Barred warbler: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of bird}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| image = |
| image = Curruca nisoria 378155893 (cropped).jpg |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = in [[Austria]] |
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref>{{ |
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |year=2016 |title=''Curruca nisoria'' |page=e.T22716937A87716403 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22716937A87716403.en |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref> |
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| genus = |
| genus = Curruca |
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| species = nisoria |
| species = nisoria |
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| authority = ([[Johann Matthäus Bechstein|Bechstein]], 1792 |
| authority = ([[Johann Matthäus Bechstein|Bechstein]], 1792) |
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| range_map = SylviaNisoriaIUCN2019-3.png |
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| range_map_caption = Range of ''S. nisoria''{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}} |
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| synonyms = |
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*''Motacilla nisoria'' |
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| ⚫ | |||
}} |
}} |
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The '''barred warbler''' ('' |
The '''barred warbler''' ('''''Curruca nisoria''''') is a [[typical warbler]] which breeds across temperate regions of central and eastern [[Europe]] and western and central [[Palearctic|Asia]]. This [[passerine]] [[bird]] is strongly [[bird migration|migratory]], and winters in tropical eastern [[Africa]].<ref name=DelHoyo>Del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., & Christie, D. (editors). (2006). ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]''. Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions. {{ISBN|84-96553-06-X}}.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | It is the largest ''Curruca'' warbler, 15.5–17 cm in length and weighing 22–36 g, mainly grey above and whitish below. Adult males are dark grey above with white tips on the wing coverts and tail feathers, and heavily barred below. The female is similar but slightly paler and has only light barring. Young birds are buffy grey-brown above, pale buff below, and have very little barring, with few obvious distinctive features; they can easily be confused with [[garden warbler]]s, differing in the slight barring on the tail coverts and the pale fringes on the wing feathers, and their slightly larger size. The eye has a yellow iris in adults, dark in immatures; the bill is blackish with a paler base, and the legs stout, grey-brown.<ref name=Svensson>Svensson, L., Mullarney, K. & Zetterström, D. (2009). ''Collins Bird Guide'', second edition. HarperCollins, London {{ISBN|978-0-00-726726-2}}.</ref><ref name=Snow>{{cite book |title=The Birds of the Western Palearctic |author1=Snow, D. W. |author2=Perrins, C. M. |name-list-style=amp|edition=Concise |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |hdl=11245/1.132115 |isbn=0-19-854099-X}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | It is the largest '' |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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Within the genus '' |
Within the genus ''Curruca'' it is highly distinctive; the barred underside is shared only with the [[Cyprus warbler]], which has black barring and an entirely different overall colour pattern. The barred warbler seems to represent an ancient lineage of ''Curruca'' warblers on its own and does not appear to have any particularly close relatives in the genus.<ref>Helbig, A. J. (2001). Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus ''Sylvia''. Pp. 24-29 in: Shirihai, H., Gargallo, G., Helbig, A. J., & Harris, A. ''Sylvia Warblers''. Helm Identification Guides {{ISBN|0-7136-3984-9}}</ref><ref>Jønsson, K. A. & Fjeldså, J. (2006). A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). ''[[Zoologica Scripta|Zool. Scripta]]'' 35 (2): 149–186. {{doi|10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x}}</ref> |
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Two [[subspecies]] are recognised. The nominate '' |
Two [[subspecies]] are recognised. The nominate ''Curruca nisoria nisoria'' occurs over most of the species' range, while ''Curruca nisoria merzbacheri'' occurs at eastern end of the range in central Asia. The latter is marginally paler and less heavily barred than the nominate subspecies, but they are barely distinct and intergrade where the ranges meet.<ref name=DelHoyo/> Some authors consider them synonymous.<ref name=Williamson>Williamson, K. (1976). ''Identification for Ringers: The Genus Sylvia''. British Trust for Ornithology.</ref> |
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The specific ''nisoria'' is [[Medieval Latin]] for the [[Eurasian sparrowhawk]], which is also barred.<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n272 272], 376}}</ref> |
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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The barred warbler is a bird of open country with bushes for nesting, with very similar habitat preferences to the [[red-backed shrike]]. The nest is built in low shrub or brambles, and three to seven eggs are laid. Like most warblers, it is mainly [[insectivorous]], but also takes [[berry|berries]] and other soft fruit extensively in late summer and autumn. Its song is a pleasant chattering like a garden warbler with many clear notes, but is harsher and less melodious, and slightly higher pitched, with some resemblance to the [[whitethroat]]'s song.<ref name=Svensson/><ref name=Snow/> |
The barred warbler is a bird of open country with bushes for nesting, with very similar habitat preferences to the [[red-backed shrike]]. The nest is built in low shrub or brambles, and three to seven eggs are laid. Like most warblers, it is mainly [[insectivorous]], but also takes [[berry|berries]] and other soft fruit extensively in late summer and autumn. Its song is a pleasant chattering like a garden warbler with many clear notes, but is harsher and less melodious, and slightly higher pitched, with some resemblance to the [[common whitethroat]]'s song.<ref name=Svensson/><ref name=Snow/> |
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==Occurrence== |
==Occurrence== |
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The European population is estimated at around 460,000 pairs. It has declined in some areas, particularly at the western end of its breeding range in [[Denmark]] (where it is now extinct as a breeding bird) and [[Germany]], due to [[habitat loss]] from [[intensive agriculture|agricultural intensification]]; conversely, some increase has occurred in [[Ukraine]] and southern [[Finland]]. Further east, numbers are currently stable. Population densities range between 1–20 pairs per 10 ha in Germany, up to 30 pairs per 10 ha recorded in [[Kazakhstan]].<ref name=DelHoyo/> |
The European population is estimated at around 460,000 pairs. It has declined in some areas, particularly at the western end of its breeding range in [[Denmark]] (where it is now extinct as a breeding bird) and [[Germany]], due to [[habitat loss]] from [[intensive agriculture|agricultural intensification]]; conversely, some increase has occurred in [[Ukraine]] and southern [[Finland]]. Further east, numbers are currently stable. Population densities range between 1–20 pairs per 10 ha in Germany, up to 30 pairs per 10 ha recorded in [[Kazakhstan]].<ref name=DelHoyo/> |
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Barred warblers are regular on autumn passage as far west as [[Great Britain]] (typically 100-200 records annually), where it occurs mainly on the east coast between late August and late October, and more rarely to [[Ireland]] (around 10–20 records annually); spring passage records in Britain are very rare (1–3 per decade).<ref>Dymond, J. N., Fraser, P. A., & Gantlett, S. J. M. (1989). ''Rare Birds in Britain and Ireland''. T & A D Poyser {{ISBN|0-85661-053-4}}.</ref> The vast majority of British and Irish records are of first-year birds, with adults occurring only exceptionally rarely.<ref name=Williamson/> |
Barred warblers are regular on autumn passage as far west as [[Great Britain]] (typically 100-200 records annually), where it occurs mainly on the east coast between late August and late October, and more rarely to [[Ireland]] (around 10–20 records annually); spring passage records in Britain are very rare (1–3 per decade).<ref>Dymond, J. N., Fraser, P. A., & Gantlett, S. J. M. (1989). ''Rare Birds in Britain and Ireland''. T & A D Poyser {{ISBN|0-85661-053-4}}.</ref> The vast majority of British and Irish records are of first-year birds, with adults occurring only exceptionally rarely.<ref name=Williamson/> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
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File:Cuculus canorus canorus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.150.28.jpg|''Cuculus canorus canorus'' (cuckoo) egg in a ''Sylvia nisoria'' clutch - [[MHNT]] |
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Curruca nisoria nisoria MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.199.7.jpg|''Curruca nisoria nisoria'' - [[MHNT]] |
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</gallery> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category-inline}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:warbler, barred}} |
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[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]] |
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]] |
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[[Category:Birds described in 1792|barred warbler]] |
[[Category:Birds described in 1792|barred warbler]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Matthäus Bechstein|barred warbler]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:54, 28 June 2024
| Barred warbler | |
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.jpg)
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| in Austria | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Sylviidae |
| Genus: | Curruca |
| Species: | C. nisoria
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| Binomial name | |
| Curruca nisoria (Bechstein, 1792)
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| Range of S. nisoria Breeding Passage Non-breeding
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| Synonyms | |
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The barred warbler (Curruca nisoria) is a typical warbler which breeds across temperate regions of central and eastern Europe and western and central Asia. This passerine bird is strongly migratory, and winters in tropical eastern Africa.[2]
It is the largest Curruca warbler, 15.5–17 cm in length and weighing 22–36 g, mainly grey above and whitish below. Adult males are dark grey above with white tips on the wing coverts and tail feathers, and heavily barred below. The female is similar but slightly paler and has only light barring. Young birds are buffy grey-brown above, pale buff below, and have very little barring, with few obvious distinctive features; they can easily be confused with garden warblers, differing in the slight barring on the tail coverts and the pale fringes on the wing feathers, and their slightly larger size. The eye has a yellow iris in adults, dark in immatures; the bill is blackish with a paler base, and the legs stout, grey-brown.[3][4]
Taxonomy
[edit]Within the genus Curruca it is highly distinctive; the barred underside is shared only with the Cyprus warbler, which has black barring and an entirely different overall colour pattern. The barred warbler seems to represent an ancient lineage of Curruca warblers on its own and does not appear to have any particularly close relatives in the genus.[5][6]
Two subspecies are recognised. The nominate Curruca nisoria nisoria occurs over most of the species' range, while Curruca nisoria merzbacheri occurs at eastern end of the range in central Asia. The latter is marginally paler and less heavily barred than the nominate subspecies, but they are barely distinct and intergrade where the ranges meet.[2] Some authors consider them synonymous.[7]
The specific nisoria is Medieval Latin for the Eurasian sparrowhawk, which is also barred.[8]
Ecology
[edit]The barred warbler is a bird of open country with bushes for nesting, with very similar habitat preferences to the red-backed shrike. The nest is built in low shrub or brambles, and three to seven eggs are laid. Like most warblers, it is mainly insectivorous, but also takes berries and other soft fruit extensively in late summer and autumn. Its song is a pleasant chattering like a garden warbler with many clear notes, but is harsher and less melodious, and slightly higher pitched, with some resemblance to the common whitethroat's song.[3][4]
Occurrence
[edit]The European population is estimated at around 460,000 pairs. It has declined in some areas, particularly at the western end of its breeding range in Denmark (where it is now extinct as a breeding bird) and Germany, due to habitat loss from agricultural intensification; conversely, some increase has occurred in Ukraine and southern Finland. Further east, numbers are currently stable. Population densities range between 1–20 pairs per 10 ha in Germany, up to 30 pairs per 10 ha recorded in Kazakhstan.[2]
Barred warblers are regular on autumn passage as far west as Great Britain (typically 100-200 records annually), where it occurs mainly on the east coast between late August and late October, and more rarely to Ireland (around 10–20 records annually); spring passage records in Britain are very rare (1–3 per decade).[9] The vast majority of British and Irish records are of first-year birds, with adults occurring only exceptionally rarely.[7]
Gallery
[edit]-
Immature barred warbler on migration, England -
Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden, Germany -
Cuculus canorus canorus (cuckoo) egg in a Sylvia nisoria clutch - MHNT -
Curruca nisoria nisoria - MHNT
_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1036172.jpg)
References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Curruca nisoria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22716937A87716403. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22716937A87716403.en. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- ^ a b c Del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., & Christie, D. (editors). (2006). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-96553-06-X.
- ^ a b Svensson, L., Mullarney, K. & Zetterström, D. (2009). Collins Bird Guide, second edition. HarperCollins, London ISBN 978-0-00-726726-2.
- ^ a b Snow, D. W. & Perrins, C. M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. hdl:11245/1.132115. ISBN 0-19-854099-X.
- ^ Helbig, A. J. (2001). Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Sylvia. Pp. 24-29 in: Shirihai, H., Gargallo, G., Helbig, A. J., & Harris, A. Sylvia Warblers. Helm Identification Guides ISBN 0-7136-3984-9
- ^ Jønsson, K. A. & Fjeldså, J. (2006). A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). Zool. Scripta 35 (2): 149–186. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x
- ^ a b Williamson, K. (1976). Identification for Ringers: The Genus Sylvia. British Trust for Ornithology.
- ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 272, 376. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Dymond, J. N., Fraser, P. A., & Gantlett, S. J. M. (1989). Rare Birds in Britain and Ireland. T & A D Poyser ISBN 0-85661-053-4.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Curruca nisoria at Wikimedia Commons