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Charles Hesterman Merz (5 October 1874 – 14 or 15 October 1940) was a British electrical engineer who pioneered the use of high-voltage three-phase AC power distribution in the United Kingdom, building a system in the North East of England in the early 20th century that became the model for the country's National Grid.

Early life

Merz was the eldest son of industrial chemist John Theodore Merz (a Quaker from Germany) and Alice Mary Richardson, a sister of John Wigham Richardson the Tyneside ship builder.^[1] He was born in Gateshead^[2] and attended Bootham School,^[3]^[4] York. He attended Armstrong College in Newcastle, where his father was a part-time lecturer.^[1]

Career

He then entered an apprenticeship at the Newcastle Electric Supply Company (NESCo), which had been founded by his father, in 1889. In 1898 Merz became the first Secretary and Chief Engineer of the Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company in Cork, Ireland.^[5] In 1899 Merz set up a consulting firm which, with the arrival of William McLellan in 1902, became Merz & McLellan. Merz and McLellan had first worked together in Cork. His next major project was the Neptune Bank Power Station in Wallsend near Newcastle. It was the first three-phase electricity supply system in Great Britain, and was opened by Lord Kelvin on 18 June 1901. In the same year he toured the US and Canada. Together with Bernard Price, he developed and patented one of the earliest forms of automatic mains protection.^[6] This system was successful and became known as the Merz-Price system. When Price was succeeded by Philip Vassar Hunter, Merz worked with him to develop an improved version which became known as the Merz-Hunter system.^[7] He was known affectionately within the electricity industry as the "Grid King".^[8]

He was a consultant to a local tramway company on the electrification of their horse-drawn routes and, subsequently, to the Tyneside local lines of the North Eastern Railway, a pioneer of British mainline railway electrification, whose electric systems were turned on in 1904. As well passenger commuter lines, these included a 0.75 mi (1.21 km) freight line using the ES1 electric locomotive.

In 1905 he first attempted to influence Parliament to unify the variety of voltages and frequencies in the country's electricity supply industry, but it was not until World War I that Parliament began to take this idea seriously, then appointing him head of a Parliamentary Committee to address the problem. In the same war he was appointed Director of Experiments and Research on the Board of Invention and Research^[9] an appointment that led to his nationality being questioned in the House of Commons.^[10]

Between 1907 and 1913 Merz was hired by Thomas James Tait to electrify the railway system in Melbourne, Australia. The new system began operation in 1919, after World War I.^[11]

From 1912 to 1915 he was Vice-President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.^[12]

In 1916 Merz pointed out that the UK could use its small size to its advantage, by creating a dense distribution grid to feed its industries efficiently. His findings led to the Williamson Report of 1918, which in turn created the Electricity Supply Bill of 1919. The bill was the first step towards an integrated system. He also sat on the Weir Committee, which produced the more significant Electricity (Supply) Act of 1926, leading to the setting up of the National Grid.

Merz's own system ran at 40 hertz, 20,000 volts, but he was forced to convert it to 50 hertz to match the European system.

Merz received the Faraday Medal in 1931, was awarded an honorary D.Sc by the University of Durham in 1932, was a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and Fellow of the American Institution of Electrical Engineers.^[12]

Merz wrote his memoir in 1934.^[13]

In 1940 Merz designed the electric drive equipment for the TOG 1 tank. In the same year, aged 66, he was killed during an air raid, with his two children, at their house at 14 Melbury Road, Kensington, London, by a German bomb.^[14]

Legacy

The Faculty of Engineering at the University of Cambridge manages a Charles Hesterman Merz Fund.

The Newcastle University campus includes a building named Merz Court^[15] which was opened in 1965.^[16] The building houses electrical, electronic and chemical engineering facilities.

A commemorative plaque was unveiled at his former home in Gosforth, Newcastle Upon Tyne in 2013.^[17]

References

^ ^a ^b Children of Light: How Electricity Changed Britain Forever Gavin Weightman ISBN 1848871171
^ Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1998). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415193993.
^ Bootham School Register. York, England: BOSA. 2011.
^ Redmayne, R. A. S.; Snow, Albert (2011) [2004]. "Merz, Charles Hesterman (1874–1940)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34999. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Tram Tracks Through Cork, Walter McGrath, Tower Books, Cork, 1981
^ Price Patent
^ Robert Monro Black (January 1983). The History of Electric Wires and Cables. IET. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0-86341-001-7.
^ "Bringer of Electricity - South Tyneside Council". Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
^ Earl Jellicoe (15 September 2010). The Crisis of the Naval War. pubOne info LLC. ISBN 978-2-8199-0022-1.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Hansard
^ "Railway Network Electrification | PROV".
^ ^a ^b Who Was Who, 1929–1940. A and C Black. 1947. p. 934.
^ "Merz, Charles Hesterman (1874-1940) MICE, VPIEE".
^ [1] CWGC Casualty Record, Metropolitan Borough of Kensington. His age is given as 65 although he had passed his 66th birthday up to ten days earlier.
^ "CANDO - Newcastle University".
^ "Harold Wilson opening Merz Court 1965".
^ "Gosforth, High Street, No. 54". 26 May 2021.

"The Second Industrial Revolution" on Making the Modern World
Managing Change – Regional Power Systems, 1910–1930, Thomas Parke Hughes, University of Pennsylvania (PDF) – detailed essay on Metz's contribution to the UK electric supply industry
Harold Winthrop Clapp and the Melbourne Railway
John H. Lienhard (2000). "The Age of the Earth". The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Episode 1568. NPR. KUHF-FM Houstonhttp://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1568.htm. {{cite episode}}: |transcript-url= missing title (help) (transcript page contains photo of Merz with George Westinghouse and Lord Kelvin)
Charles Merz – Lessons from Boston, IEE Archives
Cambridge fund
Sinclair Knight Merz – Celebrating 40 years
Paxman History Pages (TOG 1 tank)
Redmayne, R. A. S.; Snow, Albert (2011) [2004]. "Merz, Charles Hesterman (1874–1940)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34999. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Newcastle University (UK) Electrical Engineering Building named after Charles Merz

[weightman-1] Children of Light: How Electricity Changed Britain Forever Gavin Weightman ISBN 1848871171

[2] Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1998). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415193993.

[3] Bootham School Register. York, England: BOSA. 2011.

[4] Redmayne, R. A. S.; Snow, Albert (2011) [2004]. "Merz, Charles Hesterman (1874–1940)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34999. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[5] Tram Tracks Through Cork, Walter McGrath, Tower Books, Cork, 1981

[6] Price Patent

[Black1983-7] Robert Monro Black (January 1983). The History of Electric Wires and Cables. IET. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0-86341-001-7.

[8] "Bringer of Electricity - South Tyneside Council". Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.

[Jellicoe2010-9] Earl Jellicoe (15 September 2010). The Crisis of the Naval War. pubOne info LLC. ISBN 978-2-8199-0022-1.^{[permanent dead link]}

[10] Hansard

[11] "Railway Network Electrification | PROV".

[www-12] Who Was Who, 1929–1940. A and C Black. 1947. p. 934.

[13] "Merz, Charles Hesterman (1874-1940) MICE, VPIEE".

[cwgc-14] [1] CWGC Casualty Record, Metropolitan Borough of Kensington. His age is given as 65 although he had passed his 66th birthday up to ten days earlier.

[15] "CANDO - Newcastle University".

[16] "Harold Wilson opening Merz Court 1965".

[17] "Gosforth, High Street, No. 54". 26 May 2021.

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 '''Charles Hesterman Merz''' (5 October 1874 – 14 or 15 October 1940) was a British [[electrical engineer]] who pioneered the use of high-voltage [[three-phase]] [[electricity distribution|AC power distribution]] in the United Kingdom, building a system in the North East of England in the early 20th century that became the model for the country's [[National Grid (UK)|National Grid]].
-==Life==
+==Early life==
-Merz was the eldest son of industrial chemist [[John Theodore Merz]] (a [[Quakers|Quaker]] from Germany) and Alice Mary Richardson, a sister of [[John Wigham Richardson]] the Tyneside ship builder.<ref name=weightman>''Children of Light: How Electricity Changed Britain Forever'' Gavin Weightman {{ISBN|1848871171}}</ref> He was born in [[Gateshead]]<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=37UCFL1EvVgC&pg=PA838&lpg=PA838&dq=Merz+gateshead&source=bl&ots=yOdsYgadUz&sig=ACfU3U0lKm-E3AzRn7ClNsrZ_vwoJ1PxiQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2xouMwb_zAhVaQkEAHbhwD8EQ6AF6BAgBEAE#v=onepage&q=Merz%20gateshead&f=false</ref> and attended [[Bootham School]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Bootham School Register|place=York, England|publisher=BOSA|year=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB|id=34999|title=Merz, Charles Hesterman (1874–1940)|orig-year=2004|year=2011|last=Redmayne|first=R. A. S.|last2=Snow|first2=Albert}}</ref> York. He attended [[Former colleges of the University of Durham|Armstrong College]] in Newcastle, where his father was a part-time lecturer.<ref name=weightman/>
+Merz was the eldest son of industrial chemist [[John Theodore Merz]] (a [[Quakers|Quaker]] from Germany) and Alice Mary Richardson, a sister of [[John Wigham Richardson]] the Tyneside ship builder.<ref name=weightman>''Children of Light: How Electricity Changed Britain Forever'' [[Gavin Weightman]] {{ISBN|1848871171}}</ref> He was born in [[Gateshead]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37UCFL1EvVgC&q=Merz+gateshead&pg=PA838|title=Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology|isbn=9780415193993|last1=Day|first1=Lance|last2=McNeil|first2=Ian|year=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref> and attended [[Bootham School]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Bootham School Register|place=York, England|publisher=BOSA|year=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB|id=34999|title=Merz, Charles Hesterman (1874–1940)|orig-year=2004|year=2011|last=Redmayne|first=R. A. S.|last2=Snow|first2=Albert}}</ref> York. He attended [[Former colleges of the University of Durham|Armstrong College]] in Newcastle, where his father was a part-time lecturer.<ref name=weightman/>
+==Career==
-He then entered an apprenticeship at the [[Newcastle Electric Supply Company]] (NESCo), which had been founded by his father, in 1889. In 1898 Merz became the first Secretary and Chief Engineer of the [[Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company]] in [[Cork city|Cork]], Ireland.<ref>Tram Tracks Through Cork, Walter McGrath, Tower Books, Cork, 1981</ref> In 1899 Merz set up a consulting firm which, with the arrival of [[William McLellan (Scottish electrical engineer)|William McLellan]] in 1902, became [[Merz & McLellan]].  Merz and McLellan had first worked together in Cork.  His next major project was the [[Neptune Bank Power Station]] in [[Wallsend]] near Newcastle. It was the first three-phase electricity supply system in Great Britain, and was opened by [[Lord Kelvin]] on 18 June 1901. In the same year he toured the US and Canada. Together with [[Bernard Price]], he developed and patented one of the earliest forms of automatic mains protection.<ref>[http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&II=2&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_GB&FT=D&date=19041222&CC=GB&NR=190403896A&KC=A Price Patent]</ref>   This system was successful and became known as the Merz-Price system. When Price was succeeded by [[Philip Vassar Hunter]], Merz worked with him to develop an improved version which became known as the Merz-Hunter system.<ref name="Black1983">{{cite book|author=Robert Monro Black|title=The History of Electric Wires and Cables|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUCieJjeQ-wC&pg=PA101|date=January 1983|publisher=IET|isbn=978-0-86341-001-7|pages=101–}}</ref> He was known affectionately within the electricity industry as the "Grid King".<ref>https://www.southtyneside.gov.uk/article/39990/Bringer-of-Electricity</ref>
+He then entered an apprenticeship at the [[Newcastle Electric Supply Company]] (NESCo), which had been founded by his father, in 1889. In 1898 Merz became the first Secretary and Chief Engineer of the [[Cork Electric Tramways and Lighting Company]] in [[Cork city|Cork]], Ireland.<ref>Tram Tracks Through Cork, Walter McGrath, Tower Books, Cork, 1981</ref> In 1899 Merz set up a consulting firm which, with the arrival of [[William McLellan (Scottish electrical engineer)|William McLellan]] in 1902, became [[Merz & McLellan]].  Merz and McLellan had first worked together in Cork.  His next major project was the [[Neptune Bank Power Station]] in [[Wallsend]] near Newcastle. It was the first three-phase electricity supply system in Great Britain, and was opened by [[Lord Kelvin]] on 18 June 1901. In the same year he toured the US and Canada. Together with [[Bernard Price]], he developed and patented one of the earliest forms of automatic mains protection.<ref>[http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&II=2&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_GB&FT=D&date=19041222&CC=GB&NR=190403896A&KC=A Price Patent]</ref>   This system was successful and became known as the Merz-Price system. When Price was succeeded by [[Philip Vassar Hunter]], Merz worked with him to develop an improved version which became known as the Merz-Hunter system.<ref name="Black1983">{{cite book|author=Robert Monro Black|title=The History of Electric Wires and Cables|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUCieJjeQ-wC&pg=PA101|date=January 1983|publisher=IET|isbn=978-0-86341-001-7|pages=101–}}</ref> He was known affectionately within the electricity industry as the "Grid King".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southtyneside.gov.uk/article/39990/Bringer-of-Electricity|title=Bringer of Electricity - South Tyneside Council|access-date=10 October 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010090839/https://www.southtyneside.gov.uk/article/39990/Bringer-of-Electricity|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 He was a consultant to a local tramway company on the electrification of their horse-drawn routes and, subsequently, to the [[Tyneside Electric|Tyneside local lines]] of the [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]], a pioneer of [[Railway electrification in Great Britain|British mainline railway electrification]], whose electric systems were turned on in 1904. As well passenger commuter lines, these included a {{convert|0.75|mi|abbr=on}} freight line using the [[British Rail Class ES1|ES1]] electric locomotive.
-In 1905 he first attempted to influence Parliament to unify the variety of voltages and frequencies in the country's electricity supply industry, but it was not until [[World War I]] that Parliament began to take this idea seriously, then appointing him head of a Parliamentary Committee to address the problem. In the same war he was appointed Director of Experiments and Research on the [[Board of Invention and Research]]<ref name="Jellicoe2010">{{cite book|author=Earl Jellicoe|title=The Crisis of the Naval War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaXAMIIVXLwC|date=15 September 2010|publisher=pubOne info LLC|isbn=978-2-8199-0022-1}}</ref> an appointment that led to his nationality being questioned in the House of Commons.<ref>[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1918/jan/30/invention-and-research-board-admiralty#S5CV0101P0_19180130_HOC_33 Hansard]</ref>
+In 1905 he first attempted to influence Parliament to unify the variety of voltages and frequencies in the country's electricity supply industry, but it was not until [[World War I]] that Parliament began to take this idea seriously, then appointing him head of a Parliamentary Committee to address the problem. In the same war he was appointed Director of Experiments and Research on the [[Board of Invention and Research]]<ref name="Jellicoe2010">{{cite book|author=Earl Jellicoe|title=The Crisis of the Naval War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaXAMIIVXLwC|date=15 September 2010|publisher=pubOne info LLC|isbn=978-2-8199-0022-1}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> an appointment that led to his nationality being questioned in the House of Commons.<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1918/jan/30/invention-and-research-board-admiralty#S5CV0101P0_19180130_HOC_33 Hansard]</ref>
-Between 1907 and 1913 Merz was hired by [[Thomas James Tait]] to electrify the railway system in [[Melbourne]], Australia. The new system began operation in 1919, after [[World War I]].<ref>https://prov.vic.gov.au/about-us/our-blog/railway-network-electrification</ref>
+Between 1907 and 1913 Merz was hired by [[Thomas James Tait]] to electrify the railway system in [[Melbourne]], Australia. The new system began operation in 1919, after [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prov.vic.gov.au/about-us/our-blog/railway-network-electrification|title = Railway Network Electrification &#124; PROV}}</ref>
 From 1912 to 1915 he was Vice-President of the [[Institution of Electrical Engineers]].<ref name=www>{{cite book|title=Who Was Who, 1929–1940|year=1947|publisher=A and C Black|page=934}}</ref>
+[[File:Farmland near Pembridge Castle - geograph.org.uk - 714696.jpg|thumb|right|National Grid in 2008 in [[Herefordshire]] ]]
 In 1916 Merz pointed out that the UK could use its small size to its advantage, by creating a dense distribution grid to feed its industries efficiently. His findings led to the Williamson Report of 1918, which in turn created the Electricity Supply Bill of 1919. The bill was the first step towards an integrated system. He also sat on the Weir Committee, which produced the more significant Electricity (Supply) Act of 1926, leading to the setting up of the [[National Grid (UK)|National Grid]].
@@ Line 25: / Line 27: @@
 Merz received the [[Faraday Medal]] in 1931, was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Sciences|D.Sc]] by the [[University of Durham]] in 1932, was a Member of the [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] and Fellow of the American Institution of Electrical Engineers.<ref name=www />
-Merz wrote his memoir in 1934.<ref>https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/7d7d3524-dcef-4ca3-a012-6b6b9d402164</ref>
+Merz wrote his memoir in 1934.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/7d7d3524-dcef-4ca3-a012-6b6b9d402164|title = Merz, Charles Hesterman (1874-1940) MICE, VPIEE}}</ref>
-In 1940 Merz designed the electric drive equipment for the [[TOG1 (tank)|TOG 1]] [[tank]]. In the same year, aged 66, he was killed during an air raid, with his two children, at their house at 14 Melbury Road, [[Kensington]], London, by a German bomb.<ref name=cwgc>[http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/3132326/MERZ,%20CHARLES%20HESTERMAN] CWGC Casualty Record, Metropolitan Borough of Kensington.  His age is given as 65 although he had passed his 66th birthday up to ten days earlier.</ref>
+In 1940 Merz designed the electric drive equipment for the [[TOG1 (tank)|TOG 1]] [[tank]]. In the same year, aged 66, he was killed during an air raid, with his two children, at their house at 14 Melbury Road, [[Kensington]], London, by a German bomb.<ref name="cwgc">[http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/3132326/MERZ,%20CHARLES%20HESTERMAN] CWGC Casualty Record, Metropolitan Borough of Kensington.  His age is given as 65 although he had passed his 66th birthday up to ten days earlier.</ref>
 ==Legacy==
 The Faculty of Engineering at the [[University of Cambridge]] manages a Charles Hesterman Merz Fund.
-The [[Newcastle University]] campus includes a building named Merz Court<ref>http://www.cando.ac.uk/contactus/</ref> which was opened in 1965.<ref>https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/78cf4bbf-4c78-41f0-9e69-b0c64ce76fbe</ref> The building houses electrical, electronic and chemical engineering facilities.
+The [[Newcastle University]] campus includes a building named Merz Court<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cando.ac.uk/contactus/|title=CANDO - Newcastle University}}</ref> which was opened in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/78cf4bbf-4c78-41f0-9e69-b0c64ce76fbe|title = Harold Wilson opening Merz Court 1965}}</ref> The building houses electrical, electronic and chemical engineering facilities.
-A commemorative plaque was unveiled at his former home in Gosforth, Newcastle Upon Tyne in 2013.<ref>https://www.twsitelines.info/SMR/17316</ref>
+A commemorative plaque was unveiled at his former home in Gosforth, Newcastle Upon Tyne in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.twsitelines.info/SMR/17316|title = Gosforth, High Street, No. 54|date = 26 May 2021}}</ref>
 ==References==
@@ Line 42: / Line 44: @@
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080526011541/http://www.kepl.com.au/gobyrail/clapp.html ''Harold Winthrop Clapp'' and the Melbourne Railway]
 * {{cite episode |transcript-url=http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1568.htm |title=The Age of the Earth |series=The Engines of Our Ingenuity |series-link=The Engines of Our Ingenuity |credits=John H. Lienhard |network=NPR |station=KUHF-FM Houston |airdate=2000 |number=1568}} (transcript page contains photo of Merz with [[George Westinghouse]] and [[Lord Kelvin]])
-* [http://www.iee.org/TheIEE/Research/Archives/Features/Merz.cfm ''Charles Merz – Lessons from Boston'', IEE Archives]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
+* [https://www.theiet.org/membership/library-and-archives/the-iet-archives/archives-highlights/charles-merz-lessons-from-boston ''Charles Merz – Lessons from Boston'', IEE Archives]
 * [http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2005-06/special/06/60.html Cambridge fund]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051231035012/http://www.skmconsulting.com/about/Sinclair_Knight_Merz_Celebrating_40_years.htm ''Sinclair Knight Merz – Celebrating 40 years'']
@@ Line 51: / Line 53: @@
 {{Electricity generation in North East England}}
-{{authority control}}
+{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Merz, Charles Hesterman}}
 [[Category:1874 births]]
 [[Category:1940 deaths]]
-[[Category:English electrical engineers]]
+[[Category:Alumni of Armstrong College, Durham]]
-[[Category:People from Newcastle upon Tyne]]
 [[Category:British civilians killed in World War II]]
-[[Category:Deaths by airstrike during World War II]]
+[[Category:Deaths by German airstrikes during The Blitz]]
-[[Category:People educated at Bootham School]]
+[[Category:English electrical engineers]]
 [[Category:English people of German descent]]
+[[Category:History of electrical engineering]]
+[[Category:National Grid (Great Britain)]]
+[[Category:People educated at Bootham School]]
+[[Category:People from Gateshead]]
+[[Category:Scientists from Newcastle upon Tyne]]
 [[Category:20th-century British engineers]]
-[[Category:Alumni of Armstrong College, Durham]]

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Deutschland