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{{short description|Genus of plants}}
{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Cyperus diffusus1.jpg
|image = Cyperus diffusus1.jpg
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|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = [[List of Cyperus species|About 700]]
|subdivision = [[List of Cyperus species|About 700]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=opoly/>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO>{{cite POWO |id=330001-2 |title=''Cyperus'' L. |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>
|synonyms =
|synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}}
*''Acorellus'' <small>Palla ''ex'' Kneuck.</small>
*''Acorellus'' <small>Palla ''ex'' Kneuck.</small>
*''Adupla'' <small>Bosc ''ex'' Juss.</small>
*''Adupla'' <small>Bosc ''ex'' Juss.</small>
*''Aliniella'' <small>J.Raynal</small>, ''[[nomen illegitimum|nom. illeg.]]'', ''non'' <small>Skvortzow</small>
*''Aliniella'' <small>J.Raynal</small>, ''[[nomen illegitimum|nom. illeg.]]'', ''non'' <small>Skvortzow</small>
*''Alinula'' <small>J.Raynal</small>
*''Alinula'' <small>J.Raynal</small>
*''Androcoma'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Androtrichum'' <small>(Brongn.) Brongn.</small>
*''Anosporum'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Anosporum'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Antrolepis'' <small>Welw.</small>
*''Ascolepis'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Ascopholis'' <small>C.E.C.Fisch.</small>
*''Atomostylis'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Atomostylis'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Borabora'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Borabora'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Chlorocyperus'' <small>Rikli</small>
*''Chlorocyperus'' <small>Rikli</small>
*''Comostemum'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Courtoisina'' <small>Soják</small>
*''Courtoisina'' <small>Soják</small>
*''Crepidocarpus'' <small>Klotzsch ''ex'' Boeckeler</small>
*''Crepidocarpus'' <small>Klotzsch ''ex'' Boeckeler</small>
*''Cylindrolepis'' <small>Boeckeler</small>
*''Cylindrolepis'' <small>Boeckeler</small>
*''Cyprolepis'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Diclidium'' <small>Schrad. ''ex'' Nees</small>
*''Diclidium'' <small>Schrad. ''ex'' Nees</small>
*''Didymia'' <small>Phil.</small>
*''Didymia'' <small>Phil.</small>
*''Distimus'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Duval-jouvea'' <small>Palla</small>
*''Duval-jouvea'' <small>Palla</small>
*''Epiphystis'' <small>Trin.</small>
*''Epiphystis'' <small>Trin.</small>
*''Eucyperus'' <small>Rikli</small>
*''Eucyperus'' <small>Rikli</small>
*''Galilea'' <small>Parl.</small>
*''Galilea'' <small>Parl.</small>
*''Hedychloe'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Hemicarpha'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Hydroschoenus'' <small>Zoll. & Moritzi</small>
*''Hydroschoenus'' <small>Zoll. & Moritzi</small>
*''Hypaelyptum'' <small>Vahl</small>
*''Indocourtoisia'' <small>Bennet & Raizada</small>
*''Indocourtoisia'' <small>Bennet & Raizada</small>
*''Juncellus'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
*''Juncellus'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
*''Killinga'' <small>T.Lestib.</small>
*''Kyllinga'' <small>Rottb.</small>
*''Kyllingiella'' <small>R.W.Haines & Lye</small>
*''Kyllingiella'' <small>R.W.Haines & Lye</small>
*''Lipocarpha'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''Lyprolepis'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Mariscopsis'' <small>Cherm.</small>
*''Marisculus'' <small>Goetgh</small>
*''Marisculus'' <small>Goetgh</small>
*''Mariscus'' <small>Gaertn.</small>, ''nom. illeg.'', ''non'' <small>Scop.</small>
*''Mariscus'' <small>Gaertn.</small>, ''nom. illeg.'', ''non'' <small>Scop.</small>
*''Mariscus'' <small>Vahl</small>, ''[[nomen conservandum|nom. cons.]]''
*''Mariscus'' <small>Vahl</small>, ''[[nomen conservandum|nom. cons.]]''
*''Megarrhena'' <small>Schrad. ex Nees</small>
*''Opetiola'' <small>Gaertn.</small>
*''Opetiola'' <small>Gaertn.</small>
*''Oxycaryum'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Oxycaryum'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Papyrus'' <small>Willd.</small>
*''Papyrus'' <small>Willd.</small>
*''Platylepis'' <small>Kunth</small>
*''Pseudomariscus'' <small>Rauschert</small>
*''Pseudomariscus'' <small>Rauschert</small>
*''Pterachne'' <small>Schrad. ex Nees</small>
*''Pterocyperus'' <small>Opiz</small>
*''Pterocyperus'' <small>Opiz</small>
*''Pterogyne'' <small>Schrad. ex Nees</small>
*''Pycreus'' <small>P.Beauv.</small>
*''Queenslandiella'' <small>Domin</small>
*''Raynalia'' <small>Soják</small>
*''Raynalia'' <small>Soják</small>
*''Remirea'' <small>Aubl.</small>
*''Remirea'' <small>Aubl.</small>
*''Rikliella'' <small>J.Raynal</small>
*''Sorostachys'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Sorostachys'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Sphaerocyperus'' <small>Lye</small>
*''Sphaeromariscus'' <small>E.G.Camus</small>
*''Sphaeromariscus'' <small>E.G.Camus</small>
*''Thryocephalon'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small>
*''Torreya'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Torulinium'' <small>Desv. ''ex'' Ham.</small>
*''Torulinium'' <small>Desv. ''ex'' Ham.</small>
*''Trentepohlia'' <small>Boeckeler</small>
*''Trentepohlia'' <small>Boeckeler</small>
*''Ungeria'' <small>Nees ''ex'' C.B.Clarke</small>
*''Ungeria'' <small>Nees ''ex'' C.B.Clarke</small>
*''Volkiella'' <small>Merxm. & Czech</small>
{{hidden end}}
}}
}}


'''''Cyperus''''' is a large [[genus]] of about 700 [[species]] of [[Cyperaceae|sedge]]s, distributed throughout all continents in both tropical and temperate regions.<ref name=opoly>{{cite web |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=235513 |work=Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |title=''Cyperus'' L., Sp. Pl.: 44 (1753) |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |accessdate=22 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Win Huygh |author2=Isabel Larridon |author3=Marc Reynders |author4=A. Muthama Muasya |author5=Rafaël H. A. Govaerts |author6=David A. Simpson |author7=Paul Goetghebeur |year=2010 |title=Nomenclature and typification of names of genera and subdivisions of genera in Cypereae (Cyperaceae): 1. Names of genera in the ''Cyperus'' clade |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1883–1890 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2010/00000059/00000006/art00021}}</ref>
'''''Cyperus''''' is a large [[genus]] of about 700 [[species]] of [[Cyperaceae|sedge]]s, distributed throughout all continents in both tropical and temperate regions.<ref name=opoly>{{cite web |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=235513 |work=Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |title=''Cyperus'' L., Sp. Pl.: 44 (1753) |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=22 March 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Win Huygh |author2=Isabel Larridon |author3=Marc Reynders |author4=A. Muthama Muasya |author5=Rafaël H. A. Govaerts |author6=David A. Simpson |author7=Paul Goetghebeur |year=2010 |title=Nomenclature and typification of names of genera and subdivisions of genera in Cypereae (Cyperaceae): 1. Names of genera in the ''Cyperus'' clade |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1883–1890 |doi=10.1002/tax.596021 }}</ref>


==Description==
== Description ==
They are [[Annual plant|annual]] or [[perennial]] plants, mostly [[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic]] and growing in still or slow-moving water up to 0.5&nbsp;m deep. The species vary greatly in size, with small species only 5&nbsp;cm tall, while others can reach 5&nbsp;m in height. Common names include ''papyrus sedges, flatsedges, nutsedges, umbrella-sedges'' and ''galingales''. The stems are circular in cross-section in some, triangular in others, usually leafless for most of their length, with the slender [[Poaceae|grass]]-like leaves at the base of the plant, and in a [[Whorl (botany)|whorl]] at the apex of the flowering stems. The [[flower]]s are greenish and [[Anemophily|wind-pollinated]]; they are produced in clusters among the apical leaves. The [[seed]] is a small [[Pyrena|nutlet]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Gordon C. Tucker |author2=Brian G. Marcks |author3=J. Richard Carter |year=2003 |series=Flora of North America |editor=Flora of North Americaial Committee |volume=23 |title=Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae |pages=141–191 |chapter=''Cyperus'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 44. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 26. 1754 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=109010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=C. D. Adams |year=1994 |chapter=5. ''Cyperus'' L. |volume=6 |pages=423–440 |editor=G. Davidse |editor2=M. Sousa Sánchez |editor3=A.&nbsp;O. Chater |title=Flora Mesoamericana |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]] |location=[[Mexico City]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=G. E. Schatz, S. Andriambololonera, Andrianarivelo, M. W. Callmander, Faranirina, P. P. Lowry, P. B. Phillipson, Rabarimanarivo, J. I. Raharilala, Rajaonary, Rakotonirina, R. H. Ramananjanahary, B. Ramandimbisoa, A. Randrianasolo, N. Ravololomanana, Z. S. Rogers, C. M. Taylor & G. A. Wahlert |year=2011 |title=Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar |series=Monographs in Systematic Botany |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]}}</ref>
They are [[Annual plant|annual]] or [[perennial plant]]s, mostly [[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic]] and growing in still or slow-moving water up to {{convert|0.5|m|in}} deep. The species vary greatly in size, with small species only {{convert|5|cm|0}} tall, while others can reach {{convert|5|m}} in height. Common names include ''papyrus sedges'', ''flatsedges'', ''nutsedges'', ''umbrella-sedges'' and ''galingales''. The stems are circular in cross-section in some, triangular in others, usually leafless for most of their length, with the slender [[Poaceae|grass]]-like leaves at the base of the plant, and in a [[Whorl (botany)|whorl]] at the apex of the flowering stems. The [[flower]]s are greenish and [[Anemophily|wind-pollinated]]; they are produced in clusters among the apical leaves. The [[seed]] is a small [[Pyrena|nutlet]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Gordon C. Tucker |author2=Brian G. Marcks |author3=J. Richard Carter |year=2003 |series=Flora of North America |editor=Flora of North Americaial Committee |volume=23 |title=Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae |pages=141–191 |chapter=''Cyperus'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 44. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 26. 1754 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=109010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=C. D. Adams |year=1994 |chapter=5. ''Cyperus'' L. |volume=6 |pages=423–440 |editor=G. Davidse |editor2=M. Sousa Sánchez |editor3=A. O. Chater |title=Flora Mesoamericana |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]] |location=[[Mexico City]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=G. E. Schatz, S. Andriambololonera, Andrianarivelo, M. W. Callmander, Faranirina, P. P. Lowry, P. B. Phillipson, Rabarimanarivo, J. I. Raharilala, Rajaonary, Rakotonirina, R. H. Ramananjanahary, B. Ramandimbisoa, A. Randrianasolo, N. Ravololomanana, Z. S. Rogers, C. M. Taylor & G. A. Wahlert |year=2011 |title=Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar |series=Monographs in Systematic Botany |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
''Cyperus'' species are eaten by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including ''[[Batrachedra cuniculata]]''. They also provide an alternative food source for ''[[Bicyclus anynana]]'' larvae.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rinny E. Kooi |author2=Paul M. Brakefield |author3=William E. M.-T. Rossie |year=1996 |title=Effects of food plant on phenotypic plasticity in the tropical butterfly ''Bicyclus anynana'' |journal=[[Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata]] |volume=80 |pages=149–151 |doi=10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00906.x}}</ref> The seeds and tubers are an important food for many small [[bird]]s and [[mammal]]s.
''Cyperus'' species are eaten by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including ''[[Chedra microstigma]]''. They also provide an alternative food source for ''[[Bicyclus anynana]]'' larvae.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rinny E. Kooi |author2=Paul M. Brakefield |author3=William E. M.-T. Rossie |year=1996 |title=Effects of food plant on phenotypic plasticity in the tropical butterfly ''Bicyclus anynana'' |journal=[[Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=149–151 |doi=10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00906.x|bibcode=1996EEApp..80..149K |s2cid=221678693 }}</ref> The seeds and tubers are an important food for many small [[bird]]s and [[mammal]]s.


''[[Cyperus microcristatus]]'' (from [[Cameroon]]) and ''[[Cyperus multifolius|C. multifolius]]'' (native to [[Panama]] and [[Ecuador]]) are possibly [[extinct]]; the former was only found once, in 1995, and the latter has not been seen in the last 200 years. The "true" papyrus sedge of [[Ancient Egypt]], ''C. papyrus'' subsp. ''hadidii'', is also very rare today due to draining of its wetland habitat; feared extinct in the mid-20th century, it is still found at a few sites in the [[Wadi El Natrun]] region and northern [[Sudan]].
''[[Cyperus microcristatus]]'' (from [[Cameroon]]) and ''[[Cyperus multifolius|C. multifolius]]'' (native to [[Panama]] and [[Ecuador]]) are possibly [[extinct]]; the former was only found once, in 1995, and the latter has not been seen in the last 200 years. The "true" papyrus sedge of [[Ancient Egypt]], ''C. papyrus'' subsp. ''hadidii'', is also very rare today due to draining of its wetland habitat; feared extinct in the mid-20th century, it is still found at a few sites in the [[Wadi El Natrun]] region and northern [[Sudan]].
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==Diversity==
==Diversity==
{{Main|List of Cyperus species}}
{{Main|List of Cyperus species}}
Around 700 species are currently recognised in the genus ''Cyperus''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Cyperaceae/Cyperus/ |title=''Cyperus'' |publisher=[[The Plant List]] |accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>
Around 700 species are currently recognised in the genus ''Cyperus''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Cyperaceae/Cyperus/ |title=''Cyperus'' |publisher=[[The Plant List]] |access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref>


==Fossil record==
==Fossil record==
Many [[fossil]] fruits of a ''Cyperus'' species have been described from [[middle Miocene]] [[strata]] of the Fasterholt area near [[Silkeborg]] in Central [[Jutland]], [[Denmark]].<ref>Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by [[Else Marie Friis]], The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985</ref> Several [[fossil]] fruits of †''Cyperus distachyoformis'' have been extracted from bore hole samples of the [[Middle Miocene]] fresh water deposits in [[Nowy Sacz]] Basin, [[West Carpathians]], [[Poland]].<ref>Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.</ref>
Many [[fossil]] fruits of a ''Cyperus'' species have been described from [[middle Miocene]] [[strata]] of the Fasterholt area near [[Silkeborg]] in Central [[Jutland]], [[Denmark]].<ref>Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by [[Else Marie Friis]], The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985</ref> Several [[fossil]] fruits of †''Cyperus distachyoformis'' have been extracted from [[borehole]] samples of the [[Middle Miocene]] fresh water deposits in [[Nowy Sacz]] Basin, [[West Carpathians]], [[Poland]].<ref>Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3–117.</ref>


==Use by humans==
==Use by humans==
Papyrus sedge (''[[Cyperus papyrus|C. papyrus]]'') of [[Africa]] was of major historical importance in providing [[papyrus]]. ''[[Cyperus giganteus|C. giganteus]]'', locally known as ''cañita'', is used by the [[Yokot'an]] [[Maya peoples|Maya]] of [[Tabasco]], [[Mexico]], for weaving ''petates'' (sleeping mats) and [[sombrero]]s. ''[[Cyperus textilis|C. textilis]]'' and ''[[Cyperus pangorei|C. pangorei]]'' are traditionally used to produce the typical mats of [[Palakkad]] in [[India]], and the ''[[makaloa]]'' mats of [[Niihau]] were made from ''[[Cyperus laevigatus|C. laevigatus]]''.
Papyrus sedge (''[[Cyperus papyrus|C. papyrus]]'') of [[Africa]] was of major historical importance in providing [[papyrus]]. ''[[Cyperus giganteus|C. giganteus]]'', locally known as ''cañita'', is used by the [[Yokot'an]] [[Maya peoples|Maya]] of [[Tabasco]], [[Mexico]], for weaving ''petates'' (sleeping mats) and [[sombrero]]s. ''[[Cyperus textilis|C. textilis]]'' and ''[[Cyperus pangorei|C. pangorei]]'' are traditionally used to produce the typical mats of [[Palakkad]] in [[India]], and the ''[[makaloa]]'' mats of [[Niihau]] were made from ''[[Cyperus laevigatus|C. laevigatus]]''.


The [[chufa flatsedge]] (''C.&nbsp;esculentus'') has edible [[tuber]]s and is grown commercially for these; they are eaten as vegetables, made into sweets, or used to produce the ''[[horchata]]'' of the [[Valencian Community|Valencia]] region. Several other species – e.g. [[Australian bush onion]] (''C.&nbsp;bulbosus'') – are eaten to a smaller extent. For some Northern [[Northern Paiute|Paiutes]], ''Cyperus'' tubers were a mainstay food, to the extent that they were known as ''tövusi-dökadö'' ("nutsedge tuber eaters")<ref>{{Cite book|title=Corbett Mack: The Life of a Northern Paiute|last=Hittman|first=Michael|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|year=1996|isbn=9780803223769|location=|pages=274 – 275}}</ref><!-- unclear; N Paiute group names were typically "[food type]-eater". Paiute word for "eater" is given as "ticutta", which is clearly related to "dökadö" but perhaps not identical; "dökadö" might be from other Numic language (Mono?) -->
The [[Cyperus esculentus|chufa flatsedge]] (''C.&nbsp;esculentus'') has edible [[tuber]]s and is grown commercially for these; they are eaten as vegetables, made into sweets, or used to produce the ''[[horchata]]'' in the [[Valencian Community|Valencia]] region. Several other species – e.g. [[Australian bush onion]] (''C.&nbsp;bulbosus'') – are eaten to a smaller extent. For some Northern [[Northern Paiute|Paiutes]], ''Cyperus'' tubers were a mainstay food, to the extent that they were known as ''tövusi-dökadö'' ("nutsedge tuber eaters")<ref>{{Cite book|title=Corbett Mack: The Life of a Northern Paiute|last=Hittman|first=Michael|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|year=1996|isbn=9780803223769|pages=[https://archive.org/details/corbettmacklifeo0000hitt/page/274 274–275]|url=https://archive.org/details/corbettmacklifeo0000hitt/page/274}}</ref><!-- unclear; N Paiute group names were typically "[food type]-eater". Paiute word for "eater" is given as "ticutta", which is clearly related to "dökadö" but perhaps not identical; "dökadö" might be from other Numic language (Mono?) -->


Priprioca (''[[Cyperus articulatus|C.&nbsp;articulatus]]'') is one of the traditional [[spice]]s of the [[Amazon basin|Amazon]] region and its reddish [[essential oil]] is used commercially both by the cosmetic industry, and increasingly as a [[flavor]]ing for food.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Atala | first1 = A. | doi = 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2011.11.001 | title = A new ingredient: The introduction of priprioca in gastronomy | journal = International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science | volume = 1 | pages = 61–81 | year = 2012 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.natura.net/port/hotsite/ekos_priprioca/index.asp|title=Perfumes baseados em Priprioca|author=[[Natura]]|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403052219/http://www.natura.net/port/hotsite/ekos_priprioca/index.asp|archivedate=2009-04-03}}</ref> Interest is increasing in the larger, fast-growing species as crops for [[paper]] and [[biofuel]] production.
Priprioca (''[[Cyperus articulatus|C.&nbsp;articulatus]]'') is one of the traditional [[spice]]s of the [[Amazon basin|Amazon]] region and its reddish [[essential oil]] is used commercially both by the cosmetic industry, and increasingly as a [[flavoring]] for food.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Atala | first1 = A. | doi = 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2011.11.001 | title = A new ingredient: The introduction of priprioca in gastronomy | journal = International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science | volume = 1 | pages = 61–81 | year = 2012 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.natura.net/port/hotsite/ekos_priprioca/index.asp|title=Perfumes baseados em Priprioca|author=Natura|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403052219/http://www.natura.net/port/hotsite/ekos_priprioca/index.asp|archive-date=2009-04-03|author-link=Natura}}</ref> Interest is increasing in the larger, fast-growing species as crops for [[paper]] and [[biofuel]] production.


Some species are grown as [[ornamental plant|ornamental]] or [[pot plant]]s, notably:
Some species are grown as [[ornamental plant|ornamental]] or [[pot plant]]s, notably:
* ''[[Cyperus alternifolius]]'' syn. ''C. involucratus'' (umbrella papyrus)<ref name=AZEGP>{{cite book | editor-last = Brickell | editor-first = Christopher | title = The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants | year = 2008 | page = 302 | publisher = Dorling Kindersley | location = United Kingdom | isbn = 9781405332965}}</ref>
⚫
* ''[[Cyperus alternifolius]]'' (umbrella papyrus)
*''[[Cyperus albostriatus]]'' (dwarf umbrella sedge), formerly called ''C. diffusus'')
*''[[Cyperus albostriatus]]'' (dwarf umbrella sedge), formerly called ''C.&nbsp;diffusus'')<ref name=AZEGP/>
*''[[Cyperus haspan]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pondinformer.com/dwarf-papyrus-cyperus-haspan/ |title=How to Plant & Grow Dwarf Papyrus (''Cyperus haspan'') |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=29 January 2021 |website=Pond Informer |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Cyperus involucratus]]'' (umbrella plant)
*''[[Cyperus longus]]''<ref name=AZEGP/><ref name=WildePlNL>{{cite web |url=https://wilde-planten.nl/roodcypergras.htm |title=Rood cypergras – ''Cyperus longus'' |last=Dijkstra |first=K.M. |date=2022 |website=Wilde planten in Nederland en België |publisher=K.M. Dijkstra |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'' (papyrus)<ref name=AZEGP>{{cite book
⚫
*''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'' (papyrus)<ref name=AZEGP/>
| editor-last = Brickell
| editor-first = Christopher
| title = The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants
| year = 2008
| page = 302
| publisher = Dorling Kindersley
| location = United Kingdom
| isbn = 9781405332965}}</ref>


Some ''Cyperus'' species are used in [[folk medicine]]. Roots of [[Near East]] species were a component of ''[[kyphi]]'', a medical [[incense]] of [[Ancient Egypt]]. Tubers of ''[[Cyperus rotundus|C. rotundus]]'' (purple nut-sedge) tubers are used in ''[[kampō]]''.
Some ''Cyperus'' species are used in [[folk medicine]]. Roots of [[Near East]] species were a component of ''[[kyphi]]'', a medical [[incense]] of [[Ancient Egypt]]. Tubers of ''[[Cyperus rotundus|C. rotundus]]'' (purple nut-sedge) tubers are used in ''[[kampō]]''.
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Commons category inline}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*{{Wikispecies inline}}
* [http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/cyperus/cyperus.html CYPERUS interactive identification key by D. M. Ferguson @ LSU Herbarium]
* [http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/cyperus/cyperus.html CYPERUS interactive identification key by D. M. Ferguson @ LSU Herbarium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829171038/http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/cyperus/cyperus.html |date=29 August 2015 }}
* [http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/ CYPERACEAE interactive identification keys @ LSU Herbarium]
* [http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/ CYPERACEAE interactive identification keys @ LSU Herbarium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709002648/http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/carex/carex.html |date=9 July 2010 }}
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=109010 Flora of China Vol. 23 Page 219, 莎草属 suo cao shu, ''Cyperus'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 44. 1753.]
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=109010 Flora of China Vol. 23 Page 219, 莎草属 suo cao shu, ''Cyperus'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 44. 1753.]
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=109010 Flora of Pakistan, V. 206 Page 89, ''Cyperus'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 44. 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 26. 1754; Boiss., Fl. Or. 5: 363. 1882; C.B.Clarke in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 597. 1893; R. R. Stewart, l.c. 86. 1972; ''Kukkonen'' in Rech.f., Fl. Iranica 173: 85. 1998.]
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=109010 Flora of Pakistan, V. 206 Page 89, ''Cyperus'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 44. 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 26. 1754; Boiss., Fl. Or. 5: 363. 1882; C.B.Clarke in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 597. 1893; R. R. Stewart, l.c. 86. 1972; ''Kukkonen'' in Rech.f., Fl. Iranica 173: 85. 1998.]
*[https://flora.org.il/en/books/plant-stories-2/chapter-1/useful_plants_a4/ Cords and a fishnet from Cyperus & Scirpus]


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{{Taxonbar|from1=Q161224|from2=Q24195205|from3=Q95919585}}
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[[Category:Cyperus| ]]
[[Category:Cyperus| ]]

Revision as of 03:18, 29 June 2024

Cyperus
Dwarf umbrella-sedge, Cyperus albostriatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Cyperaceae
Genus: Cyperus
L.
Species

About 700

Synonyms[1]
List
  • Acorellus Palla ex Kneuck.
  • Adupla Bosc ex Juss.
  • Aliniella J.Raynal, nom. illeg., non Skvortzow
  • Alinula J.Raynal
  • Androcoma Nees
  • Androtrichum (Brongn.) Brongn.
  • Anosporum Nees
  • Antrolepis Welw.
  • Ascolepis Nees
  • Ascopholis C.E.C.Fisch.
  • Atomostylis Steud.
  • Borabora Steud.
  • Chlorocyperus Rikli
  • Comostemum Nees
  • Courtoisina Soják
  • Crepidocarpus Klotzsch ex Boeckeler
  • Cylindrolepis Boeckeler
  • Cyprolepis Steud.
  • Diclidium Schrad. ex Nees
  • Didymia Phil.
  • Distimus Raf.
  • Duval-jouvea Palla
  • Epiphystis Trin.
  • Eucyperus Rikli
  • Galilea Parl.
  • Hedychloe Raf.
  • Hemicarpha Nees
  • Hydroschoenus Zoll. & Moritzi
  • Hypaelyptum Vahl
  • Indocourtoisia Bennet & Raizada
  • Juncellus C.B.Clarke
  • Killinga T.Lestib.
  • Kyllinga Rottb.
  • Kyllingiella R.W.Haines & Lye
  • Lipocarpha R.Br.
  • Lyprolepis Steud.
  • Mariscopsis Cherm.
  • Marisculus Goetgh
  • Mariscus Gaertn., nom. illeg., non Scop.
  • Mariscus Vahl, nom. cons.
  • Megarrhena Schrad. ex Nees
  • Opetiola Gaertn.
  • Oxycaryum Nees
  • Papyrus Willd.
  • Platylepis Kunth
  • Pseudomariscus Rauschert
  • Pterachne Schrad. ex Nees
  • Pterocyperus Opiz
  • Pterogyne Schrad. ex Nees
  • Pycreus P.Beauv.
  • Queenslandiella Domin
  • Raynalia Soják
  • Remirea Aubl.
  • Rikliella J.Raynal
  • Sorostachys Steud.
  • Sphaerocyperus Lye
  • Sphaeromariscus E.G.Camus
  • Thryocephalon J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
  • Torreya Raf.
  • Torulinium Desv. ex Ham.
  • Trentepohlia Boeckeler
  • Ungeria Nees ex C.B.Clarke
  • Volkiella Merxm. & Czech

Cyperus is a large genus of about 700 species of sedges, distributed throughout all continents in both tropical and temperate regions.[2][3]

Description

They are annual or perennial plants, mostly aquatic and growing in still or slow-moving water up to 0.5 metres (20 in) deep. The species vary greatly in size, with small species only 5 centimetres (2 in) tall, while others can reach 5 metres (16 ft) in height. Common names include papyrus sedges, flatsedges, nutsedges, umbrella-sedges and galingales. The stems are circular in cross-section in some, triangular in others, usually leafless for most of their length, with the slender grass-like leaves at the base of the plant, and in a whorl at the apex of the flowering stems. The flowers are greenish and wind-pollinated; they are produced in clusters among the apical leaves. The seed is a small nutlet.[4][5][6]

Ecology

Cyperus species are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including Chedra microstigma. They also provide an alternative food source for Bicyclus anynana larvae.[7] The seeds and tubers are an important food for many small birds and mammals.

Cyperus microcristatus (from Cameroon) and C. multifolius (native to Panama and Ecuador) are possibly extinct; the former was only found once, in 1995, and the latter has not been seen in the last 200 years. The "true" papyrus sedge of Ancient Egypt, C. papyrus subsp. hadidii, is also very rare today due to draining of its wetland habitat; feared extinct in the mid-20th century, it is still found at a few sites in the Wadi El Natrun region and northern Sudan.

Some tuber-bearing species on the other hand, most significantly the purple nutsedge, C. rotundus, are considered invasive weeds in much of the world.

Diversity

Main article: List of Cyperus species

Around 700 species are currently recognised in the genus Cyperus.[8]

Fossil record

Many fossil fruits of a Cyperus species have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.[9] Several fossil fruits of †Cyperus distachyoformis have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.[10]

Use by humans

Papyrus sedge (C. papyrus) of Africa was of major historical importance in providing papyrus. C. giganteus, locally known as cañita, is used by the Yokot'an Maya of Tabasco, Mexico, for weaving petates (sleeping mats) and sombreros. C. textilis and C. pangorei are traditionally used to produce the typical mats of Palakkad in India, and the makaloa mats of Niihau were made from C. laevigatus.

The chufa flatsedge (C. esculentus) has edible tubers and is grown commercially for these; they are eaten as vegetables, made into sweets, or used to produce the horchata in the Valencia region. Several other species – e.g. Australian bush onion (C. bulbosus) – are eaten to a smaller extent. For some Northern Paiutes, Cyperus tubers were a mainstay food, to the extent that they were known as tövusi-dökadö ("nutsedge tuber eaters")[11]

Priprioca (C. articulatus) is one of the traditional spices of the Amazon region and its reddish essential oil is used commercially both by the cosmetic industry, and increasingly as a flavoring for food.[12][13] Interest is increasing in the larger, fast-growing species as crops for paper and biofuel production.

Some species are grown as ornamental or pot plants, notably:

Some Cyperus species are used in folk medicine. Roots of Near East species were a component of kyphi, a medical incense of Ancient Egypt. Tubers of C. rotundus (purple nut-sedge) tubers are used in kampō.

An unspecified Cyperus is mentioned as an abortifacient in the 11th-century poem De viribus herbarum.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Cyperus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  2. ^ "Cyperus L., Sp. Pl.: 44 (1753)". Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 March 2015.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ Win Huygh; Isabel Larridon; Marc Reynders; A. Muthama Muasya; Rafaël H. A. Govaerts; David A. Simpson; Paul Goetghebeur (2010). "Nomenclature and typification of names of genera and subdivisions of genera in Cypereae (Cyperaceae): 1. Names of genera in the Cyperus clade". Taxon. 59 (6): 1883–1890. doi:10.1002/tax.596021.
  4. ^ Gordon C. Tucker; Brian G. Marcks; J. Richard Carter (2003). "Cyperus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 44. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 26. 1754". In Flora of North Americaial Committee (ed.). Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae. Flora of North America. Vol. 23. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–191.
  5. ^ C. D. Adams (1994). "5. Cyperus L.". In G. Davidse; M. Sousa Sánchez; A. O. Chater (eds.). Flora Mesoamericana. Vol. 6. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 423–440.
  6. ^ G. E. Schatz, S. Andriambololonera, Andrianarivelo, M. W. Callmander, Faranirina, P. P. Lowry, P. B. Phillipson, Rabarimanarivo, J. I. Raharilala, Rajaonary, Rakotonirina, R. H. Ramananjanahary, B. Ramandimbisoa, A. Randrianasolo, N. Ravololomanana, Z. S. Rogers, C. M. Taylor & G. A. Wahlert (2011). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Monographs in Systematic Botany. Missouri Botanical Garden.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Rinny E. Kooi; Paul M. Brakefield; William E. M.-T. Rossie (1996). "Effects of food plant on phenotypic plasticity in the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 80 (1): 149–151. Bibcode:1996EEApp..80..149K. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00906.x. S2CID 221678693.
  8. ^ "Cyperus". The Plant List. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  9. ^ Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by Else Marie Friis, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985
  10. ^ Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3–117.
  11. ^ Hittman, Michael (1996). Corbett Mack: The Life of a Northern Paiute. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 274–275. ISBN 9780803223769.
  12. ^ Atala, A. (2012). "A new ingredient: The introduction of priprioca in gastronomy". International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science. 1: 61–81. doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2011.11.001.
  13. ^ Natura. "Perfumes baseados em Priprioca". Archived from the original on 3 April 2009.
  14. ^ a b c d Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008). The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 302. ISBN 9781405332965.
  15. ^ "How to Plant & Grow Dwarf Papyrus (Cyperus haspan)". Pond Informer. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  16. ^ Dijkstra, K.M. (2022). "Rood cypergras – Cyperus longus". Wilde planten in Nederland en België (in Dutch). K.M. Dijkstra. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  17. ^ John M. Riddle (1994). Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674168763.
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