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{{Italic title}}
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{{multiple issues|{{Original research|date=August 2010}}{{Tone|date=November 2013}}}}
{{multiple issues|{{Original research|date=August 2010}}{{Tone|date=November 2013}}}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}

{{Infobox military unit
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'''Flyer Command Iraq''' ({{lang-de|link=no|'''Fliegerführer Irak'''}}){{#tag:ref|Some sources indicate that this unit was named "Special Force Junck" (''Sonderkommando Junck'')|group=nb}} was a unit of the German Air Force (''[[Luftwaffe]]'') sent to [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] in May 1941 as part of a [[Nazi Germany|German]] mission to support the regime of [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani|Rashid Ali]] during the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]. The mission was part of a larger effort to gain support in the Middle East for the [[Axis Powers]] against the United Kingdom and its [[Allies of World War II|allies]] during World War II.
| unit_name = Fliegerführer Irak
| image = Roundel of Iraq.svg
| caption = Iraqi aircraft marking, 1941
| dates = 2–29 May 1941
| disbanded = 30th May
| country = [[Kingdom of Iraq]]
| branch = Air Force
| type = Air wing
| size = 2 squadrons
| command_structure = [[Luftwaffe]]
| garrison = [[Berlin]]
| nickname =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]
| anniversaries =
| notable_commanders = [[Generaloberst]] [[Hans Jeschonnek]] and [[Generalleutnant]] [[Werner Junck]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_4_label =
| aircraft_bomber = Heinkel He 111
| aircraft_fighter = Messerschmitt Bf 110
| aircraft_transport = Junkers Ju 90 and Junkers Ju 52/3m
| current_commander =
| ceremonial_chief =
| ceremonial_chief_label =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
}}
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'''Flyer Command Iraq''' ({{lang-de|link=no|'''Fliegerführer Irak'''}}){{#tag:ref|Some sources indicate that this unit was named "Special Force Junck" (''Sonderkommando Junck'')|group=nb}} was a unit of the [[Germany|German]] Air Force (''[[Luftwaffe]]'') dispatched to [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] in May 1941 as part of a [[Nazi Germany|German]] mission to support the regime of [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani|Rashid Ali]] during the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]. The mission was part of a larger effort to gain support in the [[Middle East]] for the [[Axis Powers]] against the United Kingdom and its [[Allies of World War II|allies]] during the World War II.


==Background==
==Background==
On 1 April 1941, Rashid Ali and members of the "[[Golden Square (Iraq)|Golden Square]]" led a [[1941 Iraqi coup d'état|''coup d'état'' in Iraq]]. During the time leading up to the ''coup'', Rashid Ali's supporters had been informed that Germany was willing to recognize the independence of Iraq from the [[British Empire]], there had also been discussions on [[matériel]] being sent to support the Iraqis and other Arab factions in fighting the British.
On the 1st of April 1941, Rashid Ali and members of the "[[Golden Square (Iraq)|Golden Square]]" led a [[1941 Iraqi coup d'état|''coup d'état'' in Iraq]]. During the time leading up to the ''coup'', Rashid Ali's supporters had been informed that Germany was willing to recognize the independence of Iraq from the [[British Empire]]; there had also been discussions on sending [[matériel]] to support the Iraqis and other Arab factions in fighting the British.


German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] persuaded Nazi dictator [[Adolf Hitler]] on 3 May that Dr. [[Fritz Grobba]] be secretly returned to Iraq to head up a diplomatic mission to channel support to the Rashid Ali regime.<ref name="Lyman, p. 63">Lyman, p. 63</ref> Grobba's mission was accompanied by a military force commanded by the ''[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]]'', or ''OKW'' (the High Command of the Armed Forces). The military mission had the cover name ''Sonderstab F'' ([[Special Staff F]]); it included components from the ''[[Abwehr]]''-based [[Brandenburgers]] and from the ''Luftwaffe''. ''Sonderstab F'' was commanded by ''[[General|General der Flieger]]'' [[Hellmuth Felmy]].<ref name="Kurowski, p. 131">Kurowski, p. 131</ref> ''Fliegerführer Irak'' (Flyer Command Iraq) was the ''Luftwaffe'' component of ''Sonderstab F''. While ''Fliegerführer Irak'' was part of the ''Sonderstab F'' military mission, it was also somewhat separate from it. Its personnel reported to the ''Luftwaffe'' High Command and not to the Chief of the OKW.<ref>Kurowski, p. 141</ref>
German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] persuaded [[Adolf Hitler]] on the 3rd of May that Dr. [[Fritz Grobba]] be secretly returned to Iraq to head up a diplomatic mission to channel support for the Rashid Ali regime.<ref name="Lyman, p. 63">Lyman, p. 63</ref> Grobba's mission was accompanied by a military force commanded by the ''[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]]'', or ''OKW'' (the High Command of the Armed Forces). The military mission had the cover name ''Sonderstab F'' ([[Special Staff F]]); it included components from the ''[[Abwehr]]''-based [[Brandenburgers]] and the ''Luftwaffe''. ''Sonderstab F'' was commanded by ''[[General der Flieger]]'' [[Hellmuth Felmy]].<ref name="Kurowski, p. 131">Kurowski, p. 131</ref> ''Fliegerführer Irak'' (Flyer Command Iraq) was the ''Luftwaffe'' component of ''Sonderstab F,'' and while it was a part of the ''Sonderstab F'' military mission, it was also somewhat separate from it. Its personnel reported to the ''Luftwaffe'' High Command and not to the chief of the OKW.<ref>Kurowski, p. 141</ref>


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On the 6th of May, in accordance with the "[[Paris Protocols]]", Germany concluded a deal with the [[Vichy French]] government to release war material, including aircraft, from sealed stockpiles in Syria, and to transport them to the Iraqis. The French also agreed to allow the passage of other weapons and stores, and to loan several airbases in northern Syria to Germany for the transport of their aircraft to Iraq.<ref>Playfair (1956), pp. 194–195</ref>
[[File:IQAF Symbol.svg|thumb|left|75px|Iraqi aircraft marking, 1941.]]
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On 6 May, in accordance with the "[[Paris Protocols]]", Germany concluded a deal with the [[Vichy French]] government to release war matériel, including aircraft, from sealed stockpiles in Syria and transport them to the Iraqis. The French also agreed to allow the passage of other weapons and stores as well as loaning several airbases in northern Syria, to Germany, for the transport of their aircraft to Iraq.<ref>Playfair (1956), pp. 194–195</ref>


Also on 6 May, ''Luftwaffe'' [[Colonel|Oberst]] [[Werner Junck]] received instructions in Berlin that he was to take a small force of aircraft to Iraq. The force was named ''Special Force Junck'' (''Sonderkommando Junck'')<ref name="Lyman, p. 63" /> Junck met [[Reichsmarschall]] [[Hermann Göring]] and was named ''Commander of Aviation Iraq.'' (''Fliegerführer Irak'')<ref>Kurowski, p. 131</ref> Junck was then briefed by ''[[Lieutenant General|Generalleutnant]]'' [[Hans Jeschonnek]], Göring's [[Chief of Staff]]. While under Junck's tactical direction, ''Sonderkommando Junck'' was to be under the overall direction of Jeschonnek. The aircraft of ''Sonderkommando Junck'' had Iraqi markings and operated from an air base in [[Mosul]], some 240 miles north of [[Baghdad]].<ref name="Lyman, p. 63"/>
Also on the 6th of May, ''Luftwaffe [[Oberst]]'' [[Werner Junck]] received instructions in Berlin that he was to take to Iraq a small force of aircraft, which came to be named Special Force Junck (''Sonderkommando Junck'').<ref name="Lyman, p. 63" /> After meeting with [[Reichsmarschall]] [[Hermann Göring]], Junck was named Commander of Aviation Iraq (''Fliegerführer Irak'').<ref name="Kurowski, p. 131"/> Junck was then briefed by ''[[Generalleutnant]]'' [[Hans Jeschonnek]], Göring's [[chief of staff]]. While under Junck's tactical direction, ''Sonderkommando Junck'' was to be under the overall direction of Jeschonnek. The aircraft of ''Sonderkommando Junck'' had Iraqi markings and operated from an air base in [[Mosul]], some 240 miles north of [[Baghdad]].<ref name="Lyman, p. 63"/>


==Initial composition==
==Initial composition==
''Fliegerführer Irak'' was to consist of a squadron of [[Messerschmitt Bf 110]] ''zerstörer'' [[heavy fighter]]s (12 aircraft) from the 4. ''Staffel''/[[Zerstörergeschwader 76|ZG 76]], and a squadron of [[Heinkel He 111]] bombers (12 aircraft). In addition, to assist in transporting the force to Iraq, Junck was lent 13 [[Junkers Ju 52]]/3m trimotor transports and [[Junkers Ju 90]] four-engined transport aircraft. All but three of these transports had to be returned to Greece immediately to prepare for the [[Battle of Crete|invasion of Crete]].<ref name="Lyman, p. 63" />{{#tag:ref|Playfair states this force was made up initially of 14 Messerschmitt 110s and 7 Heinkel 111s.<ref>Playfair (1956), p. 195</ref> Lyman states it was 12 Heinkel 111s and 12 Messerschmitt 110s.<ref name="Lyman, p. 63"/> Mackenzie states the force consisted of 15 Heinkel 111s and 14 Messerschmitt 110s.<ref>Mackenzie, p. 100</ref> Kurowski states the force consisted of 9 Heinkel 111s and 12 Messerschmitt 110s.<ref name="Kurowski, p. 131"/>|group=nb}}.
''Fliegerführer Irak'' was to consist of a squadron of [[Messerschmitt Bf 110]] ''zerstörer'' [[heavy fighter]]s (12 aircraft) from the 4. ''Staffel''/ [[Zerstörergeschwader 76|ZG 76]], and a squadron of [[Heinkel He 111]] bombers (12 aircraft). In addition, to assist in transporting the force to Iraq, Junck was lent 13 [[Junkers Ju 52]]/3m trimotor transports and [[Junkers Ju 90]] four-engined transport aircraft. All but three of these transports had to be returned to Greece immediately to prepare for the [[Battle of Crete|invasion of Crete]].<ref name="Lyman, p. 63" />{{#tag:ref|Playfair states this force was made up initially of 14 Messerschmitt 110s and 7 Heinkel 111s.<ref>Playfair (1956), p. 195</ref> Lyman states it was 12 Heinkel 111s and 12 Messerschmitt 110s.<ref name="Lyman, p. 63"/> Mackenzie states the force consisted of 15 Heinkel 111s and 14 Messerschmitt 110s.<ref>Mackenzie, p. 100</ref> Kurowski states the force consisted of 9 Heinkel 111s and 12 Messerschmitt 110s.<ref name="Kurowski, p. 131"/>|group=nb}}


The military aircraft deployed by the end of the mission were as follows:
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Junck was accompanied to Iraq by Major [[Axel von Blomberg]]. It was von Blomberg's task to head a reconnaissance group that was to precede the unit<ref name="Kurowski, p. 131"/> and to integrate ''Fliegerführer Irak'' with Iraqi forces in operations against the British.<ref name="Lyman, p. 63"/>

*3 Bf 110D-1 heavy fighters
*3 Bf 110D-3 heavy fighters
*6 Bf 110E-1 heavy fighters
*12 CR.42 fighters
*6 He 111H-6 tactical bombers
*6 He 111P-4 tactical bombers
*10 Ju 52/3m military transports
*3 Ju 90A-0 military transports

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Junck was accompanied to Iraq by Major [[Axel von Blomberg]]. Von Blomberg's task was to head a reconnaissance group preceding the unit<ref name="Kurowski, p. 131"/> and to integrate ''Fliegerführer Irak'' with Iraqi forces in operations against the British army.<ref name="Lyman, p. 63"/>


==Arrival==
==Arrival==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-382-0211-22, Flugzeug Messerschmitt Me 110.jpg|thumb|200px|right|While the German markings were over-painted with Iraqi symbols, many Messerschmitt Bf 110s in Iraq still featured "shark teeth" markings of 4/[[Zerstörergeschwader 76|ZG 76]] on the nose.]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-382-0211-22, Flugzeug Messerschmitt Me 110.jpg|thumb|200px|right|While the German markings were over-painted with Iraqi symbols, many Messerschmitt Bf 110s in Iraq still featured "shark teeth" markings of 4/[[Zerstörergeschwader 76|ZG 76]] on the nose.]]
Dr. Grobba and his mission reached [[Aleppo]] in [[French Mandate of Syria|Syria]] on 9 May. They were accompanied by two Messerschmitt Bf 110s. On 11 May, they reached Baghdad.
Dr. Grobba and his mission reached [[Aleppo]] in [[French Mandate of Syria|Syria]] on 9 May, accompanied by two Messerschmitt Bf 110s. They reached Baghdad on 11 May.


On 13 May, the bulk of Junck's force arrived in Mosul. The flight had taken the aircraft some 36 hours and covered 1200 miles. Over the following days, Junck's aircraft became increasingly frequent visitors to Baghdad.
On the 13th of May, the bulk of Junck's force arrived in Mosul. The flight had taken the aircraft some 36 hours and covered 1200 miles. Over the following days, Junck's aircraft became increasingly frequent visitors to Baghdad.


Junck's transport aircraft began to stage through Aleppo to Mosul on 14 May. On this date, a further three Messerschmitt Bf 110s and three Heinkel He 111s arrived in Mosul. Due to damaged rear wheels, two over-loaded Heinkel He 111s were left in [[Palmyra]] in central Syria. British fighters illegally entered [[Vichy French]] air-space and strafed the disabled Heinkels.
Junck's transport aircraft began to stage through Aleppo to Mosul on the 14th of May. On this date, a further three Messerschmitt Bf 110s and three Heinkel He 111s arrived in Mosul. Due to damaged rear wheels, two over-loaded Heinkel He 111s were left in [[Palmyra]] in central Syria. British fighters illegally entered [[Vichy French]] airspace and strafed the disabled Heinkels.


On 15 May, Junck arrived in Mosul with a further nine aircraft. By the end of the day, he had assembled a force comprising 12 Messerschmitt Bf 110s, 5 Heinkel He 111s, a communications flight with light aircraft, a section of [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft guns]], and 3 Junkers Ju 52s.<ref name="Lyman65">Lyman, pp. 64–65</ref>
On the 15th of May, Junck arrived in Mosul with a further nine aircraft. By the end of the day, he had assembled a force comprising 12 Messerschmitt Bf 110s, 5 Heinkel He 111s, a communications flight with light aircraft, a section of [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft guns]], and 3 Junkers Ju 52s.<ref name="Lyman65">Lyman, pp. 64–65</ref>


==Activities==
==Activities==
British forces had already begun to counterattack in Iraq. By 15 May, Junck knew that "[[Habforce]]" was on its way to [[RAF Habbaniya]] and Kingcol had taken [[Rutbah|Rutba Fort]]. Junck sent a lone Heinkel bomber to find "Kingcol" at Rutba. The bomber found and attacked "Kingcol", which alerted the British to the German military assistance to the Iraqi regime.
British forces had already begun to counterattack in Iraq. By the 15th of May, Junck knew that "[[Habforce]]" was on its way to [[RAF Habbaniya]] and "[[Kingcol]]" had taken [[Rutbah|Rutba Fort]]. Junck sent a lone Heinkel bomber to find "Kingcol" at Rutba. The bomber found and attacked "Kingcol", which alerted the British of the German military assistance to the Iraqis.


On the same day, von Blomberg was sent by Junck to Baghdad to make arrangements for a council of war with the Iraqi government. The council was planned for 17 May. However, von Blomberg was killed by friendly fire from Iraqi positions. His Heinkel He 111 was shot at from the ground as it flew low on approach and von Blomberg was found to be dead upon landing.{{#tag:ref|Lyman indicates von Blomberg was shot down by Iraqi troops while Kurowski indicates that he was shot when Arab tribesmen fired into the air and was found to be dead upon landing|group=nb}}.
On the same day, von Blomberg was sent by Junck to Baghdad to make arrangements for a council of war with the Iraqi government. The council was planned for the 17th of May. However, von Blomberg was killed by friendly fire from Iraqi positions. His [[Heinkel He 111]] was shot at from the ground as it flew low on approach and he was found to be dead upon landing.{{#tag:ref|Lyman indicates von Blomberg was shot down by Iraqi troops while Kurowski indicates that he was shot when Arab tribesmen fired into the air and was found to be dead upon landing|group=nb}}


Junck visited Baghdad in place of von Blomberg on 16 May. He met Dr. Grobba, Rashid Ali, General [[Muhamed Amin Zaki|Amin Zaki]], Colonel [[Nur ed-Din Mahmud]], and [[Mahmud Salman]]. The group agreed on a number of priorities for ''Fliegerführer Irak''. The first was to prevent ''Kingcol'' from reaching [[RAF Habbaniya]]. The second was for Iraqi ground forces to take Habbaniya with air support provided by ''Fliegerführer Irak''. It was also very important to the Germans to provide the [[Iraqi Army|Royal Iraqi Army]] with a "spine straightening." Much of the RIrA was known to be terrified of bombing by British aircraft.
Junck visited Baghdad in place of von Blomberg on the 16th of May. He met Dr. Grobba, Rashid Ali, General [[Muhamed Amin Zaki|Amin Zaki]], Colonel [[Nur ed-Din Mahmud]], and [[Mahmud Salman]]. The group agreed on a number of priorities for ''Fliegerführer Irak''. The first was to prevent ''Kingcol'' from reaching [[RAF Habbaniya]]. The second was for Iraqi ground forces to take Habbaniya with air support provided by ''Fliegerführer Irak''. It was also very important to the Germans to provide the [[Iraqi Army|Royal Iraqi Army]] with a "spine straightening". Much of the RIrA was known to be terrified of bombing by British aircraft.


On the same day, Junck arranged for a raid by ''Fliegerführer Irak'' on Habbaniya. Six Messerschmitt Bf 110s and 3 Heinkel He 111s attacked the base, which took the RAF personnel there by surprise. However, while a number of defenders were killed on the ground, the Germans lost a Heinkel in exchange for an [[Hawker Hart#Audax|Audax]] and a [[Gloster Gladiator|Gladiator]].
On the same day, Junck arranged for a raid by ''Fliegerführer Irak'' on Habbaniya. Six Messerschmitt Bf 110s and 3 Heinkel He 111s attacked the base, which took the RAF personnel there by surprise. A number of defenders were killed on the ground and a [[Hawker Hart#Audax|Audax]] and a [[Gloster Gladiator|Gladiator]] were destroyed. A German Heinkel was also lost.


On 17 May, three Messerschmitt Bf 110s attacked an extended column of ''Kingcol'' in the open desert. Luckily for the British, the fighters had not attacked the previous day when many vehicles were caught up to the axles in soft sand.<ref>Lyman, p. 60</ref>
On the 17th of May, three Messerschmitt Bf 110s attacked an extended column of ''Kingcol'' in the open desert. Luckily for the British, the fighters had not attacked the previous day when many vehicles were caught up to the axles in soft sand.<ref>Lyman, p. 60</ref>


On the same day, the British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) paid Junck back with his own coin. Two cannon-firing, long-range [[Hawker Hurricane]]s which had arrived unannounced from Egypt, and six [[Bristol Blenheim]] bombers from [[No. 84 Squadron RAF|84 Squadron]], struck the Germans at Mosul. For the loss of one Hurricane, two German aircraft were destroyed and four damaged. In addition, two Gladiator biplane fighters from Habbaniya encountered two Messerschmitt 110s attempting to take off from Rashid Airfield in Baghdad. Both Messerschmitts were destroyed.
On the same day, the British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) attacked the Germans in Mosul with two cannon-firing, long-range [[Hawker Hurricane]]s which had arrived unannounced from Egypt, and six [[Bristol Blenheim]] bombers from [[No. 84 Squadron RAF|84 Squadron]]. The British lost one Hurricane, with two German aircraft being destroyed and four damaged. In addition, two Gladiator biplane fighters from Habbaniya encountered two Messerschmitt 110s attempting to take off from Rashid Airfield in Baghdad. Both Messerschmitts were destroyed.


By 18 May, Junck's force had been whittled down to 8 Messerschmitt Bf 110s, 4 Heinkel He 111s, and 2 Junkers Ju 52s. This represented a roughly 30 percent loss of his original force. With few replacements available, no spares, poor fuel and aggressive attacks by the British, this rate of attrition did not bode well for ''Fliegerführer Irak''. By the end of May, Junck had lost 14 Messerschmitts and 5 Heinkels.<ref name="Lyman68">Lyman, pp. 66–68</ref>
By the 18th of May, Junck's force had been whittled down to 8 Messerschmitt Bf 110s, 4 Heinkel He 111s, and 2 Junkers Ju 52s. This represented a roughly 30 percent loss of his original force. With few replacements available, no spares, poor fuel, and aggressive attacks by the British, this rate of attrition did not bode well for ''Fliegerführer Irak''. By the end of May, Junck had lost 14 Messerschmitts and 5 Heinkels.<ref name="Lyman68">Lyman, pp. 66–68</ref>


{{Quote box
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Hitler issued "[[Führer Directive No. 30]] on 23 May."<ref>Kurowski, p. 140</ref> Among other things, it said {{cquote|''"The Arab Freedom Movement in the Middle East is our natural ally against England. In this connection special importance is attached to the liberation of Iraq ... I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq."''}}
| title = Hitler's orders regarding Iraq
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| quote = The Arab Freedom Movement in the Middle East is our natural ally against England. In this connection special importance is attached to the liberation of Iraq ... I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq.
| source = [[Führer Directive No. 30]], 23 May 1941
| width = 50%
}}


Hitler, in support of the Iraqi insurrection, issued [[Führer Directive No. 30]] on 23 May.<ref>Kurowski, p. 140</ref>
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On 27 May, twelve [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Italian]] [[Fiat CR.42]] biplane fighters of the ''[[Regia Aeronautica]]'' (Royal Italian Air Force) arrived in Mosul to operate under German command.<ref>Playfair (1956), pp. 196</ref> By 29 May, Italian aircraft were reported over Baghdad.<ref>Wavell, p. 4095</ref> According to Winston Churchill, the Italian aircraft accomplished nothing.<ref>Churchill, Chapter 14, ''The Revolt in Iraq'', p. 234</ref> Other reports state that they actually arrived in time to take part in the final air battle of the Iraq campaign on 29 May, scoring victories against [[No. 94 Squadron RAF]].<ref name="Thomas 2002, p. 81">Thomas 2002, p. 81</ref>


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On the 27th of May, twelve [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]] [[Fiat CR.42]] biplane fighters of the ''[[Regia Aeronautica]]'' (Royal Italian Air Force) arrived in Mosul to operate under German command.<ref>Playfair (1956), pp. 196</ref> By the 29th of May, Italian aircraft were reported over Baghdad.<ref>Wavell, p. 4095</ref> According to Winston Churchill, the Italian aircraft accomplished nothing.<ref>Churchill, Chapter 14, ''The Revolt in Iraq'', p. 234</ref> Other reports state that they actually arrived in time to take part in the final air battle of the Iraq campaign on the 29th of May, scoring victories against [[No. 94 Squadron RAF]].<ref name="Thomas 2002, p. 81">Thomas 2002, p. 81</ref>
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Grobba sent a panicked message from Baghdad to Berlin on 28 May reporting that the British were close to the city with more than "one hundred tanks." By then, Junck had no serviceable Messerschmitt Bf 110s and only two Heinkel He 111s with just four bombs between them.<ref name="Lyman84"/>


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Grobba sent a panicked message from Baghdad to Berlin on the 28th of May reporting that the British were close to the city with more than "one hundred tanks". By then, Junck had no serviceable Messerschmitt Bf 110s and only two Heinkel He 111s with just four bombs between them.<ref name="Lyman84"/>
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The German military mission to Iraq left under cover of darkness on 29 May. Dr. Grobba himself fled Iraq the next day.<ref name="Lyman84">Lyman, p. 84</ref>

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The German military mission to Iraq left under cover of darkness on the 29th of May. Dr. Grobba himself fled Iraq the next day.<ref name="Lyman84">Lyman, p. 84</ref>


==Commanders==
==Commanders==
* [[Generalleutnant|Lieutenant General]] [[Hans Jeschonnek]] – 6 May 1941 to 29 May 1941 (in Europe)
* [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] [[Hans Jeschonnek]] – 6 May 1941 to 29 May 1941 (in Europe)
* Colonel [[Werner Junck]] – 6 May 1941 to 29 May 1941 (in Iraq)
* [[Generalleutnant|Lieutenant General]] [[Werner Junck]] – 6 May 1941 to 29 May 1941 (in Iraq)


==See also==
==See also==

{{Portal|World War II}}
* [[Bombing of Palestine in World War II]]
* [[Bombing of Palestine in World War II]]
* [[Syria-Lebanon Campaign]]
* [[Syria-Lebanon Campaign]]
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{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Bibliography
;Bibliography
*{{cite book| first=Winston |last=Churchill |authorlink=Winston Churchill |series=|title=The Second World War, Volume III, The Grand Alliance| chapter= Chapter 14: The Revolt in Iraq |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |location= Boston |year=1985 |origyear=1950 |isbn=0-395-41057-6}}
*{{cite book| first=Winston |last=Churchill |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Second World War, Volume III, The Grand Alliance| chapter= Chapter 14: The Revolt in Iraq |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |location= Boston |year=1985 |orig-year=1950 |isbn=0-395-41057-6}}
*{{cite book| first=Robert|last=Lyman| series=Campaign| title=Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad| publisher=Osprey Publishing | location=Oxford, New York| year=2006 | pages=96 | isbn=1-84176-991-6}}
*{{cite book| first=Robert|last=Lyman| series=Campaign| title=Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad| publisher=Osprey Publishing | location=Oxford, New York| year=2006 | pages=96 | isbn=1-84176-991-6}}
*{{cite book| first=Franz|last=Kurowski| series=| title=The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II| publisher=Stackpole Book | location=Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania| year=2005 | isbn=978-0-8117-3250-5}}
*{{cite book| first=Franz|last=Kurowski| title=The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II| publisher=Stackpole Book | location=Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania| year=2005 | isbn=978-0-8117-3250-5}}
*{{cite book| first=Compton|last=Mackenzie| authorlink=Compton Mackenzie| series=| title=Eastern Epic: Volume 1 September 1939 – March 1943 Defence| publisher=Chatto & Windus | location=London|oclc=59637091}}
*{{cite book| first=Compton|last=Mackenzie| author-link=Compton Mackenzie| title=Eastern Epic: Volume 1 September 1939 – March 1943 Defence| publisher=Chatto & Windus | location=London|oclc=59637091}}
*{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| author1-link=|first2=Captain F.C.|last2=with Flynn R.N.| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshal S.E.| last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J.R.M|editor-link=|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)| publisher=Naval & Military Press| year=2004| origyear=1st. pub. HMSO 1956| isbn=1-84574-066-1|lastauthoramp=y}}
*{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair|first2=Captain F.C.|last2=with Flynn R.N.| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshal S.E.| last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J.R.M|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)| publisher=Naval & Military Press| year=2004| orig-year=1st. pub. HMSO 1956| isbn=1-84574-066-1|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Andrew |title=Gloster Gladiator Aces |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2002 |location=Botley, UK |isbn=1-84176-289-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Andrew |title=Gloster Gladiator Aces |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2002 |location=Botley, UK |isbn=1-84176-289-X}}
*{{cite book| first=Archibald| last=Wavell| year=1946| authorlink=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell| title=Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria and Iran from 10th April, 1941 to 12th January, 1942| publisher= War Office| location= London}} in {{London Gazette| issue=37685 |date=13 August 1946 |supp=y|pages=4093–4102}}
*{{cite book| first=Archibald| last=Wavell| year=1946| author-link=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell| title=Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria and Iran from 10th April, 1941 to 12th January, 1942| publisher= War Office| location= London}} in {{London Gazette| issue=37685 |date=13 August 1946 |supp=y|pages=4093–4102}}


==External links==
==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/37685.pdf |title=Archibald Wavell's Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria, and Iran From 10th April, 1941 to 12th January 1942.|work=Supplement to the London Gazette, Number 37685|date=13 August 1946|accessdate=26 September 2009}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/37685.pdf |title=Archibald Wavell's Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria, and Iran From 10th April, 1941 to 12th January 1942.|work=Supplement to the London Gazette, Number 37685|date=13 August 1946|access-date=26 September 2009}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790097-1,00.html|title=With Roosevelt in Iraq.|work=Time Magazine|date=2 June 1941|accessdate=17 July 2009}}
*{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790097-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123173134/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790097-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|title=With Roosevelt in Iraq|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=2 June 1941|access-date=17 July 2009}}


⚫
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{German World War II (Jagd)Fliegerführer}}
{{German World War II (Jagd)Fliegerführer}}


Latest revision as of 03:09, 30 June 2024

Fliegerführer Irak
Iraqi aircraft marking, 1941
Active2–29 May 1941
Disbanded30th May
LandKingdom of Iraq
BranchAir Force
TypAir wing
Size2 squadrons
Part ofLuftwaffe
Garrison/HQBerlin
EngagementsAnglo-Iraqi War
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Generaloberst Hans Jeschonnek and Generalleutnant Werner Junck
Aircraft flown
BomberHeinkel He 111
FighterMesserschmitt Bf 110
TransportJunkers Ju 90 and Junkers Ju 52/3m

Flyer Command Iraq (German: Fliegerführer Irak)[nb 1] was a unit of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) dispatched to Iraq in May 1941 as part of a German mission to support the regime of Rashid Ali during the Anglo-Iraqi War. The mission was part of a larger effort to gain support in the Middle East for the Axis Powers against the United Kingdom and its allies during the World War II.

Background

[edit]

On the 1st of April 1941, Rashid Ali and members of the "Golden Square" led a coup d'état in Iraq. During the time leading up to the coup, Rashid Ali's supporters had been informed that Germany was willing to recognize the independence of Iraq from the British Empire; there had also been discussions on sending matériel to support the Iraqis and other Arab factions in fighting the British.

German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop persuaded Adolf Hitler on the 3rd of May that Dr. Fritz Grobba be secretly returned to Iraq to head up a diplomatic mission to channel support for the Rashid Ali regime.[1] Grobba's mission was accompanied by a military force commanded by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW (the High Command of the Armed Forces). The military mission had the cover name Sonderstab F (Special Staff F); it included components from the Abwehr-based Brandenburgers and the Luftwaffe. Sonderstab F was commanded by General der Flieger Hellmuth Felmy.[2] Fliegerführer Irak (Flyer Command Iraq) was the Luftwaffe component of Sonderstab F, and while it was a part of the Sonderstab F military mission, it was also somewhat separate from it. Its personnel reported to the Luftwaffe High Command and not to the chief of the OKW.[3]

On the 6th of May, in accordance with the "Paris Protocols", Germany concluded a deal with the Vichy French government to release war material, including aircraft, from sealed stockpiles in Syria, and to transport them to the Iraqis. The French also agreed to allow the passage of other weapons and stores, and to loan several airbases in northern Syria to Germany for the transport of their aircraft to Iraq.[4]

Also on the 6th of May, Luftwaffe Oberst Werner Junck received instructions in Berlin that he was to take to Iraq a small force of aircraft, which came to be named Special Force Junck (Sonderkommando Junck).[1] After meeting with Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, Junck was named Commander of Aviation Iraq (Fliegerführer Irak).[2] Junck was then briefed by Generalleutnant Hans Jeschonnek, Göring's chief of staff. While under Junck's tactical direction, Sonderkommando Junck was to be under the overall direction of Jeschonnek. The aircraft of Sonderkommando Junck had Iraqi markings and operated from an air base in Mosul, some 240 miles north of Baghdad.[1]

Initial composition

[edit]

Fliegerführer Irak was to consist of a squadron of Messerschmitt Bf 110 zerstörer heavy fighters (12 aircraft) from the 4. Staffel/ ZG 76, and a squadron of Heinkel He 111 bombers (12 aircraft). In addition, to assist in transporting the force to Iraq, Junck was lent 13 Junkers Ju 52/3m trimotor transports and Junkers Ju 90 four-engined transport aircraft. All but three of these transports had to be returned to Greece immediately to prepare for the invasion of Crete.[1][nb 2]

The military aircraft deployed by the end of the mission were as follows:

  • 3 Bf 110D-1 heavy fighters
  • 3 Bf 110D-3 heavy fighters
  • 6 Bf 110E-1 heavy fighters
  • 12 CR.42 fighters
  • 6 He 111H-6 tactical bombers
  • 6 He 111P-4 tactical bombers
  • 10 Ju 52/3m military transports
  • 3 Ju 90A-0 military transports

Junck was accompanied to Iraq by Major Axel von Blomberg. Von Blomberg's task was to head a reconnaissance group preceding the unit[2] and to integrate Fliegerführer Irak with Iraqi forces in operations against the British army.[1]

Arrival

[edit]
While the German markings were over-painted with Iraqi symbols, many Messerschmitt Bf 110s in Iraq still featured "shark teeth" markings of 4/ZG 76 on the nose.

Dr. Grobba and his mission reached Aleppo in Syria on 9 May, accompanied by two Messerschmitt Bf 110s. They reached Baghdad on 11 May.

On the 13th of May, the bulk of Junck's force arrived in Mosul. The flight had taken the aircraft some 36 hours and covered 1200 miles. Over the following days, Junck's aircraft became increasingly frequent visitors to Baghdad.

Junck's transport aircraft began to stage through Aleppo to Mosul on the 14th of May. On this date, a further three Messerschmitt Bf 110s and three Heinkel He 111s arrived in Mosul. Due to damaged rear wheels, two over-loaded Heinkel He 111s were left in Palmyra in central Syria. British fighters illegally entered Vichy French airspace and strafed the disabled Heinkels.

On the 15th of May, Junck arrived in Mosul with a further nine aircraft. By the end of the day, he had assembled a force comprising 12 Messerschmitt Bf 110s, 5 Heinkel He 111s, a communications flight with light aircraft, a section of anti-aircraft guns, and 3 Junkers Ju 52s.[7]

Activities

[edit]

British forces had already begun to counterattack in Iraq. By the 15th of May, Junck knew that "Habforce" was on its way to RAF Habbaniya and "Kingcol" had taken Rutba Fort. Junck sent a lone Heinkel bomber to find "Kingcol" at Rutba. The bomber found and attacked "Kingcol", which alerted the British of the German military assistance to the Iraqis.

On the same day, von Blomberg was sent by Junck to Baghdad to make arrangements for a council of war with the Iraqi government. The council was planned for the 17th of May. However, von Blomberg was killed by friendly fire from Iraqi positions. His Heinkel He 111 was shot at from the ground as it flew low on approach and he was found to be dead upon landing.[nb 3]

Junck visited Baghdad in place of von Blomberg on the 16th of May. He met Dr. Grobba, Rashid Ali, General Amin Zaki, Colonel Nur ed-Din Mahmud, and Mahmud Salman. The group agreed on a number of priorities for Fliegerführer Irak. The first was to prevent Kingcol from reaching RAF Habbaniya. The second was for Iraqi ground forces to take Habbaniya with air support provided by Fliegerführer Irak. It was also very important to the Germans to provide the Royal Iraqi Army with a "spine straightening". Much of the RIrA was known to be terrified of bombing by British aircraft.

On the same day, Junck arranged for a raid by Fliegerführer Irak on Habbaniya. Six Messerschmitt Bf 110s and 3 Heinkel He 111s attacked the base, which took the RAF personnel there by surprise. A number of defenders were killed on the ground and a Audax and a Gladiator were destroyed. A German Heinkel was also lost.

On the 17th of May, three Messerschmitt Bf 110s attacked an extended column of Kingcol in the open desert. Luckily for the British, the fighters had not attacked the previous day when many vehicles were caught up to the axles in soft sand.[8]

On the same day, the British Royal Air Force (RAF) attacked the Germans in Mosul with two cannon-firing, long-range Hawker Hurricanes which had arrived unannounced from Egypt, and six Bristol Blenheim bombers from 84 Squadron. The British lost one Hurricane, with two German aircraft being destroyed and four damaged. In addition, two Gladiator biplane fighters from Habbaniya encountered two Messerschmitt 110s attempting to take off from Rashid Airfield in Baghdad. Both Messerschmitts were destroyed.

By the 18th of May, Junck's force had been whittled down to 8 Messerschmitt Bf 110s, 4 Heinkel He 111s, and 2 Junkers Ju 52s. This represented a roughly 30 percent loss of his original force. With few replacements available, no spares, poor fuel, and aggressive attacks by the British, this rate of attrition did not bode well for Fliegerführer Irak. By the end of May, Junck had lost 14 Messerschmitts and 5 Heinkels.[9]

Hitler's orders regarding Iraq

The Arab Freedom Movement in the Middle East is our natural ally against England. In this connection special importance is attached to the liberation of Iraq ... I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq.

Führer Directive No. 30, 23 May 1941

Hitler, in support of the Iraqi insurrection, issued Führer Directive No. 30 on 23 May.[10]

On the 27th of May, twelve Italian Fiat CR.42 biplane fighters of the Regia Aeronautica (Royal Italian Air Force) arrived in Mosul to operate under German command.[11] By the 29th of May, Italian aircraft were reported over Baghdad.[12] According to Winston Churchill, the Italian aircraft accomplished nothing.[13] Other reports state that they actually arrived in time to take part in the final air battle of the Iraq campaign on the 29th of May, scoring victories against No. 94 Squadron RAF.[14]

Grobba sent a panicked message from Baghdad to Berlin on the 28th of May reporting that the British were close to the city with more than "one hundred tanks". By then, Junck had no serviceable Messerschmitt Bf 110s and only two Heinkel He 111s with just four bombs between them.[15]

The German military mission to Iraq left under cover of darkness on the 29th of May. Dr. Grobba himself fled Iraq the next day.[15]

Commanders

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Some sources indicate that this unit was named "Special Force Junck" (Sonderkommando Junck)
  2. ^ Playfair states this force was made up initially of 14 Messerschmitt 110s and 7 Heinkel 111s.[5] Lyman states it was 12 Heinkel 111s and 12 Messerschmitt 110s.[1] Mackenzie states the force consisted of 15 Heinkel 111s and 14 Messerschmitt 110s.[6] Kurowski states the force consisted of 9 Heinkel 111s and 12 Messerschmitt 110s.[2]
  3. ^ Lyman indicates von Blomberg was shot down by Iraqi troops while Kurowski indicates that he was shot when Arab tribesmen fired into the air and was found to be dead upon landing

References

[edit]
Citations
  1. ^ a b c d e f Lyman, p. 63
  2. ^ a b c d Kurowski, p. 131
  3. ^ Kurowski, p. 141
  4. ^ Playfair (1956), pp. 194–195
  5. ^ Playfair (1956), p. 195
  6. ^ Mackenzie, p. 100
  7. ^ Lyman, pp. 64–65
  8. ^ Lyman, p. 60
  9. ^ Lyman, pp. 66–68
  10. ^ Kurowski, p. 140
  11. ^ Playfair (1956), pp. 196
  12. ^ Wavell, p. 4095
  13. ^ Churchill, Chapter 14, The Revolt in Iraq, p. 234
  14. ^ Thomas 2002, p. 81
  15. ^ a b Lyman, p. 84
Bibliography
  • Churchill, Winston (1985) [1950]. "Chapter 14: The Revolt in Iraq". The Second World War, Volume III, The Grand Alliance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-41057-6.
  • Lyman, Robert (2006). Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Campaign. Oxford, New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 1-84176-991-6.
  • Kurowski, Franz (2005). The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Book. ISBN 978-0-8117-3250-5.
  • Mackenzie, Compton. Eastern Epic: Volume 1 September 1939 – March 1943 Defence. London: Chatto & Windus. OCLC 59637091.
  • Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F.C.; Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S.E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J.R.M (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-066-1.
  • Thomas, Andrew (2002). Gloster Gladiator Aces. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-289-X.
  • Wavell, Archibald (1946). Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria and Iran from 10th April, 1941 to 12th January, 1942. London: War Office. in "No. 37685". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 August 1946. pp. 4093–4102.
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