Stetson, and Joseph G. Conti, Eds., ''Black and Right: The Bold New Voice of Black Conservatives in America'', (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997)</ref>
* The pursuit of educational and professional excellence as a means of advancement within the society;
* Policies that promote safety and security in the community beyond the typical casting of a criminal as a "victim" of [[societal racism]];
* Not using the lens of race and the country's history of discrimination as justifications for not excelling to the best of your abilities;
* Local economic development through free enterprise rather than looking to the federal government for assistance;
* Empowerment of the individual via self-improvement (virtue), conscience, and supernatural grace.<ref>For an overview of these themes, see Stan Faryna, Brad Stetson, and Joseph G. Conti, Eds., ''Black and Right: The Bold New Voice of Black Conservatives in America'', (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997)</ref>


Black conservatives typically oppose affirmative action and tend to argue that efforts to obtain [[Reparations for slavery debate in the United States|reparations for slavery]] are either misguided or counter-productive. Black conservatives tend to be self-critical of aspects of [[African-American culture]] that they believe have created poverty and dependency.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Brian Greenberg|author2=Linda S. Watts|author3=Richard A. Greenwald|author4=Gordon Reavley|author5=Alice L. George|author6=Scott Beekman|author7=Cecelia Bucki|author8=Mark Ciabattari|author9=John C. Stoner|author10=Troy D. Paino|author11=Laurie Mercier|author12=Andrew Hunt|author13=Peter C. Holloran|author14=Nancy Cohen|title=Social History of the United States &#91;10 volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xypn4djxVD4C&pg=RA8-PA360|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-128-2|page=360}}</ref>
Black conservatives typically oppose affirmative action and tend to argue that efforts to obtain [[Reparations for slavery debate in the United States|reparations for slavery]] are either misguided or counter-productive. Black conservatives tend to be self-critical of aspects of [[African-American culture]] that they believe have created poverty and dependency.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Brian Greenberg|author2=Linda S. Watts|author3=Richard A. Greenwald|author4=Gordon Reavley|author5=Alice L. George|author6=Scott Beekman|author7=Cecelia Bucki|author8=Mark Ciabattari|author9=John C. Stoner|author10=Troy D. Paino|author11=Laurie Mercier|author12=Andrew Hunt|author13=Peter C. Holloran|author14=Nancy Cohen|title=Social History of the United States &#91;10 volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xypn4djxVD4C&pg=RA8-PA360|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-128-2|page=360}}</ref>


⚫
A 2007 [[Pew Research Center]] survey showed that 19% of blacks identified as [[Christian right|Religious Right]].<ref>[http://pewforum.org/docs/index.php?DocID=153#2 Pew Forum: Many Americans Uneasy with Mix of Religion and Politics] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060002/http://pewforum.org/docs/index.php?DocID=153#2 |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> In 2004, though, the [[Pew Research Center]] indicated only 7% of blacks identified as Republican.<ref>[http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=750 Part 1: Party Affiliation: The 2004 Political Landscape] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411030528/http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=750 |date=April 11, 2008 }}</ref>
''[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]'' in their May 2001 "100+ Most Influential Black Americans" issue, did not include a number of influential African Americans such as [[Thomas Sowell]], [[Shelby Steele]], [[Armstrong Williams]], [[Walter E. Williams|Walter Williams]] and, most notably, Supreme Court Justice [[Clarence Thomas]]. ''[[The Economist]]'' described the exclusion of Justice Thomas from the list as spiteful.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9905608 |title=Lexington: The school of very hard knocks |publisher=The Economist |date=2007-10-04 |access-date=2011-05-17}}</ref>

⚫
According to a 2004 study {{by whom|date=November 2022}}, 14% of blacks identified as "Conservative" or "Extremely Conservative"with another 14% identifying as slightly conservative. However, the same study indicated that less than ten percent identified as [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] or Republican-leaning. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://sda.berkeley.edu:8080/quicktables/quicksetoptions.do;jsessionid=48747F5A3D62CEF9C818628F101394D8?reportKey=gss04%3A0 |title=Quick Tables |publisher=Sda.berkeley.edu:8080 |access-date=2011-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719144611/http://sda.berkeley.edu:8080/quicktables/quicksetoptions.do;jsessionid=48747F5A3D62CEF9C818628F101394D8?reportKey=gss04:0 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref><!--Check political orientation and party by race with the year specified as 2004-->{{dead link|date=November 2022}}{{OR|date=November 2022}} Likewise, a 2007 [[Pew Research Center]] survey showed that 19% of blacks identified as [[Christian right|Religious Right]].<ref>[http://pewforum.org/docs/index.php?DocID=153#2 Pew Forum: Many Americans Uneasy with Mix of Religion and Politics] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060002/http://pewforum.org/docs/index.php?DocID=153#2 |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> In 2004, though, the [[Pew Research Center]] indicated only 7% of blacks identified as Republican.<ref>[http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=750 Part 1: Party Affiliation: The 2004 Political Landscape] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411030528/http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=750 |date=April 11, 2008 }}</ref>


A [[National Election Pool]] poll showed that support for [[California Proposition 8 (2008)]] (a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as an opposite-sex union) was strong among [[African American|African-American]] voters; 70% of those interviewed in the exit poll—a higher percentage than any other racial group—stated that they voted in favor of Proposition 8.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/exit-poll-shows-blacks-hispanics-overwhelmingly-ba/nKXyL/ |title=Exit Poll Shows Blacks, Hispanics Overwhelmingly Backed Prop. 8 |date=November 5, 2008 |publisher=[[KTVU]] |access-date=March 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917230950/http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/exit-poll-shows-blacks-hispanics-overwhelmingly-ba/nKXyL/ |archive-date=September 17, 2012 }}</ref> Polls by both the [[Associated Press]] and [[CNN]] mirrored this data, reporting support among black voters to be at 70%<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2008/11/70-of-african-a.html |title=70% of African Americans backed Prop. 8, exit poll finds |publisher=Latimesblogs.latimes.com |date=2008-11-05 |access-date=2013-11-01}}</ref> and 75%,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#val=CAI01p1 |title=Local Exit Polls – Election Center 2008 – Elections & Politics from |publisher=CNN.com |access-date=2013-11-01}}</ref> respectively. African-American support was considered crucial to the Proposition's passage because African Americans made up an unusually large percentage of voters in 2008; the presence of African-American presidential candidate [[Barack Obama]] on the ballot was believed to have increased African-American voter turnout.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-timelinegaymarriage-2008nov06,0,496938.story |title=Focused beyond marriage |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2008-11-06 |access-date=2013-11-01 |first1=Dan |last1=Morain |first2=Jessica |last2=Garrison}}</ref>
A [[National Election Pool]] poll showed that support for [[California Proposition 8 (2008)]] (a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as an opposite-sex union) was strong among [[African American|African-American]] voters; 70% of those interviewed in the exit poll—a higher percentage than any other racial group—stated that they voted in favor of Proposition 8.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/exit-poll-shows-blacks-hispanics-overwhelmingly-ba/nKXyL/ |title=Exit Poll Shows Blacks, Hispanics Overwhelmingly Backed Prop. 8 |date=November 5, 2008 |publisher=[[KTVU]] |access-date=March 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917230950/http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/exit-poll-shows-blacks-hispanics-overwhelmingly-ba/nKXyL/ |archive-date=September 17, 2012 }}</ref> Polls by both the [[Associated Press]] and [[CNN]] mirrored this data, reporting support among black voters to be at 70%<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2008/11/70-of-african-a.html |title=70% of African Americans backed Prop. 8, exit poll finds |publisher=Latimesblogs.latimes.com |date=2008-11-05 |access-date=2013-11-01}}</ref> and 75%,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#val=CAI01p1 |title=Local Exit Polls – Election Center 2008 – Elections & Politics from |publisher=CNN.com |access-date=2013-11-01}}</ref> respectively. African-American support was considered crucial to the Proposition's passage because African Americans made up an unusually large percentage of voters in 2008; the presence of African-American presidential candidate [[Barack Obama]] on the ballot was believed to have increased African-American voter turnout.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-timelinegaymarriage-2008nov06,0,496938.story |title=Focused beyond marriage |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2008-11-06 |access-date=2013-11-01 |first1=Dan |last1=Morain |first2=Jessica |last2=Garrison}}</ref>
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** [[Johnny C. Taylor Jr.]] as Chairman of the President's Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities
** [[Johnny C. Taylor Jr.]] as Chairman of the President's Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities
** [[Ja'Ron Smith]] as Director of Urban Affairs and Revitalization
** [[Ja'Ron Smith]] as Director of Urban Affairs and Revitalization
** Charles E. James, Sr as Director of the Transport Department Office of Civil Rights
** [[Charles E. James, Sr.]] as Director of the Transport Department Office of Civil Rights
** Cyril Sartor as Director for African Affairs
** Cyril Sartor as Director for African Affairs
** James E. Williams as Chief Financial Officer of Labor
** James E. Williams as Chief Financial Officer of Labor
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** [[Hannibal Ware]] as Inspector General of the Small Business Administration
** [[Hannibal Ware]] as Inspector General of the Small Business Administration
** Michael Kubayanda as Commissioner of the Postal Regulatory Commission
** Michael Kubayanda as Commissioner of the Postal Regulatory Commission
** Rodney Hood as a Member of the National Credit Union Administration
** [[Rodney E. Hood|Rodney Hood]] as a Member of the National Credit Union Administration
** [[Daniel Cameron (American politician)|Daniel Cameron]] elected [[Attorney General of Kentucky|Kentucky Attorney General]]
** [[Daniel Cameron (American politician)|Daniel Cameron]] elected [[Attorney General of Kentucky|Kentucky Attorney General]]
;2020s
;2020s
* 2020 – [[Burgess Owens]] (UT) and [[Byron Donalds]] (FL)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/03/us-congressional-house-district-19-election-results-winner-byron-donalds-cindy-banyai/6045674002/|title='Blessed and highly favored' Byron Donalds wins election for U.S. Congressional District 19, pledges water quality No. 1 priority}}</ref> elected to U.S. Congress
* 2020 – [[Burgess Owens]] (UT) and [[Byron Donalds]] (FL)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/03/us-congressional-house-district-19-election-results-winner-byron-donalds-cindy-banyai/6045674002/|title='Blessed and highly favored' Byron Donalds wins election for U.S. Congressional District 19, pledges water quality No. 1 priority}}</ref> elected to U.S. Congress
* 2020 – [[Mark Robinson (American politician)|Mark Robinson]] is elected [[Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina]]
* 2021 – [[Winsome Sears]] is elected [[Lieutenant Governor of Virginia]]
* 2021 – [[Winsome Sears]] is elected [[Lieutenant Governor of Virginia]]
* 2022 – [[Wesley Hunt]] (TX) and [[John James (Michigan politician)|John James]] (MI) elected to U.S. Congress
* 2022 – [[Wesley Hunt]] (TX) and [[John James (Michigan politician)|John James]] (MI) elected to U.S. Congress
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===Alaska===
===Alaska===
⚫
* [[David S. Wilson]] – [[Alaska Senate|Alaska State Senator]] (2017–present)
* [[Stanley Wright (politician)|Stanley Wright]] - [[Alaska House of Representatives|Alaska State Assemblyman]] (2023-present)
* [[Stanley Wright (politician)|Stanley Wright]] - [[Alaska House of Representatives|Alaska State Assemblyman]] (2023-present)
* [[Sharon Jackson]] – [[Alaska House of Representatives|Alaska State Assemblywoman]] (2018–2021)<ref name="Sharon Jackson For House (24)">{{cite web | title=Sharon Jackson For Alaska | website=Sharon Jackson For House (24) | url=https://jacksonforhouse.com/ | access-date=2022-07-25 | archive-date=2023-01-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104195114/https://jacksonforhouse.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Sharon Jackson]] – [[Alaska House of Representatives|Alaska State Assemblywoman]] (2018–2021)<ref name="Sharon Jackson For House (24)">{{cite web | title=Sharon Jackson For Alaska | website=Sharon Jackson For House (24) | url=https://jacksonforhouse.com/ | access-date=2022-07-25 | archive-date=2023-01-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104195114/https://jacksonforhouse.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
⚫
* [[David S. Wilson]] – [[Alaska Senate|Alaska State Senator]] (2017–present)
* [[Walt Furnace]] – [[Alaska House of Representatives|Alaska State Assemblyman]] (1983–1991)
* [[Walt Furnace]] – [[Alaska House of Representatives|Alaska State Assemblyman]] (1983–1991)
* [[Selwyn Carrol]] – [[Alaska House of Representatives|Alaska State Assemblyman]] (1973–1975)
* [[Selwyn Carrol]] – [[Alaska House of Representatives|Alaska State Assemblyman]] (1973–1975)
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===California===
===California===
* [[Kevin Lincoln (politician)|Kevin Lincoln]] – Mayor of [[Stockton, California|Stockton]] (2021-present)
* [[Kevin Lincoln (politician)|Kevin Lincoln]] – Mayor of [[Stockton, California|Stockton]] (2021-present)
*[[Larry Elder]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Seipel|first=Brooke|date=July 12, 2021|title=Conservative talk radio host Larry Elder enters California recall election against Newsom|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/562656-conservative-talk-radio-host-larry-elder-enters-california-recall-election|access-date=July 12, 2021|website=The Hill|language=en}}</ref> – [[Governor of California]] nominee (2021)
*[[Larry Elder]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Seipel|first=Brooke|date=July 12, 2021|title=Conservative talk radio host Larry Elder enters California recall election against Newsom|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/562656-conservative-talk-radio-host-larry-elder-enters-california-recall-election/|access-date=July 12, 2021|website=The Hill|language=en}}</ref> – [[Governor of California]] nominee (2021)
* [[Rosey Grier]] – [[Governor of California]] candidate (2018) and [[New York Giants]] football player.
* [[Rosey Grier]] – [[Governor of California]] candidate (2018) and [[New York Giants]] football player.
* [[Damon Dunn]] – [[Secretary of State of California|California Secretary of State]] nominee ([[California Secretary of State election, 2010|2010]]) and [[Dallas Cowboys]] football player
* [[Damon Dunn]] – [[Secretary of State of California|California Secretary of State]] nominee ([[California Secretary of State election, 2010|2010]]) and [[Dallas Cowboys]] football player
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* [[Corey Simon]] – [[Florida State Senate|Florida State Senator]] (2022-present) and [[Indianapolis Colts]] football player.
* [[Corey Simon]] – [[Florida State Senate|Florida State Senator]] (2022-present) and [[Indianapolis Colts]] football player.
* [[Berny Jacques]] - [[Florida House of Representatives|Florida State Representative]] (2022-present)
* [[Berny Jacques]] - [[Florida House of Representatives|Florida State Representative]] (2022-present)
* [[Byron Donalds]] - [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]]
* [[Kiyan Michael]] - [[Florida House of Representatives|Florida State Representative]] (2022-present)
* [[Kiyan Michael]] - [[Florida House of Representatives|Florida State Representative]] (2022-present)
* [[Webster Barnaby]] – [[Florida House of Representatives|Florida State Representative]] (2021–present)
* [[Webster Barnaby]] – [[Florida House of Representatives|Florida State Representative]] (2021–present)
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===Massachusetts===
===Massachusetts===
* [[Edward Brooke]] – [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] (1967–1979), [[Massachusetts Attorney General|Attorney General of Massachusetts]] (1963–1967), first African-American since [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]] in 1874 to have been elected to the United States Senate, first African-American United States Senator since 1881, first African American elected by popular vote to the United States Senate, and first African-American United States Senator ever to have been re-elected to the United States Senate.
* [[Frank Cousins (American politician)|Frank Cousins]] – Massachusetts State Representative (1993–1996) and [[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]] [[List of Sheriffs of Essex County, Massachusetts|Sheriff]] (1996–2018)
* [[Frank Cousins (American politician)|Frank Cousins]] – Massachusetts State Representative (1993–1996) and [[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]] [[List of Sheriffs of Essex County, Massachusetts|Sheriff]] (1996–2018)
* [[Althea Garrison]] – Massachusetts State Representative (1993–1995)
* [[Althea Garrison]] – Massachusetts State Representative (1993–1995)
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* [[Lisa Demuth]] – [[Minnesota House of Representatives|Minnesota State Representative]] (2019–present)
* [[Lisa Demuth]] – [[Minnesota House of Representatives|Minnesota State Representative]] (2019–present)
* [[Ray Pleasant]] – [[Minnesota House of Representatives|Minnesota State Representative]] (1973–1981)
* [[Ray Pleasant]] – [[Minnesota House of Representatives|Minnesota State Representative]] (1973–1981)
* [[Royce White]] - [[NBA]] Player, House candidate 2022 and Senate Candidate 2024


===Mississippi===
===Mississippi===
* Rodney Hall - Mississippi State Representative-elect (2024-present)
* [[Rodney Hall (Mississippi politician)|Rodney Hall]] - [[Mississippi House of Representatives|Mississippi State Representative]] (2024-present)
* [[Angela McGlowan]] – [[Miss District of Columbia USA]] (1994) and U.S. House candidate (2010)
* [[Angela McGlowan]] – [[Miss District of Columbia USA]] (1994) and U.S. House candidate (2010)
* [[Nic Lott]] – chairman for the [[Mississippi]] Young Republicans
* [[Nic Lott]] – chairman for the [[Mississippi]] Young Republicans
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* [[Antwan McClellan]] – [[New Jersey General Assembly|New Jersey State Assemblyman]] (2020–present)
* [[Antwan McClellan]] – [[New Jersey General Assembly|New Jersey State Assemblyman]] (2020–present)
* [[Garry Cobb]] – U.S. House nominee (2014) and [[Dallas Cowboys]] football player
* [[Garry Cobb]] – U.S. House nominee (2014) and [[Dallas Cowboys]] football player
* [[Bruce Harris (politician)|Bruce Harris]] – Mayor of [[Chatham Borough, New Jersey]] (2012–2019) and member of the [[New Jersey State Planning Commission]] (2020–present)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tapinto.net/towns/chatham/sections/government/articles/former-chatham-borough-mayor-bruce-harris-named-as-new-member-of-state-planning-commission |title=Former Chatham Borough Mayor Bruce Harris Named as New Member of State Planning Commission |website=Chatham TapInto |date=February 27, 2020 |access-date=March 26, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Bruce Harris (politician)|Bruce Harris]] – Mayor of [[Chatham Borough, New Jersey]] (2012–2019) and member of the [[New Jersey State Planning Commission]] (2020–present)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tapinto.net/towns/chatham/sections/government/articles/former-chatham-borough-mayor-bruce-harris-named-as-new-member-of-state-planning-commission |title=Former Chatham Borough Mayor Bruce Harris Named as New Member of State Planning Commission |website=Chatham TapInto |date=February 27, 2020 |access-date=March 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327015056/https://www.tapinto.net/towns/chatham/sections/government/articles/former-chatham-borough-mayor-bruce-harris-named-as-new-member-of-state-planning-commission |archive-date=March 27, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Martin G. Barnes]] – [[Mayor of Paterson, New Jersey]] (1997–2002)
* [[Martin G. Barnes]] – [[Mayor of Paterson, New Jersey]] (1997–2002)
* [[Thomas S. Smith (politician)|Thomas S. Smith]] – [[New Jersey General Assembly|New Jersey State Assemblyman]] (1992–2002)
* [[Thomas S. Smith (politician)|Thomas S. Smith]] – [[New Jersey General Assembly|New Jersey State Assemblyman]] (1992–2002)
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* [[Keith Wofford]] – Attorney General of New York nominee ([[2018 New York Attorney General election|2018]])
* [[Keith Wofford]] – Attorney General of New York nominee ([[2018 New York Attorney General election|2018]])
* [[Michel Faulkner]] – U.S. House nominee (2010) and [[New York Jets]] football player
* [[Michel Faulkner]] – U.S. House nominee (2010) and [[New York Jets]] football player
* [[Roy Innis]] – Chairman of the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) and a member of the [[National Rifle Association]]'s governing board.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16324652&ft=1&f=5 |title='Ricochet' Goes Behind Scenes of Gun Lobby |date=2007-11-15 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=2007-11-15}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nrawinningteam.com/bios99/innis.html "Roy Innis re-elected to NRA Board"], NRAwinningteam.com. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013003459/http://www.nrawinningteam.com/bios99/innis.html |date=October 13, 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Roy Innis]] – Chairman of the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) and a board member of the [[National Rifle Association of America]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16324652&ft=1&f=5 |title='Ricochet' Goes Behind Scenes of Gun Lobby |date=2007-11-15 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=2007-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629195130/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16324652&ft=1&f=5 |archive-date=June 29, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nrawinningteam.com/bios99/innis.html "Roy Innis re-elected to NRA Board"], NRAwinningteam.com. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013003459/http://www.nrawinningteam.com/bios99/innis.html |date=October 13, 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Myrtle Whitmore]] - Commissioner of the [[New York City Housing Authority]] (1996-1999)
* [[Myrtle Whitmore]] - Commissioner of the [[New York City Housing Authority]] (1996-1999)
* [[Richard E. Jackson]] – [[New York State Department of Motor Vehicles|Commissioner of Motor Vehicles]] (1995–2000)
* [[Richard E. Jackson]] – [[New York State Department of Motor Vehicles|Commissioner of Motor Vehicles]] (1995–2000)
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===Oklahoma===
===Oklahoma===
* [[Marlon Coleman]] - [[The City of Muskogee|Mayor of Muskogee]] (2020-present)
* [[Marlon Coleman]] - [[The City of Muskogee|Mayor of Muskogee]] (2020-present)
* [[Erick Harris (politician)|Erick Harris]] - Member-elect of the [[Oklahoma House of Representatives|Oklahoma State Representative]] (2024-present)
* [[Erick Harris (politician)|Erick Harris]] - [[Oklahoma House of Representatives|Oklahoma State Representative]] (2024-present)
* [[T. W. Shannon]] – [[Oklahoma House of Representatives|Oklahoma State Representative]] (2007–2015) and [[Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives]] (2013–2014)
* [[T. W. Shannon]] – [[Oklahoma House of Representatives|Oklahoma State Representative]] (2007–2015) and [[Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives]] (2013–2014)


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===South Carolina===
===South Carolina===
* [[Mike Reichenbach]] - [[South Carolina Senate|South Carolina State Senator]] (2022-present)
* [[Mike Reichenbach (South Carolina politician)|Mike Reichenbach]] - [[South Carolina Senate|South Carolina State Senator]] (2022-present)
* [[Samuel Rivers Jr.]] – [[South Carolina House of Representatives|South Carolina State Representative]] (2012–2018)
* [[Samuel Rivers Jr.]] – [[South Carolina House of Representatives|South Carolina State Representative]] (2012–2018)
* [[Tim Scott]] – U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator (2013-present). Scott was a candidate in the [[2024 Republican Party presidential primaries]].
* [[Tim Scott]] – U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator (2013-present). Scott was a candidate in the [[2024 Republican Party presidential primaries]].
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* [[Jerome Holmes]] – United States Circuit Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit]]
* [[Jerome Holmes]] – United States Circuit Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit]]
* [[Kevin A. Ross]] – Judge of the [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]] (1996–2005) and Judge on [[America's Court with Judge Ross]] (2010–present)
* [[Kevin A. Ross]] – Judge of the [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]] (1996–2005) and Judge on [[America's Court with Judge Ross]] (2010–present)
⚫
* [[Lisa Holder White]] - Justice of the [[Illinois Supreme Court]] (since 2022), Judge of the Illinois Fourth District Appellate Court (2013-2022), Trial Judge Illinois Sixth Judicial Circuit Court (2001-2013)
* [[Lynn Toler]]{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} – Arbitrator on the [[court show|court series]] ''[[Divorce Court]]'' (2001–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blackamericaweb.com/2012/09/24/judge-lynn-toler-yes-im-republican/|title=Judge Lynn Toler: Yes, I'm Republican|date=24 September 2012}}</ref>
* [[Lynn Toler]]{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} – Arbitrator on the [[court show|court series]] ''[[Divorce Court]]'' (2001–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blackamericaweb.com/2012/09/24/judge-lynn-toler-yes-im-republican/|title=Judge Lynn Toler: Yes, I'm Republican|date=24 September 2012}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Sara J. Harper]]{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} – [[Ohio Court of Appeals]] (1990–2003)
* [[Robert Heberton Terrell]] – Judge to the District of Columbia Municipal Court (1901–1924)
* [[Robert Heberton Terrell]] – Judge to the District of Columbia Municipal Court (1901–1924)
⚫
* [[Sara J. Harper]]{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} – [[Ohio Court of Appeals]] (1990–2003)
⚫
* [[Lisa Holder White]] - Justice of the [[Illinois Supreme Court]] (since 2022), Judge of the Illinois Fourth District Appellate Court (2013-2022), Trial Judge Illinois Sixth Judicial Circuit Court (2001-2013)


=== TV personalities, authors and journalists ===
=== TV personalities, authors and journalists ===
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* [[Armond White]] – Film critic for ''[[National Review]]'' and ''[[Out Magazine]]''
* [[Armond White]] – Film critic for ''[[National Review]]'' and ''[[Out Magazine]]''
* [[Armstrong Williams]] – Author of ''Beyond Blame'' and TV host of ''On Point''<ref>, National Association [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_/ai_n13610411]{{dead link|date=May 2011}}</ref>
* [[Armstrong Williams]] – Author of ''Beyond Blame'' and TV host of ''On Point''<ref>, National Association [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_/ai_n13610411]{{dead link|date=May 2011}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Ben Kinchlow]] – Evangelist, television and radio personality
* [[Brandon Tatum]] – Former police officer, commentator and professional speaker.
* [[Brandon Tatum]] – Former police officer, commentator and professional speaker.
* [[Bill Cosby]] - Comedian, actor and media personality known for emphasizing Black self-reliance.
* [[Candace Owens]] – Writer and commentator
* [[Candace Owens]] – Writer and commentator
* [[Carol M. Swain]] – Television personality and professor of political science and law at [[Vanderbilt University]]
* [[Carol M. Swain]] – Television personality and professor of political science and law at [[Vanderbilt University]]
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* [[Deneen Borelli]] – Author, columnist, and Fox News contributor
* [[Deneen Borelli]] – Author, columnist, and Fox News contributor
* [[Diamond and Silk]] (Lynnette Hardaway and Rochelle Richardson) – Live-stream video bloggers, political activists and [[Newsmax TV]] hosts
* [[Diamond and Silk]] (Lynnette Hardaway and Rochelle Richardson) – Live-stream video bloggers, political activists and [[Newsmax TV]] hosts
⚫
* [[Eboni K. Williams]] - Attorney and radio and TV personality
* [[George Schuyler]] – Journalist
* [[George Schuyler]] – Journalist
* [[Philippa Schuyler]]{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} – Pianist, author, journalist
* [[Philippa Schuyler]]{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} – Pianist, author, journalist
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* Reverend [[Jesse Lee Peterson]] – President of the [[Brotherhood Organization of a New Destiny]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050411/blumenthal |title=April 11, 2005 |publisher=The Nation |access-date=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* Reverend [[Jesse Lee Peterson]] – President of the [[Brotherhood Organization of a New Destiny]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050411/blumenthal |title=April 11, 2005 |publisher=The Nation |access-date=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* [[Jason Riley (journalist)|Jason Riley]] – Journalist
* [[Jason Riley (journalist)|Jason Riley]] – Journalist
⚫
* [[Jason Whitlock]] – Sports Journalist, radio personality, commentator and writer.
* [[Katrina Pierson]] – [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]] activist, communications consultant and a regular CNN contributor
* [[Katrina Pierson]] – [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]] activist, communications consultant and a regular CNN contributor
⚫
* [[Kathy Barnette]] - Policy commentator and former political candidate
* [[Larry Elder]] – Author of ''10 Things You Can't Say in America'' and radio host<ref>{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/columnists/LarryElder/ |title=Larry Elder – Conservative Columnist and Political Commentator 2003 Column Archive |publisher=Townhall.com |access-date=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* [[Larry Elder]] – Author of ''10 Things You Can't Say in America'' and radio host<ref>{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/columnists/LarryElder/ |title=Larry Elder – Conservative Columnist and Political Commentator 2003 Column Archive |publisher=Townhall.com |access-date=2011-05-17}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Lawrence Dennis]] – Mixed-race, diplomat, consultant, author
* [[Lawrence B. Jones]] – Radio host, contributor to [[Fox News]], and author
* [[Lawrence B. Jones]] – Radio host, contributor to [[Fox News]], and author
* [[Lenny McAllister]] – Author of ''Diary of a Mad Black PYC (Proud Young Conservative)'' and radio talk-show host from WVON-AM Chicago<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvon.com/personalities |title=WVON 1690 AM – The Talk of Chicago &#124; Weekday Line-up |publisher=Wvon.com |access-date=2011-05-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720024316/http://www.wvon.com/personalities/ |archive-date=2011-07-20 }}</ref>
* [[Lenny McAllister]] – Author of ''Diary of a Mad Black PYC (Proud Young Conservative)'' and radio talk-show host from WVON-AM Chicago<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvon.com/personalities |title=WVON 1690 AM – The Talk of Chicago &#124; Weekday Line-up |publisher=Wvon.com |access-date=2011-05-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720024316/http://www.wvon.com/personalities/ |archive-date=2011-07-20 }}</ref>
⚫
* [[Leo Terrell]] – civil rights attorney, talk radio host
* [[Lester Holt]] – News anchor at [[NBC News]], a registered Republican since 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/20/494791154/oops-trump-calls-nbc-news-anchor-and-fellow-gop-er-lester-holt-a-democrat|title=Trump Calls NBC News Anchor And Fellow GOP'er Lester Holt A Democrat|website=NPR|date=20 September 2016|last1=Folkenflik|first1=David}}</ref>
* [[Lester Holt]] – News anchor at [[NBC News]], a registered Republican since 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/20/494791154/oops-trump-calls-nbc-news-anchor-and-fellow-gop-er-lester-holt-a-democrat|title=Trump Calls NBC News Anchor And Fellow GOP'er Lester Holt A Democrat|website=NPR|date=20 September 2016|last1=Folkenflik|first1=David}}</ref>
* [[Michael King (Project 21)|Michael King]]{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} – [[Emmy Award]]-winning television producer
* [[Michael King (Project 21)|Michael King]]{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} – [[Emmy Award]]-winning television producer
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* [[Raynard Jackson]] – Columnist and TV political analyst
* [[Raynard Jackson]] – Columnist and TV political analyst
* [[Shelby Steele]] – Author
* [[Shelby Steele]] – Author
* [[Samantha Marika]] – Political commentator
* [[Samantha Marika]] – Political commentator
* Anton Daniels – YouTube personality<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=InrXjKafT50|title=MAGA Anton Debates With A Black Liberal/Independent Veteran|date=November 16, 2022|website=YouTube.com|access-date=March 23, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Tommy Sotomayor]] – Radio and internet talk show host, YouTube personality, men's rights activist and film producer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMRvas6ssq8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807024143/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMRvas6ssq8&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=2015-08-07 |url-status=dead|title=How Democrats & White Liberals Are Destroying The Black American People!|first=Tommy|last=Sotomayor|date=6 August 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref>
* [[Tommy Sotomayor]] – Radio and internet talk show host, YouTube personality, men's rights activist and film producer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMRvas6ssq8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807024143/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMRvas6ssq8&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=2015-08-07 |url-status=dead|title=How Democrats & White Liberals Are Destroying The Black American People!|first=Tommy|last=Sotomayor|date=6 August 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref>
* [[Tony Brown (journalist)|Tony Brown]] – Journalist and host of ''[[Tony Brown's Journal]]''
* [[Tony Brown (journalist)|Tony Brown]] – Journalist and host of ''[[Tony Brown's Journal]]''
⚫
* [[Tyrus (wrestler)]] – Professional wrestler, actor and [[Fox News]] commentator
* [[Zora Neale Hurston]] - Author, anthropologist and filmmaker
* [[Zora Neale Hurston]] - Author, anthropologist and filmmaker
⚫
* [[Ben Kinchlow]] – Evangelist, television and radio personality
⚫
* [[Jason Whitlock]] – Sports Journalist, radio personality, commentator and writer.
⚫
* [[Lawrence Dennis]] – Mixed-race, diplomat, consultant, author
⚫
* [[Leo Terrell]] – civil rights attorney, talk radio host
⚫
* [[Tyrus (wrestler)]] – Professional wrestler, actor and [[Fox News]] commentator
⚫
* [[Kathy Barnette]] - Policy commentator and former political candidate
⚫
* [[Eboni K. Williams]] - Attorney and radio and TV personality


=== Military ===
=== Military ===
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* [[Deroy Murdock]] – ''National Review'' columnist
* [[Deroy Murdock]] – ''National Review'' columnist
* [[Ken Hamblin]] – ''[[Denver Post]]'' columnist
* [[Ken Hamblin]] – ''[[Denver Post]]'' columnist
* [[Jason L. Riley]] — ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''
* [[Robert A. George (pundit)|Robert A. George]] – Columnist for the ''[[New York Post]]''
* [[Robert A. George (pundit)|Robert A. George]] – Columnist for the ''[[New York Post]]''
* [[Stephen L. Carter]] – ''[[Christianity Today]]'' columnist, author of ''[[The Culture of Disbelief]]''
* [[Sophia A. Nelson]] – Chair of PoliticalIntersection.com and politicalintersection.blogspot.com
* [[Sophia A. Nelson]] – Chair of PoliticalIntersection.com and politicalintersection.blogspot.com
* [[Star Parker]] – President of the [[Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education]], columnist and author
* [[Star Parker]] – President of the [[Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education]], columnist and author
* [[Jason L. Riley]] — ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''
* [[Stephen L. Carter]] – ''[[Christianity Today]]'' columnist, author of ''[[The Culture of Disbelief]]''


===Athletes and entertainers===
===Athletes and entertainers===
* [[Anthony Watson (skeleton racer)]] - is an American-born skeleton racer who competed on behalf of Jamaica in the 2018 Winter Olympics, becoming the first athlete to represent the Caribbean nation in the winter sport.
* [[Bryan Clay]]{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} – Washington Times
* [[Bryan Clay]]{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} – Washington Times
* [[Bryson Gray]] - is an American rapper, known for his work in the Christian hip hop and political hip hop genres.
* [[David Tyree]] – [[NFL]] Football player
* [[David Tyree]] – [[NFL]] Football player
* [[Don King (boxing promoter)|Don King]] – Boxing promoter
* [[Don King (boxing promoter)|Don King]] – Boxing promoter
* [[Ernie Banks]] – [[MLB]] baseball player<ref>[http://spectator.org/blog/61650/did-you-know-ernie-banks-was-republican Did you know Ernie Banks was a Republican?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202081647/http://spectator.org/blog/61650/did-you-know-ernie-banks-was-republican |date=2015-02-02 }}. ''American Spectator''. Retrieved February 1, 2015.</ref>
* [[Ernie Banks]] – [[MLB]] baseball player<ref>[http://spectator.org/blog/61650/did-you-know-ernie-banks-was-republican Did you know Ernie Banks was a Republican?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202081647/http://spectator.org/blog/61650/did-you-know-ernie-banks-was-republican |date=2015-02-02 }}. ''American Spectator''. Retrieved February 1, 2015.</ref>
* [[Greg Anthony]] – [[NBA]] Basketball player
* [[Greg Anthony]] – [[NBA]] basketball player
* [[Herschel Walker]] – [[NFL]] Football player
* [[Herschel Walker]] – [[NFL]] football player
⚫
* [[Isaiah Washington]] – Actor
⚫
* [[Hodgetwins|Kevin and Keith Hodge]] – Prominent [[YouTube]] commentators, comedians, and trainers.
* [[James Brown]] – Musician. Openly endorsed [[Richard Nixon]] at the 1972 presidential election and named [[Strom Thurmond]] as one of his heroes during a 1999 interview with ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pareles|first=Jon|title=James Brown, the 'Godfather of Soul', Dies at 73|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/25/arts/music/25cnd-brown.html?pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 22, 2013|date=December 25, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author1=Hulse, Carl |author2=Loughlin, Sean |name-list-style=amp|title=Graham, Clinton agree to agree|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19991220&id=Y1RIAAAAIBAJ&pg=6561,10663690|work=Lakeland Ledger|date=December 20, 1999|page=A14}}</ref>
* [[James Brown]] – Musician. Openly endorsed [[Richard Nixon]] at the 1972 presidential election and named [[Strom Thurmond]] as one of his heroes during a 1999 interview with ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pareles|first=Jon|title=James Brown, the 'Godfather of Soul', Dies at 73|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/25/arts/music/25cnd-brown.html?pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 22, 2013|date=December 25, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author1=Hulse, Carl |author2=Loughlin, Sean |name-list-style=amp|title=Graham, Clinton agree to agree|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19991220&id=Y1RIAAAAIBAJ&pg=6561,10663690|work=Lakeland Ledger|date=December 20, 1999|page=A14}}</ref>
* [[Jimmie Walker]] – Actor
* [[Jimmie Walker]] – Actor
* [[Johnny Mathis]]{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} – Singer
* [[Johnny Mathis]]{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} – Singer
* [[Jonathan Isaac]] - [[NBA]] basketball player
* [[Joseph C. Phillips]] – Actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2006/06/13/phillips/?refid=0 |title=Minnesota Public Radio |publisher=Minnesota Public Radio |date=2006-06-13 |access-date=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* [[Joseph C. Phillips]] – Actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2006/06/13/phillips/?refid=0 |title=Minnesota Public Radio |publisher=Minnesota Public Radio |date=2006-06-13 |access-date=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* [[Joy Villa]] – Singer. Promoted and supported [[Donald Trump]]'s presidency in 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Romaine |first1=Jenna |title=Joy Villa Unveils Donald Trump 'Make America Great Again' Dress on the Grammy Red Carpet |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/grammys/7686250/joy-villa-trump-make-america-great-again-dress |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard.com]] |access-date=2017-02-12 |date=2017-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Joy Villa]] – Singer. Promoted and supported [[Donald Trump]]'s presidency in 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Romaine |first1=Jenna |title=Joy Villa Unveils Donald Trump 'Make America Great Again' Dress on the Grammy Red Carpet |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/grammys/7686250/joy-villa-trump-make-america-great-again-dress |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard.com]] |access-date=2017-02-12 |date=2017-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Kanye West]] – Rapper and record producer. Endorsed [[Donald Trump]] subsequently to the 2016 presidential election. Met President Trump in the Oval Office on 11 October 2018. Independent candidate for President of the United States in [[Kanye West 2020 presidential campaign|2020]] and [[Kanye West 2024 presidential campaign|2024]].
* [[Kanye West]] – Rapper and record producer. Endorsed [[Donald Trump]] subsequently to the 2016 presidential election. Met President Trump in the Oval Office on 11 October 2018. Independent candidate for President of the United States in [[Kanye West 2020 presidential campaign|2020]] and [[Kanye West 2024 presidential campaign|2024]].
* [[Karl Malone]] – Olympic Gold medallist and basketball player<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsmeat.com/sports_political_donations/Karl_Malone.php |title=NEWSMEAT ▷ Karl Malone's Federal Campaign Contribution Report |publisher=Newsmeat.com |access-date=2011-05-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622012547/http://www.newsmeat.com/sports_political_donations/Karl_Malone.php |archive-date=2011-06-22 }}</ref>
* [[Karl Malone]] – Olympic Gold medallist and basketball player<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsmeat.com/sports_political_donations/Karl_Malone.php |title=NEWSMEAT ▷ Karl Malone's Federal Campaign Contribution Report |publisher=Newsmeat.com |access-date=2011-05-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622012547/http://www.newsmeat.com/sports_political_donations/Karl_Malone.php |archive-date=2011-06-22 }}</ref>
⚫
* [[Hodgetwins|Kevin and Keith Hodge]] – Prominent [[YouTube]] commentators, comedians and trainers
* [[Lawrence Taylor]] - [[NFL]] Football player
⚫
* [[Lionel Hampton]] - Musician, delegate to several [[Republican National Conventions]], vice-president of the [[New York State Republican Committee]].
* [[Mattie Montgomery]] - singer and pastor
* [[Mike Jones (wrestler)|Mike Jones]] – WWF wrestler
* [[Mike Jones (wrestler)|Mike Jones]] – WWF wrestler
* [[Nolan Carroll]] – [[NFL]] Football player and son of [[Jennifer Carroll]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Florida]]
* [[Nolan Carroll]] – [[NFL]] Football player and son of [[Jennifer Carroll]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Florida]]
* [[Ottis Anderson]] - [[NFL]] Football player
* [[Pearl Bailey]] – Actress and singer
* [[Pearl Bailey]] – Actress and singer
* [[Ronnie Lott]] – [[NFL]] Football player
* [[Ronnie Lott]] – [[NFL]] Football player
⚫
* [[Rosey Grier]] - Former football player, actor, singer, Protestant minister, he addressed the 1984 [[Republican National Convention]] and endorsed [[Ronald Reagan]] for reelection.
* [[Stacey Dash]] – Actress
* [[Stacey Dash]] – Actress
* [[Thurman Thomas]] – [[NFL]] Football player<ref>Benjamin, Elizabeth (2010-09-16). [http://www.nystateofpolitics.com/2010/09/nfler-carls-no-racist/ NFLer: Carl's no racist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224095237/http://www.nystateofpolitics.com/2010/09/nfler-carls-no-racist/ |date=2013-12-24 }}. ''Capitol Tonight''. Retrieved 2010-09-16.</ref>
* [[Thurman Thomas]] – [[NFL]] Football player<ref>Benjamin, Elizabeth (2010-09-16). [http://www.nystateofpolitics.com/2010/09/nfler-carls-no-racist/ NFLer: Carl's no racist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224095237/http://www.nystateofpolitics.com/2010/09/nfler-carls-no-racist/ |date=2013-12-24 }}. ''Capitol Tonight''. Retrieved 2010-09-16.</ref>
* [[Tommy Vext]] - singer
* [[Tony Dungy]] – [[NFL]] Football player and coach
* [[Tony Dungy]] – [[NFL]] Football player and coach
* [[Topher (rapper)]] - is an independent American rapper, songwriter and conservative commentator.
* [[Wilt Chamberlain]] – [[NBA]] Basketball player
* [[Wilt Chamberlain]] – [[NBA]] Basketball player
* [[Kevin Holland]] - is an American professional [[mixed martial artist]].
⚫
* [[Isaiah Washington]] – Actor
⚫
* [[Rosey Grier]] - Former football player, actor, singer, Protestant minister, he addressed the 1984 [[Republican National Convention]] and endorsed [[Ronald Reagan]] for reelection.
⚫
* [[Lionel Hampton]] - Musician, delegate to several [[Republican National Conventions]], vice-president of the [[New York State Republican Committee]].


===Education and business===
===Education and business===
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* [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]] - Somali-born Dutch-American activist associated with the conservative [[American Enterprise Institute]] and [[Hoover Institution]], a former Muslim, she has spoken out against Islamic suppression of women and has criticized American feminists for their failure to speak out on this issue.
* [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]] - Somali-born Dutch-American activist associated with the conservative [[American Enterprise Institute]] and [[Hoover Institution]], a former Muslim, she has spoken out against Islamic suppression of women and has criticized American feminists for their failure to speak out on this issue.
* [[H. K. Edgerton]] - African-American [[neoconfederate]] activist.
* [[H. K. Edgerton]] - African-American [[neoconfederate]] activist.
* [[Nelson W. Winbush]] - is an educator, who is notable as one of a handful of African-American members of the Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV).
* [[Mattie Clyburn Rice]] - was an African-American member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy.
* [[Voddie Baucham]] - is an American pastor, author, and educator. He serves as Dean of Theology at African Christian University in Lusaka, Zambia.
* [[Lemuel Haynes]] - was an American clergyman. A veteran of the [[American Revolution]], Haynes was the first black man in the United States to be ordained as a minister.
* [[Tony Evans (pastor)]]


== Organizations ==
== Organizations ==
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==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Conservatism}}
{{Portal|United States|Conservatism}}
* [[African-American leftism]]
* [[Conservative Democrat]]
* [[Conservative Democrat]]
* [[Hip Hop Republican]]
* [[Hip Hop Republican]]
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* [[Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States]]
* [[Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States]]
* ''[[Black Lies, White Lies]]''
* ''[[Black Lies, White Lies]]''
* ''[[Uncle Tom (film)]]''
* [[List of African-American Republicans]]
* [[List of African-American Republicans]]
* [[Black-owned businesses]]
* [[Black-owned businesses]]
* [[Black church]]
* [[Ethnocultural politics in the United States]]
* [[Ethnocultural politics in the United States]]


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==Further reading==
==Further reading==


* Blain, Charles J., ''[http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/religion/312277-black-churches-cant-stand-strong-if-they-keep-democrats-as-their Black Churches Can't Stand Strong If They Keep Democrats as Their Platform] (2017)''
* Blain, Charles J., ''[https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/religion/312277-black-churches-cant-stand-strong-if-they-keep-democrats-as-their/ Black Churches Can't Stand Strong If They Keep Democrats as Their Platform] (2017)''
* Conti, Joseph G & Brad Stetson, ''[https://www.amazon.com/Challenging-Civil-Rights-Establishment-Profiles/dp/0275944603/ Challenging the Civil Rights Establishment: Profiles of a New Black Vanguard]'' (1993)
* Conti, Joseph G & Brad Stetson, ''[https://www.amazon.com/Challenging-Civil-Rights-Establishment-Profiles/dp/0275944603/ Challenging the Civil Rights Establishment: Profiles of a New Black Vanguard]'' (1993)
* Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. ''[https://www.amazon.com/Black-Conservatism-Intellectual-Political-Crosscurrents/dp/0815324642 Black Conservatism: Essays in Intellectual and Political History]'' (1999)
* Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. ''[https://www.amazon.com/Black-Conservatism-Intellectual-Political-Crosscurrents/dp/0815324642 Black Conservatism: Essays in Intellectual and Political History]'' (1999)
Line 606: Line 620:


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons}}
* Murray, Mark. "[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12466213 GOP diversity aims at a crucial Democratic bloc]." ''[[NBC News]]''. April 25, 2006.
* Murray, Mark. "[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12466213 GOP diversity aims at a crucial Democratic bloc]." ''[[NBC News]]''. April 25, 2006.
* "[https://archive.today/20130705175629/http://theconnection.wbur.org/2004/06/02/the-new-black-republicans The New Black Republicans]." ''[[WBUR]]'', Boston's [[National Public Radio|NPR]]. June 2, 2004.
* "[https://archive.today/20130705175629/http://theconnection.wbur.org/2004/06/02/the-new-black-republicans The New Black Republicans]." ''[[WBUR]]'', Boston's [[National Public Radio|NPR]]. June 2, 2004.

Revision as of 07:02, 28 June 2024

This article is part of a series on
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In the United States, black conservatism is a political and social movement rooted in African-American communities that aligns largely with the American conservative movement, including the Christian right.[1] Black conservatism emphasizes social conservatism, traditionalism, patriotism, capitalism and free markets. What characterizes a "black conservative" has changed over time, and proponents do not necessarily share the same political philosophy.

Influential black conservatives in the early 21st century who have held public office include U.S. Senator Tim Scott, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, Virginia Lt. Gov. Winsome Sears, North Carolina Lt. Gov. Mark Robinson, and Cabinet secretaries Ben Carson, Condoleezza Rice, and Colin Powell. Thomas Sowell, Shelby Steele, Armstrong Williams, Larry Elder, Walter Williams, and Jason L. Riley are among the most influential black conservative political commentators.[2]

Übersicht

Booker T. Washington

Beliefs

One of the main characteristics of black conservatism is its emphasis on personal choice and responsibilities above socioeconomic status and institutional racism.[3][4]

Black conservatives typically oppose affirmative action and tend to argue that efforts to obtain reparations for slavery are either misguided or counter-productive. Black conservatives tend to be self-critical of aspects of African-American culture that they believe have created poverty and dependency.[5]

A 2007 Pew Research Center survey showed that 19% of blacks identified as Religious Right.[6] In 2004, though, the Pew Research Center indicated only 7% of blacks identified as Republican.[7]

A National Election Pool poll showed that support for California Proposition 8 (2008) (a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as an opposite-sex union) was strong among African-American voters; 70% of those interviewed in the exit poll—a higher percentage than any other racial group—stated that they voted in favor of Proposition 8.[8] Polls by both the Associated Press and CNN mirrored this data, reporting support among black voters to be at 70%[9] and 75%,[10] respectively. African-American support was considered crucial to the Proposition's passage because African Americans made up an unusually large percentage of voters in 2008; the presence of African-American presidential candidate Barack Obama on the ballot was believed to have increased African-American voter turnout.[11]

Historical basis

From Reconstruction up until the New Deal, the black population tended to vote Republican. During that period, the Republican Party—particularly in the Southern United States—was seen as more racially liberal than the Democratic Party, primarily because of the role of the Southern wing of the Democratic Party as the party of racial segregation and the Republican Party's roots in the abolitionist movement (see Dixiecrats).

Blacks started to shift in significant numbers to the Democrats with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt[12] and continued with the election of John F. Kennedy. Among Truman Administration officials, the publication of Henry Lee Moon's Balance of Power spurred Democratic partisan support for African-American constituencies.[13] This shift was also influenced by Herbert Hoover's practice of firing loyal African-Americans from positions within the Republican Party, in order to increase his appeal to Southern white voters.[14] This can be considered an early example of a set of Republican Party methods that were later termed the Southern Strategy.[15][better source needed]

Timeline of events

Tim Scott
Condoleezza Rice
Colin Powell
Alphonso Jackson
Rod Paige
Clarence Thomas
Mia Love
Allen West
Herman Cain
Ben Carson

This is a timeline of significant events in African-American history that have shaped the conservative movement in the United States.

1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s

African-American conservative politicians

See also: List of African-American Republicans

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgien

Hawaii

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

South Carolina

South Dakota

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

  • Caleb Hanna – West Virginia State Delegate (2018–present)
  • Jill Upson – West Virginia State Delegate (2014–2018)

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Other people

United States judges

TV personalities, authors and journalists

Military

Columnists

Athletes and entertainers

Education and business

Civil rights, abolitionists and activists

Organizations

See also

References

  1. ^ Diamond, Sara (1996). Facing the Wrath: Confronting the Right in Dangerous Times. Common Courage Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-56751-078-2. Christian Right activists allied with black conservatives to make their causes appear more mainstream across racial and class lines. In this vein, the Family Research Council (the lobbying affiliate of Focus on the Family) recently named as vice-president Kay Cole James, a black anti-abortion activist.
  2. ^ "Lexington: The school of very hard knocks". The Economist. 2007-10-04. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  3. ^ Wright Rigueur, Leah (15 February 2015). "The Forgotten History of Black Republicans". The Daily Beast. New York City. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  4. ^ For an overview of these themes, see Stan Faryna, Brad Stetson, and Joseph G. Conti, Eds., Black and Right: The Bold New Voice of Black Conservatives in America, (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997)
  5. ^ Brian Greenberg; Linda S. Watts; Richard A. Greenwald; Gordon Reavley; Alice L. George; Scott Beekman; Cecelia Bucki; Mark Ciabattari; John C. Stoner; Troy D. Paino; Laurie Mercier; Andrew Hunt; Peter C. Holloran; Nancy Cohen (2008). Social History of the United States [10 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-59884-128-2.
  6. ^ Pew Forum: Many Americans Uneasy with Mix of Religion and Politics Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Part 1: Party Affiliation: The 2004 Political Landscape Archived April 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "Exit Poll Shows Blacks, Hispanics Overwhelmingly Backed Prop. 8". KTVU. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  9. ^ "70% of African Americans backed Prop. 8, exit poll finds". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2008-11-05. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  10. ^ "Local Exit Polls – Election Center 2008 – Elections & Politics from". CNN.com. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  11. ^ Morain, Dan; Garrison, Jessica (2008-11-06). "Focused beyond marriage". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  12. ^ "American President: Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The American Franchine". Millercenter.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  13. ^ Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth (2016). These United States: A Nation in the Making, 1890-Present (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 24. ISBN 9780393283075.
  14. ^ Dawson, Michael C. (1995). Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics. Princeton University Press. p. 102. ISBN 0691025436. herbert hoover fired black republicans.
  15. ^ "How the party of Lincoln won over the once democratic south". History.com. September 3, 2021.
  16. ^ "Meet Lt. Governor Jennifer Carroll". Archived from the original on 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
  17. ^ "'Blessed and highly favored' Byron Donalds wins election for U.S. Congressional District 19, pledges water quality No. 1 priority".
  18. ^ Moseley, Brandon (2021-07-12). "Kenneth Paschal in HD73 special election on Tuesday". Alabama Political Reporter. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  19. ^ "chastang". Mobile Bay Times. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  20. ^ "Sharon Jackson For Alaska". Sharon Jackson For House (24). Archived from the original on 2023-01-04. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  21. ^ Seipel, Brooke (July 12, 2021). "Conservative talk radio host Larry Elder enters California recall election against Newsom". The Hill. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  22. ^ "Peter Boulware". Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  23. ^ "Former Chatham Borough Mayor Bruce Harris Named as New Member of State Planning Commission". Chatham TapInto. February 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  24. ^ "'Ricochet' Goes Behind Scenes of Gun Lobby". National Public Radio. 2007-11-15. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
  25. ^ "Roy Innis re-elected to NRA Board", NRAwinningteam.com. Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Fletcher, Michael A. (2006-08-17). "Lynn Swann, Happy to Be on the President's Team". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  27. ^ "Judge Lynn Toler: Yes, I'm Republican". 24 September 2012.
  28. ^ "CNN TV - Anchors/Reporters:Amy Holmes". CNN International. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  29. ^ , National Association [1][dead link]
  30. ^ "April 11, 2005". The Nation. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  31. ^ "Larry Elder – Conservative Columnist and Political Commentator 2003 Column Archive". Townhall.com. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  32. ^ "WVON 1690 AM – The Talk of Chicago | Weekday Line-up". Wvon.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  33. ^ Folkenflik, David (20 September 2016). "Trump Calls NBC News Anchor And Fellow GOP'er Lester Holt A Democrat". NPR.
  34. ^ "MAGA Anton Debates With A Black Liberal/Independent Veteran". YouTube.com. November 16, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  35. ^ Sotomayor, Tommy (6 August 2015). "How Democrats & White Liberals Are Destroying The Black American People!". Archived from the original on 2015-08-07 – via YouTube.
  36. ^ "Brigadier General Mary J. Kight". Archived from the original on 2009-07-29. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  37. ^ "Governor Schwarzenegger Appoints Brigadier General Mary J. Kight Adjutant General of the California National Guard". Archived from the original on 2015-05-30. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  38. ^ Rothfeld, Michael (2010-02-01). "Mary J. Kight continues to be a trailblazer". Los Angeles Times.
  39. ^ General Russell Honore To Run Vs David Vitter In Louisiana US Race? Archived 2009-09-01 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Did you know Ernie Banks was a Republican? Archived 2015-02-02 at the Wayback Machine. American Spectator. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  41. ^ Pareles, Jon (December 25, 2006). "James Brown, the 'Godfather of Soul', Dies at 73". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  42. ^ Hulse, Carl & Loughlin, Sean (December 20, 1999), "Graham, Clinton agree to agree", Lakeland Ledger, p. A14
  43. ^ "Minnesota Public Radio". Minnesota Public Radio. 2006-06-13. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  44. ^ Romaine, Jenna (2017-02-12). "Joy Villa Unveils Donald Trump 'Make America Great Again' Dress on the Grammy Red Carpet". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  45. ^ "NEWSMEAT ▷ Karl Malone's Federal Campaign Contribution Report". Newsmeat.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  46. ^ Benjamin, Elizabeth (2010-09-16). NFLer: Carl's no racist Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine. Capitol Tonight. Retrieved 2010-09-16.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black conservatism in the United States.
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