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{{Short description|Jewish quarter of Marrakesh, Morocco}} |
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[[File:In the narrow streets of Mellah of Marrakech.jpg|thumb|250px|Corner of Talmud Torah and Francisco streets in the Mellah of Marrakesh.]] |
[[File:In the narrow streets of Mellah of Marrakech.jpg|thumb|250px|Corner of Talmud Torah and Francisco streets in the Mellah of Marrakesh.]] |
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The '''Mellah of Marrakesh''' ({{lang-he|מלאח מרקש}}; {{lang-lad|Mellah de Marrakesh}}; {{lang-ar|ملاح مراكش}}), formerly known as '''Hay Essalam''' is the [[Jewish Quarter]] of the city of [[Marrakesh]], [[Morocco]]. It is the second oldest of its kind in |
The '''Mellah of Marrakesh''' ({{lang-he|מלאח מרקש}}; {{lang-lad|'''Mellah de Marrakesh'''}}; {{lang-ar|ملاح مراكش}}), formerly known as '''Hay Essalam''' is the [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish Quarter]] (''[[Mellah]]'') of the city of [[Marrakesh]], [[Morocco]]. It is the second oldest of its kind in the country.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879621?seq=1 On the Origins of the Mellah of Marrakesh]. Gottreich, Emily. [[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]. Vol. 35, No. 2 (May, 2003), pp. 287-305.</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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| ⚫ | Although the city of Marrakesh was founded by the [[Almoravids]] in 1060, |
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=== Creation === |
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| ⚫ | Although the city of Marrakesh was founded by the [[Almoravids]] in 1060, Jews settled 40 km away and there is no recorded Jewish presence in the city until 1232. After the [[Reconquista]] and [[Alhambra Decree|expulsion of Jews from the Iberian Peninsula]] in 1492, [[Sephardic Jews]] (known as the [[Megorashim]]) started to arrive in great numbers to Morocco, settling mostly in cities and mixing with the local Jewish population (known as the [[Toshavim]]). Many [[mellah]]s were created to protect the Jews under their [[dhimmi]] status. The Mellah of Marrakesh was created by decree of the Sultan [[Abdallah al-Ghalib]] of the [[Saadi dynasty|Saadian dynasty]] in 1558,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-11-22 |title=Jewish Mellah of Marrakech {{!}} History & Visit of Ancient Jewish District |url=https://www.alksar.com/en/jewish-mellah-of-marrakech/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Riad Al Ksar & Spa |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2023|reason=This is a website for a spa/hotel. Scholarly sources should be cited per WP:RS.}} outside of the walls of [[El Badi Palace]]. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Mellah was one of the main commercial areas of the city, and it was a walled quarter, with its gates closed at night.<ref name=insidearabia>[https://insidearabia.com/marrakechs-mellah-a-return-to-peaceful-co-existence/ Marrakech’s Mellah: A Return to Peaceful Co-Existence] {{Dead link|date=June 2023}}</ref> |
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[[File:Al Azama synagogue of Marrakech.jpg|thumb|250px|Courtyard of the [[Slat Al Azama synagogue]].]] |
[[File:Al Azama synagogue of Marrakech.jpg|thumb|250px|Courtyard of the [[Slat Al Azama synagogue]].]] |
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===Decline=== |
===Decline=== |
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The mellah became overpopulated within few years |
The mellah became overpopulated within a few years. An estimated 40,000 people lived in the mellah at the peak of its population in the late 1940s. The community emigrated after the [[independence of Israel]], the end of the [[French Protectorate in Morocco|French protectorate]], and the [[Six Day War|Six-Day]] and [[Yom Kippur War|Yom Kippur]] wars. Most went to [[Israel]], but some went to [[France]] and [[Montreal]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Frank |first=Michael |date=2015-05-30 |title=In Morocco, Exploring Remnants of Jewish History |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/31/travel/in-morocco-exploring-remnants-of-jewish-history.html |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="elmundo">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-05-23 |title=La Mellah y el Cementerio Judío de Marrakech |url=https://www.elmundoconella.com/marruecos/la-mellah-y-el-cementerio-judio-de-marrakech/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=El Mundo con Ella |language=es}}</ref> The Jewish population of the mellah of Marrakesh today is about 200 inhabitants.<ref name=insidearabia/>{{Dead link|date=June 2023}} |
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===Restoration=== |
===Restoration=== |
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In 2016, [[King Mohamed VI]] ordered to restore the names of the streets that had to do with the city's Jewish heritage,<ref name=elmundo/> including restoring the name of the neighborhood back to "El Mellah", allocating over US$ |
In 2016, [[King Mohamed VI]] ordered to restore the names of the streets that had to do with the city's Jewish heritage,<ref name=elmundo/> including restoring the name of the neighborhood back to "El Mellah", allocating over US$20 million for the restoration of houses, streets and synagogues.<ref name="franceinfo">{{Cite web |last=Dumas |first=Laurent Ribadeau |date=2017-11-05 |title=Maroc : renaissance du vieux quartier juif de Marrakech |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/economie-africaine/maroc-renaissance-du-vieux-quartier-juif-de-marrakech_3058915.html |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Rafael |date=2017-01-18 |title=Morocco’s King Restores Original Names to Marrakech’s Jewish Quarter - Hamodia.com |url=https://hamodia.com/2017/01/17/moroccos-king-restores-original-names-marrakechs-jewish-quarter/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Hamodia |language=en-US}}</ref> In November of the same year, [[Zouheir Bahloul]], an [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab]] member of the [[Knesset]] for the party [[Zionist Union]] requested funds from the Israeli government to support a synagogue located in the mellah, in an unexpected move for both the Israeli government and the Jewish Community of Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=Marissa |title=When a Muslim MK beseeched Israel to fund a Moroccan synagogue |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/when-a-muslim-mk-beseeched-israel-to-fund-a-moroccan-synagogue/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Today, the mellah is one of the main tourist attractions of the city.<ref name=franceinfo/> |
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== Public restrictions on Jews == |
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Generally, under the terms of the [[Pact of Umar]], non-Muslims living under Islamic rule, including Jews, were subject to restrictions in their manner of dress. Similar to [[sumptuary laws]] in Europe, it was intended to preserve dress as an identifying marker of one's social class to signal to others the proper courtesies or dignities required as such, however these restrictions, which included not imitating Muslim attire, came to be regarded as humiliating. These rules were mostly not enforced. In Morocco, the rules were only applied to Jews when they were reintroduced by [[Slimane of Morocco|Mawlay Sulayman]] in 1815, but despite the formal reintroduction of the restrictions, their enforcement was lax in practice.<ref name="Gottreich">{{cite book |last1=Gottreich |first1=Emily |title=The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City |date=2007 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |pages=93–94}}</ref> |
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===Prohibition on wearing shoes=== |
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According to some primary sources, Jews were forced to go barefoot in the city. The only source discussing the rule in the 19th century is [[Joseph Halévy]] who is unclear if the rule was enforced in the ''mellah''. The published version of Halévy's visit to Morocco says Jews were forced to go barefoot throughout all Marrakesh, "even in the Mellah", but his handwitten notes say Jews went barefoot in "all other quarters of the city out side the ''mellah"'', and even this is crossed out, and has left some to speculate that Jews might have been forced to remove their slippers when leaving the mellah. In the 18th century [[William Lempriere]] wrote that "when they enter the Moorish town, castle, or palace, [Jews] are always compelled to be barefooted", suggesting that the rule was not enforced in the ''mellah''.<ref name="Gottreich" /> |
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The rule was often observed more stringently when Jews ran into political trouble, sometimes in connection with the [[extraterritoriality|protege system]] which allowed them to wear European shoes, and inflamed local resentments that Jews had become "too bold". [[Abdalmalik of Morocco]] reportedly forced the elders of the ''mellah'' to remove their slippers in the palace "in accordance with their ancient status of ''dhimma''". The Jews were taunted all the way back to the ''mellah''. Even when they were protected by foreign powers under the protege system local authorities required they go barefoot in certain spaces like the [[Kasbah]].<ref name="Gottreich" /> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Slat Al Azama Synagogue]] |
*[[Slat al-Azama Synagogue|Slat Al Azama Synagogue]] |
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*[[Slat Al Fassiyine Synagogue]] |
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*[[Mellah]] |
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*[[History of the Jews in Morocco]] |
*[[History of the Jews in Morocco]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<references/> |
<references /> |
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{{Marrakesh}} |
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[[Category:Marrakesh]] |
[[Category:Marrakesh]] |
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[[Category:Jewish ghettos]] |
[[Category:Jewish ghettos]] |
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[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Marrakesh]] |
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[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Morocco]] |
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Morocco]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:00, 29 June 2024
The Mellah of Marrakesh (Hebrew: מלאח מרקש; Ladino: Mellah de Marrakesh; Arabic: ملاح مراكش), formerly known as Hay Essalam is the Jewish Quarter (Mellah) of the city of Marrakesh, Morocco. It is the second oldest of its kind in the country.[1]
History
[edit]Creation
[edit]Although the city of Marrakesh was founded by the Almoravids in 1060, Jews settled 40 km away and there is no recorded Jewish presence in the city until 1232. After the Reconquista and expulsion of Jews from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492, Sephardic Jews (known as the Megorashim) started to arrive in great numbers to Morocco, settling mostly in cities and mixing with the local Jewish population (known as the Toshavim). Many mellahs were created to protect the Jews under their dhimmi status. The Mellah of Marrakesh was created by decree of the Sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib of the Saadian dynasty in 1558,[2][unreliable source?] outside of the walls of El Badi Palace. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Mellah was one of the main commercial areas of the city, and it was a walled quarter, with its gates closed at night.[3]
Decline
[edit]The mellah became overpopulated within a few years. An estimated 40,000 people lived in the mellah at the peak of its population in the late 1940s. The community emigrated after the independence of Israel, the end of the French protectorate, and the Six-Day and Yom Kippur wars. Most went to Israel, but some went to France and Montreal.[4][5] The Jewish population of the mellah of Marrakesh today is about 200 inhabitants.[3][dead link]
Restoration
[edit]In 2016, King Mohamed VI ordered to restore the names of the streets that had to do with the city's Jewish heritage,[5] including restoring the name of the neighborhood back to "El Mellah", allocating over US$20 million for the restoration of houses, streets and synagogues.[6][7] In November of the same year, Zouheir Bahloul, an Arab member of the Knesset for the party Zionist Union requested funds from the Israeli government to support a synagogue located in the mellah, in an unexpected move for both the Israeli government and the Jewish Community of Morocco.[8] Today, the mellah is one of the main tourist attractions of the city.[6]
Public restrictions on Jews
[edit]Generally, under the terms of the Pact of Umar, non-Muslims living under Islamic rule, including Jews, were subject to restrictions in their manner of dress. Similar to sumptuary laws in Europe, it was intended to preserve dress as an identifying marker of one's social class to signal to others the proper courtesies or dignities required as such, however these restrictions, which included not imitating Muslim attire, came to be regarded as humiliating. These rules were mostly not enforced. In Morocco, the rules were only applied to Jews when they were reintroduced by Mawlay Sulayman in 1815, but despite the formal reintroduction of the restrictions, their enforcement was lax in practice.[9]
Prohibition on wearing shoes
[edit]According to some primary sources, Jews were forced to go barefoot in the city. The only source discussing the rule in the 19th century is Joseph Halévy who is unclear if the rule was enforced in the mellah. The published version of Halévy's visit to Morocco says Jews were forced to go barefoot throughout all Marrakesh, "even in the Mellah", but his handwitten notes say Jews went barefoot in "all other quarters of the city out side the mellah", and even this is crossed out, and has left some to speculate that Jews might have been forced to remove their slippers when leaving the mellah. In the 18th century William Lempriere wrote that "when they enter the Moorish town, castle, or palace, [Jews] are always compelled to be barefooted", suggesting that the rule was not enforced in the mellah.[9]
The rule was often observed more stringently when Jews ran into political trouble, sometimes in connection with the protege system which allowed them to wear European shoes, and inflamed local resentments that Jews had become "too bold". Abdalmalik of Morocco reportedly forced the elders of the mellah to remove their slippers in the palace "in accordance with their ancient status of dhimma". The Jews were taunted all the way back to the mellah. Even when they were protected by foreign powers under the protege system local authorities required they go barefoot in certain spaces like the Kasbah.[9]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ On the Origins of the Mellah of Marrakesh. Gottreich, Emily. International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol. 35, No. 2 (May, 2003), pp. 287-305.
- ^ "Jewish Mellah of Marrakech | History & Visit of Ancient Jewish District". Riad Al Ksar & Spa. 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
- ^ a b Marrakech’s Mellah: A Return to Peaceful Co-Existence [dead link]
- ^ Frank, Michael (2015-05-30). "In Morocco, Exploring Remnants of Jewish History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ a b "La Mellah y el Cementerio Judío de Marrakech". El Mundo con Ella (in Spanish). 2019-05-23. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ a b Dumas, Laurent Ribadeau (2017-11-05). "Maroc : renaissance du vieux quartier juif de Marrakech". Franceinfo (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ Hoffman, Rafael (2017-01-18). "Morocco's King Restores Original Names to Marrakech's Jewish Quarter - Hamodia.com". Hamodia. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ Newman, Marissa. "When a Muslim MK beseeched Israel to fund a Moroccan synagogue". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ a b c Gottreich, Emily (2007). The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 93–94.