Crown Building (Manhattan): Difference between revisions

Crown Building
Crown Building
	View of the Crown Building, 2007
Former names	Heckscher Building, Genesco Building
Alternative names	730 Fifth Avenue
Hotel chain	Aman
General information
Architectural style	French Renaissance
Address	730 Fifth Avenue
Town or city	New York City
Country	United States
Coordinates	40°45′46″N 73°58′28″W / 40.762868°N 73.974554°W
Construction started	1920
Completed	1921
Renovated	2019–2022
Renovation cost	$1.45 billion
Landlord	Vladislav Doronin (hotel), General Growth Properties and Brookfield Properties (retail)
Height	416 ft (127 m)
Technical details
Floor count	25
Grounds	26,360 sq ft (2,449 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Charles D. Wetmore
Architecture firm	Warren and Wetmore
Developer	August Heckscher
Other information
Number of units	83 hotel suites, 22 apartments
New York City Landmark
Designated	May 14, 2024
Reference no.	2678

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The Crown Building (formerly the Heckscher Building and Genesco Building) is a 25-story, 416-foot-tall (127 m) building at 730 Fifth Avenue, on the southwest corner with 57th Street, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Constructed between 1920 and 1922 for the philanthropist August Heckscher, the structure was designed by Warren and Wetmore as an office building. The lower levels contain retail space, while the upper levels were converted to the luxury Aman New York hotel and residences in 2022. The structure is a New York City designated landmark.

The building's stepped, setback design was regulated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution. Its exterior includes French Renaissance details and is divided into a nine-story base, a twelve-story shaft, and four-story octagonal pyramidal roof. The facade is largely made of limestone, with brick and terracotta detailing, along with 1,363 ounces (38,600 g) of gold leaf. The lower stories include retail stores, while the upper stories originally contained offices before they were redesigned by Jean-Michel Gathy in the 2020s. The upper stories are split up into 22 condominium residences, 83 hotel rooms, and amenity spaces such as a spa and three restaurants. Over the years, the building has received commentary for its general shape and for the design of its roof.

August Heckscher acquired land for the building from 1913 to 1918. After the Heckscher Building was completed, it housed several businesses and art galleries, and it was also the Museum of Modern Art's first home. Heckscher lost the building to foreclosure in 1938. Charles F. Noyes and Joseph Durst bought the building in 1946 before reselling it four years later. It was renamed the Genesco Building in 1964 and sold yet again in 1966. The structure was purchased in 1981 by Philippine dictator Ferdinand E. Marcos, and the name was changed to the Crown Building in 1983, after its crown-like look when illuminated at night. The Crown Building was the focus of various lawsuits after the fall of the Marcos regime, and in 1991, Bernard Spitzer and partners Marvin Winter and Jerome L. Greene acquired the building. In 2015, Michael Shvo and Russian billionaire Vladislav Doronin purchased the office portion of the building. OKO Group took over the upper stories, which were converted to hotel and residential use from 2019 to 2022.

Site[edit]

The Crown Building is at 730 Fifth Avenue, at the southwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City.^[2] The land lot is composed of a rectangular site at Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, as well as a connected site at 56th Street. The lot covers 26,360 square feet (2,449 m²), with a frontage of 100 feet (30 m) on Fifth Avenue and a depth of 162.5 feet (49.5 m) along 57th Street.^[3] On the same block is the townhouse at 17 West 56th Street. The 712 Fifth Avenue skyscraper and the townhouses at 10 and 12 West 56th Street are on the block to the south, while the Bergdorf Goodman Building and Solow Building are immediately across 57th Street to the north. Other nearby buildings include 3 East 57th Street to the northwest; the Tiffany & Co. flagship store, Trump Tower, and 590 Madison Avenue to the east; and the Corning Glass Building to the southeast.^[3]^[4]

Fifth Avenue between 42nd Street and Central Park South (59th Street) was relatively undeveloped through the late 19th century.^[5] The surrounding area was once part of the common lands of the city of New York.^[6] The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 established Manhattan's street grid with lots measuring 100 feet (30 m) deep and 25 feet (7.6 m) wide.^[7] Upscale residences were constructed around Fifth Avenue following the American Civil War.^[5]^[8] These included two residences on Fifth Avenue and 57th Street: a mansion belonging to Frederic W. Stevens at the southwest corner, and the Cornelius Vanderbilt II House on the northwest corner.^[9] By the 1900s, that section of Fifth Avenue was becoming a commercial area,^[10] and stores were also developed on 57th Street in the 1910s.^[11] After about 1921, art galleries started to supplant residences on 57th Street,^[12] and other art galleries developed on the street in general.^[13]^[14]

The Crown Building is also near a former artistic hub around a two-block section of West 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Broadway. The hub had been developed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, after the opening of Carnegie Hall on Seventh Avenue in 1891.^[15]^[16] The area contained several headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society, the Lotos Club, and the ASCE Society House.^[15] The Crown Building also had art-related tenants such as the Museum of Modern Art in the early 20th century.^[17] By the 21st century, the arts hub had largely been replaced with Billionaires' Row, a series of luxury skyscrapers around the southern end of Central Park.^[18]

Previous buildings[edit]

Prior to the Crown Building's construction, the site at 728 Fifth Avenue was occupied by a marble townhouse belonging to the businessman Charles W. Morse.^[19]^[20] The Morse family owned the house until it was sold at a foreclosure auction in 1910,^[21] then acquired by the businessman Harry Payne Whitney in May 1911.^[22]

Next door at 2 West 57th Street was a mansion built from 1875 to 1876 for the lawyer and banker Frederic W. Stevens.^[9]^[23] The Stevens house, designed by George E. Harney,^[23] was smaller in scale compared to similar mansions along the avenue.^[24] The Stevens house's interior was undistinguished, except for a ballroom imported from Belgium;^[24] it also was acquired by the Whitney family by the 1910s.^[20]

Architecture[edit]

The Crown Building was designed by Charles D. Wetmore of Warren and Wetmore and was completed in 1921 as the Heckscher Building.^[2]^[25]^[26] Wetmore had invested in the tower's construction along with the mining magnate August Heckscher.^[25] The structure includes details in the French Renaissance style,^[27]^[28] which had been selected because it was similar to the style used by the Cornelius Vanderbilt II Mansion nearby.^[29]^[30] Châteauesque decorations like salamanders were incorporated into the design.^[29] The Crown Building was one of the city's last skyscrapers to be completed before Art Deco architecture in New York City gained popularity.^[25] George Backer Inc. was the building's main contractor. Several other firms, including terracotta contractor New York Architectural Terra-Cotta and marble contractor A. R. Zicha Marble Co., provided construction materials and mechanical systems.^[31]

Form and facade[edit]

The structure is 25 stories high,^[32] with a nine-story base, a twelve-story shaft, and four-story octagonal pyramidal roof.^[33] The building was divided into stores and showrooms on the lower levels and offices on the upper floors.^[25]^[34] In addition to the main structure on 57th Street and Fifth Avenue, there was a six-story annex facing 56th Street,^[31] which originally had its own entrance.^[29]^[30] The annex measured 100 by 100 feet (30 by 30 m) across, stood six stories high, and contained accommodations for employees who worked in the main structure.^[30] By 2021, the annex on 56th Street had been replaced with a glass structure.^[35]

The Crown Building's massing, or shape, was regulated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution.^[25] There are three primary setbacks, at the 10th, 13th, and 21st stories.^[30]^[36] The building is set back a different distance from each of the surrounding streets,^[34]^[37] and different setbacks were required for each elevation, since 56th Street is narrower than either 57th Street or Fifth Avenue.^[27] The shaft is located toward the southern end of the site, near the center of the block,^[34] and the setbacks on each side are complex and asymmetrical.^[37] In addition, when the Heckscher Building was completed, it could be seen from several miles north, across the nearby Central Park.^[38] After the building was converted into a hotel and residential building in the 2020s, outdoor terraces and swimming pools were added to the setbacks.^[39] Some of the setbacks also have glass railings.^[40]

The facade is made of limestone, buff-colored brick, and cream-colored architectural terracotta.^[33]^[31] The facade is decorated with 1,363 ounces (38,600 g) of 23-karat gold leaf, which was added in the 1980s.^[41]^[42] According to a promotional brochure from the time, was the largest such application of gold leaf in a commercial building in the U.S.^[41] Terracotta reliefs drew attention to each of the main setbacks, while copper spandrel panels with reliefs were used to unite the windows on different stories.^[31]^[37] When the building opened, the spandrel panels were coated in acid to turn them bright green.^[27]^[37] The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat lists the building as being 416 feet (127 m) tall.^[32] Originally, the building measured 410 feet (120 m) tall from the ground to the tip of its weather vane.^[31]

Base[edit]

The lowest nine stories are clad with Indiana limestone.^[31]^[43] There are cornices above the 2nd, 3rd, and 8th stories, dividing the building's base horizontally into four segments.^[43] At ground level, the northern facade along 57th Street measures 162 feet (49 m) across and is divided vertically into 18 bays, while the eastern facade on Fifth Avenue is 100 feet (30 m) across and is divided into 11 bays. The lowest two stories contain double-height storefronts divided by limestone pilasters and topped by flat arches with small brackets and rounded corners.^[43] The storefronts were originally one story high, but their heights were increased at some point after 1983.^[40] One of the storefronts (the Bulgari store at the corner of 57th Street and Fifth Avenue) has a mesh facade whose design is patterned after a 1930s bracelet clasp.^[44] The original main entrance was at the far left (south) end of the Fifth Avenue elevation; it contained four doors, flanked by columns and pilasters.^[29]

Above the 2nd story, the northeast corner (facing 57th Street and Fifth Avenue) has a column with a spiraling pattern, which supports a pedestal with brackets atop the 8th story. For the most part, the windows on the 3rd through 9th stories are rectangular windows set within the limestone facade.^[43] After 1983, the third-story windows were widened to encompass several bays each.^[40] At the center of the Fifth Avenue and 57th Street elevations of the facade, some of the windows have gilded spandrel panels with faces, leaves, and fleurs-de-lis. The cornice above the 9th floor is topped by a balustrade made of stone or terracotta, which in turn is decorated with salamander motifs.^[43] At the 9th story, there is a statue of a woman at the northeast corner.^[40]

Shaft[edit]

Above the 9th story, the building is clad with brick and has terracotta trim.^[31]^[43] The shaft is clad with custom bricks measuring 4 by 4 by 11.5 inches (100 mm × 100 mm × 290 mm).^[27]^[31] The 10th through 21st stories comprise the shaft, which is set back from the base. The shaft is clad with buff brick, except for curved masonry quoins at each corner. The facade's eastern elevation faces Fifth Avenue. The main portion of the eastern elevation is six bays wide and has a setback above the 13th story; there are two additional bays to the south, which rise to a masonry pediment above the 15th story. The northern elevation is thirteen bays wide on the 10th through 13th stories; due to the setback on Fifth Avenue, this facade is ten bays wide on the 14th through 21st stories. The inner bays on the eastern and northern elevations have gilded spandrel panels similar to those in the base, while the outermost bay on either end has plain spandrels. Additionally, the 21st story has terracotta window frames.^[43]

The southern and western elevations are partly obscured by other structures. The southern elevation has no windows, except on the 21st story and on its western portion.^[36] This is because, at the time of the Heckscher Building's construction, the architects had anticipated that another building might be built directly to the south; for the same reason, the building's elevator banks are all clustered along the southern facade.^[34] The western elevation has cornices, spandrel panels, terracotta frames, and some ventilation grilles.^[36]

Roof[edit]

The gilded spandrel panels above the 22nd story are similar to the spandrel panels used in the base and shaft. On the 24th story, each bay is separated vertically by panels with rhombus motifs, and there are colonettes with spiral motifs at each corner. The 24th-story windows are topped by a horizontal row of corbels. Above the southwest corner of the 24th story is a chimney with rhombus, chevron, and salamander motifs. The 25th story is set back and contains several ornate dormer windows with pilasters, shell motifs, cartouches, and pediments.^[43]

Above the 25th story rises a octagonal, pyramidal roof, which is painted green and is pierced by two stories of windows. The top of the pyramid includes ball, ring, and garland motifs.^[43] There was originally a "golden cock" atop the roof,^[45]^[46] which was part of a weather vane.^[28]^[31] The figure weighed 450 pounds (200 kg) and measured 10 by 8.5 feet (3.0 by 2.6 m). Immediately below the rooster, there was also a small observation deck with replicas of jewels.^[31] The weather vane was removed during World War II.^[28]

Features[edit]

The building originally had 35,000 square feet (3,300 m²) of retail space,^[47] as well as 400,000 square feet (37,000 m²) of office space.^[48] The lowest nine stories were originally used as showrooms and stores, and the upper stories had offices. There were 10 passenger elevators from the ground floor to the upper stories.^[31] By the 2020s, the lowest three stories were used as retail space, while the 4th floor and above were used as a hotel and residences.^[49]

Base[edit]

Originally, the building's base contained numerous art galleries and showrooms.^[50] In the basement were a shipping room and freight-handling facilities.^[51] At ground level was a T-shaped shopping arcade.^[29]^[27]^[51] One leg of the arcade was flanked by small shops and ran from 57th to 56th Street, while another leg ran east to Fifth Avenue.^[51]^[30] The entrance vestibule from Fifth Avenue had bluestone floors, carved-limestone walls, and a pair of stained-glass windows. The arcades and elevator lobbies had black-and-gold marble walls with brass trim, while the floors were made of black Belgian marble tile with brass inserts. Eight of the building's passenger elevators were in the Fifth Avenue leg of the arcade, while the other two elevators were located in the annex, with a separate elevator vestibule. There were also display cases facing the elevators, in addition to a telephone stand.^[31]

Residences and hotel[edit]

Following the building's conversion to the Aman New York hotel in 2022, the building has contained 22 residential condominium apartments, in addition to 83 hotel suites.^[52]^[53] The hotel and residences have separate entrances.^[54] Glass soundproofing is used throughout both the hotel and residences. The Aman New York's spaces are generally decorated in what one magazine described as "minimalist colors", although there are also gold-plated decorations, an allusion to the gold leaf on the facade.^[55]

The hotel suites were designed by Jean-Michel Gathy.^[56]^[57] Each of the hotel rooms covers between 340 and 2,770 square feet (32 and 257 m²);^[58]^[a] at the time of the building's conversion, even the smallest rooms were twice the average size of a studio apartment in Midtown.^[60] Various woods are used for doors, floors, and other furniture, and steel, brass, and bronze are also used.^[55] The rooms have contemporary furniture, which is interspersed with the original Beaux-Arts interior decorations.^[57] The hotel units have Japanese-inspired decorations,^[52]^[56] including patterned stone floors, movable doors with rice paper panels,^[55] and large murals inspired by the 16th-century painting Shōrin-zu byōbu.^[52] The rooms have ceilings measuring 11 feet (3.4 m) high,^[56] and all the rooms also have gas fireplaces and retractable TVs.^[56]^[59] Each suite has a bathroom with a large tub and shower.^[55]^[57] One of the larger suites is the Corner Suite, which covers 2,025 square feet (188.1 m²).^[61] The largest suites are the Aman suites on floors 11 and 12, which each have a kitchenette, a bar, and hidden compartments.^[62]

The residential condos are on floors 15 through 26.^[63]^[b] They have a combined area of 95,000 square feet (8,800 m²), giving each residence an average area of 4,300 square feet (400 m²).^[64] The largest residence in the building is a five-story penthouse that covers 14,000 square feet (1,300 m²); it has a full-floor master suite as well as a piano lounge, a gallery, two pools, two kitchens, four other bedrooms, and a game room.^[65] The five-bedroom, 6,300-square-foot (590 m²) Vana penthouse on floor 21^[66] has a library and private theater.^[67] Another large unit is the four-bedroom, 6,700-square-foot (620 m²) Jala penthouse on floor 20,^[68]^[63] which has 3,750 square feet (348 m²) of outdoor terraces in addition to a pool.^[63] The other residences have varying numbers of bedrooms.^[69]

Amenity spaces[edit]

The hotel portion of the building has a spa and three restaurants.^[53] The spa covers 22,000 square feet (2,000 m²)^[69] or 25,000 square feet (2,300 m²),^[70] and it spans across three stories.^[61] The spa includes two "spa houses", as well as fire pits around an indoor swimming pool^[69]^[61] that measures 65 feet (20 m) long.^[61]^[71] The two "spa houses" have various treatment rooms, pools, beds, and fireplaces, which can be rented out.^[52] The swimming pool is hidden behind an unmarked wooden door.^[71] There is a jazz club in the basement, the Aman Jazz Club,^[41]^[72] which is accessed through an annex on 56th Street.^[73] The hotel also has two restaurants: Nama, which serves Japanese cuisine, and Arva, which serves Mediterranean cuisine.^[41]^[72]

Floor 14 has an atrium with sculptures designed by Peter Gentenaar.^[55] On the tenth story is the Garden Terrace, which occupies multiple exterior spaces^[56] and includes a dining room, cigar bar, and drinking bar.^[69] The Garden Terrace covers 7,000 square feet (650 m²) and is covered by a retractable glass canopy.^[55]^[74]^[70] Other amenity spaces in the hotel include a sky lobby, wine library, and piano bar.^[41]^[72] In addition, the hotel includes a private club called Aman Club.^[75]^[74] The club is limited to 600 members whose identities are not publicized. Members were allowed to use the hotel's amenities, received discounted food at the restaurants, and had a private concierge.^[74]

History[edit]

Heckscher ownership[edit]

What is now the Crown Building was developed by August Heckscher, who had built his fortune from mining and Manhattan real estate.^[28]^[76] Heckscher actively mined commodities such as copper, coal, and zinc in the northeastern U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He began buying buildings in Manhattan in 1910, and he was also a philanthropist who supported museums such as the Heckscher Art Museum and El Museo del Barrio.^[76]^[77] The Real Estate Record and Guide wrote in 1912 that Heckscher "has not invested largely in real estate hitherto as an individual" but owned at least two other Fifth Avenue properties.^[78] Before Heckscher developed what is now the Crown Building, he had built another Heckscher Building at the intersection of Madison Avenue and 42nd Street; that building also had setbacks in its design, even though it predated the 1916 Zoning Resolution.^[77]

Site acquisition[edit]

In December 1912, the 734 Fifth Avenue Company bought the Morse and Stevens–Whitney houses^[79]^[78] and immediately began tearing down the houses to make way for a commercial building.^[80] Heckscher told his broker not to publicize the fact that he was buying the structure,^[81] but the Real Estate Record and Guide reported that Heckscher was involved with the 734 Fifth Avenue Company.^[78] The New-York Tribune wrote that Heckscher was "highly incensed" that his secret purchase had been announced publicly, since he had wanted to give the Whitney mansion to his wife as a surprise gift.^[81] Heckscher was recorded as the property's owner by January 1913.^[82] That July, Heckscher hired H. Edwards Ficken to build a three-story commercial building on the site.^[82]^[83] The structure included stores on the ground story, offices on the second, and galleries on the third.^[83]

Heckscher bought James Roosevelt's residence at 3 West 57th Street, and two other houses at 3–5 West 56th Street, in late 1913.^[84] In November 1915, Heckscher acquired the adjacent properties at 7 West 56th Street and 6–8 West 57th Street from the estate of J. S. Kennedy.^[85] The site was quickly resold to Michael Dreicer,^[86] who built a structure on the 57th Street lots.^[87] Heckscher bought back 7 and 9 West 56th Street from Dreicer in February 1918.^[88] Heckscher formed a holding company called Anahma Realty, which was named after his yacht, though work was delayed likely due to the Spanish flu.^[89]

Development[edit]

George Backer leased the corner of 57th Street and Fifth Avenue for 21 years, along with the adjacent Kennedy property on 56th Street, from Heckscher in 1919.^[90]^[91] The L-shaped site wrapped around Joseph Duveen's art dealership on 56th Street.^[90] Backer then announced plans for a 30-story building on the site, which would have cost $6 million and would have included offices, apartments, a theater, and some stores. Warren and Wetmore were hired as the architects.^[90]^[91] As planned, there would have been only one setback;^[92] the base would have risen 125 feet (38 m) above ground, while the shaft would have ascended another 325 feet (99 m).^[93] The lower stories would have contained eight stories of showrooms and commercial stores, and the apartments and offices would have been located above. There would also have been an enclosed shopping arcade leading from 57th Street and from Fifth Avenue. The arcade would have led to a 900-seat, ten-story theater on 56th Street.^[93]

Hughes & Hammond placed a $4.5 million mortgage loan on the building's site in February 1920, which at the time was one of the largest real-estate loans ever placed on a property in New York City.^[94] The Heckscher Building was to be the first tall building along the Midtown segment of Fifth Avenue,^[92] and its theater would have been the first Broadway theater along this same segment.^[93] Insurance companies objected to the original plans, and the New York City Department of Buildings refused to approve the theater.^[30]^[95] That August, Wetmore reduced the building's overall height to 25 stories,^[30]^[96] and the apartments and theater were removed from the plans.^[51]^[96] The building was to be used purely as a commercial and office structure, without any manufacturing.^[30] The three-story structure on the site had been demolished by October 1920.^[51]^[95] By then, the first 13 stories were planned to be used as shops (with showrooms on floors 2 through 9), while the 14th through 25th stories were to be used as offices.^[51]

At the time of the building's development, Heckscher believed that the building was "the ultimate location for the exclusive shopping center of New York" because businesses would not relocate north of 59th Street in great numbers.^[97] Backer's construction company built the Heckscher Building,^[31]^[98] while Heckscher had a one-third ownership stake in the building.^[99] After Backer's death in May 1921,^[20]^[98] the executor of his estate, Samuel Levy, completed the structure.^[99] By mid-1921, the Heckscher Building's rental agents Cushman & Wakefield were looking to attract retail tenants to the building.^[100] Although media from August 1921 advertised the building as being ready for occupancy by the beginning of September, the building was still reportedly not complete in January 1922.^[37] The structure was ultimately finished in 1922.^[101]^[102]

Early years[edit]

The building's base originally contained numerous art galleries and showrooms.^[50] Linen store Mosse Inc. was the first retail tenant, signing a lease in January 1922.^[103] Tenants with full floors in the building included upholstery and decoration distributor Stroheim & Romann,^[104] the Consolidated Cigar Company,^[105] stockbroker J. P. Benkard & Co.,^[106] and oil refiner Cosden & Co.^[107] Women's Wear wrote that the building's completion coincided with the increasing concentration of businesses along 57th Street,^[108] while the New York Herald Tribune wrote that its construction accelerated the street's commercial redevelopment.^[109] In any case, the building was nearly fully occupied in October 1923,^[37] and fashion store Joseph's leased the building's last available storefront in October 1924.^[110] Other early tenants with large amounts of space included jewelers Udall & Ballou^[111] and the Hadley-Leon apparel store.^[112] Harry Payne Whitney offered $7 million to buy the building in 1926, though Heckscher declined.^[113] Instead, Heckscher refinanced the building in 1930 with a $4.5 million mortgage loan, replacing the previous mortgages.^[114]

The Museum of Modern Art moved into a six-room gallery on the Heckscher Building's twelfth floor in November 1929;^[115] it was MoMA's first-ever location.^[116] Among the notable exhibitions that MoMA hosted at the building was the Modern Architecture: International Exhibition,^[101]^[117] in which curators Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson popularized the term International Style.^[118] MoMA also displayed work from other artists, such as Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Georges Seurat, and Paul Gauguin, at the Heckscher Building.^[101] In the same building, the Mexican artist Diego Rivera had rented a studio where, in 1931, he created works for a MoMA exhibition.^[119]^[120] MoMA remained at the Heckscher Building until 1932,^[25]^[116] when it moved to 53rd Street.^[121] During the 1930s, other tenants with large amounts of space included womenswear company Nelson-Hickson Inc.,^[122] linen retailers William Coulson & Sons,^[123] antiques dealer Symons Inc.,^[124] film studio Universal Pictures,^[125] and camera maker E. Leitz Inc.^[126] There was also a four-room exhibition studio for Studio Guild Galleries,^[127] in addition to a contract bridge club^[128] and a luncheon club.^[129]

With the construction of Rockefeller Center nearby in the 1930s, Heckscher blamed Rockefeller Center's developers for decreased demand at his building.^[130]^[131] Heckscher sued Rockefeller Center's developers for $10 million in January 1934, claiming that the developers took over the tenants' old leases at below market rate or paid tenants to disregard or cancel the leases at their old buildings.^[132] No trial was ever held for the lawsuit,^[25] and in December 1934, the City Bank-Farmers Trust Company filed to foreclose on the building's mortgage.^[130]^[133] The Heckscher Building was offered for sale at a foreclosure auction in early July 1938,^[134] and City Bank Farmers Trust paid $4.25 million for the structure that month.^[135]

Mid-20th century[edit]

During the 1940s, space in the building was leased to tenants such as dressmaker Wilma Gowns,^[136] perfume seller Parfums Charbert,^[137] and the Motion Picture Sales Corporation.^[138] In addition, the building's weather vane was removed in 1942 to provide scrap metal for World War II.^[28] In January 1946, Charles F. Noyes and a partner agreed to buy the building as an investment for Noyes's family.^[19]^[139] At the time, the structure was earning $700,000 in rent per year and was valued at $4.875 million for tax purposes.^[139] The sale was finalized the next month. Noyes gave his ownership stake to his daughter, whom media sources referred to as "Mrs. Duncan M. Findlay", and the developer Joseph Durst was revealed as Noyes's partner.^[140]^[141] The Herald Tribune wrote that Durst had urged Noyes to buy the building after several other developers had expressed interest in the building,^[141] and that Noyes had rejected an outside offer of $5 million for the building.^[142]

Durst and Duncan Findlay received a $4.15 million mortgage loan for the building in mid-1949.^[143] The Durst and Findlay families sold the building in November 1950 to Kenneth S. Keyes, who represented two anonymous Cuban investors.^[99] The buyers paid $1.965 million in cash and took over the building's existing $4.01 million mortgage.^[144] By then, the building's tenants paid about $1 million in annual rent and occupied about 300,000 square feet (28,000 m²) of office space.^[99]^[145] Further space was leased in the 1950s and 1960s to tenants such as specialty shop Blackton-Fifth Avenue Ltd.,^[146] the U.S. Senate campaign offices of Herbert Lehman,^[147] talent agency Mercury Artists,^[148] paint company Martin-Senour,^[149] and cosmetic and perfume company Lanvin-Charles of the Ritz.^[150]

The building was renamed the Genesco Building in 1964, when Genesco became a major tenant.^[28]^[151] At the time, Genesco owned an I. Miller shoe store at the base and the Bonwit Teller department store across the street.^[151] In 1966, the building was sold to Centurion Real Estate Inc.^[25]^[151] Paul Goldberger of The New York Times wrote in the 1970s that the base of the Genesco Building contained a wooden tent which housed the I. Miller store.^[152] By the late 1970s, Centurion reported that the building was nearly fully occupied.^[25]

Marcos ownership[edit]

Acquisition, renovation, and new tenants[edit]

The Genesco Building at 730 Fifth Avenue was sold in September 1981 to Ralph and Joseph Bernstein of the New York Land Company, which was initially reported to be representing an anonymous Canadian investment group.^[153] The real buyer was Imelda Marcos, the wife of Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos, who purchased it through a Dutch Antillean company named Lastura Corp. N.V.^[154] Lastura, in turn, was owned by a Panamanian shell company.^[155]^[c] In a subsequent criminal case, one witness testified that Ferdinand Marcos was initially reluctant to buy the building, but relented after his wife tearfully pleaded for him to purchase it.^[157] The acquisition cost $51 million.^[158]^[159]^[160] Joseph Bernstein was designated as the trustee for Lastura Corp. N.V.^[161]^[154] According to later testimony from Bernstein, the Marcoses had obtained a loan to purchase the Crown Building, including $34 million from BNP Paribas.^[162] Marcos also received a $30 million loan from Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the Philippines Central Bank;^[163]^[164] he allegedly forced an associate to submit a fraudulent loan application to the bank.^[164]

The Genesco Building was renamed the Crown Building in 1983, after its crown-like look when illuminated at night.^[26] New York Land subsequently spent $15 million on redecorating the building,^[165]^[166] and it paid another $70 million to buy and renovate a Korvettes storefront in the building.^[166] The new owners added 23-karat gold leaf to the building's facade,^[42]^[167] reportedly to compete with the decorations on the nearby Trump Tower.^[160] New York Land hired lighting designer Douglas Leigh to renovate the building's exterior lighting.^[168] Leigh also added floodlights atop the Tiffany, Manufacturers Hanover, and Bergdorf Goodman buildings, at the other three corners of the intersection of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, to match the Crown Building's lights.^[169]^[170] The new lights atop all four buildings were activated in January 1983,^[170] though local businesses complained about the brightness and glare created by the other three buildings' lights.^[171] New York Land funded the installation of a large illuminated snowflake-shaped object above Fifth Avenue and 57th Street,^[172] and they upgraded the elevators as well.^[173]

During the 1980s, a group of 38 art galleries leased the building's second and third floors.^[174] Other new tenants during that decade included a store for Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A.,^[175] a temporary construction office for Donald Trump,^[166] the headquarters of fashion brand Pierre Cardin,^[176] and a jewelry gallery.^[177] New York Land also wanted to market the office space to large firms, so it paid some of the smaller tenants to move out.^[166] Shoe companies opened showrooms within the building, and retail space was being rented for about $500 per square foot ($5,400/m²) by the late 1980s, making it among the world's most expensive retail space.^[165] Among the retail tenants at that time were Bulgari and Sharper Image.^[178] Also during that decade, preservationists had proposed designating the Crown Building as a contributing property to a planned historic district along the midtown section of Fifth Avenue. The historic district was never created.^[179]

Attempted sales[edit]

In August 1985, opposition politicians in the National Assembly of the Philippines submitted a complaint in an unsuccessful attempt to impeach Marcos; the complaint alleged that Imelda Marcos had bought the Crown Building in 1981.^[180] A United States House of Representatives committee found that the Bernsteins had been working on behalf of Marcos,^[181]^[182] who had intended the building and several others as a gift for his wife Imelda.^[183]^[d] The Washington Post reported that in coded cables between the Marcos family and their alleged "front" in Manhattan, Gliceria Tantoco, the Crown Building was referred to using the code word "Ferragamo".^[159] By February 1986, the Crown Building and three other buildings reportedly owned by the Marcoses were being placed for sale.^[160]^[185] Around that time, the Bernsteins were contemplating paying $250 million for the Crown Building and two of the other buildings.^[186] The Bernsteins alleged that they paid $235 million for the Crown Building, Herald Center, and 40 Wall Street,^[187]^[188] but the Philippine government claimed that the sale was never finalized.^[189] The Saudi arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi also claimed to be involved with the building's purchase;^[190] he asserted that he had owned the building for several years before the Bernsteins' alleged purchase.^[187]^[188]

After Marcos was forced out of office, the administration of his successor Corazon Aquino froze Marcos's assets within U.S. banking channels in March 1986.^[191] As a result, the building's tax bills went unpaid.^[192] A lawyer alleged that the building's value was declining under the Bernsteins' management.^[193] After a U.S. circuit court ruled to block the sale of the Marcos properties in November 1986, Aquino's administration filed a lawsuit against the Marcos estate to obtain title to the buildings.^[194] Security Pacific Bank held one of the building's mortgage loans, which was worth either $60 million^[195] or $76 million by 1989.^[196] Two additional mortgages, totaling $39 million, were held by Mabari, a Liechtenstein foundation originally operated by Khashoggi.^[155] The Marcoses defaulted on the Security Pacific loan in 1987,^[197] and the loan had been foreclosed upon by the following year.^[198] Federal judge Pierre N. Leval ruled in 1988 that the building could be sold at a foreclosure auction.^[195] The first through third floors, which were leased to I. Miller and then re-leased to Bulgari, were exempted from the foreclosure auction because I. Miller's lease had been negotiated long before the Marcoses obtained the building.^[155]

The Crown Building's disposition was unresolved for several years^[41]^[199] because the Philippine government, the Bernsteins, and Khashoggi each claimed ownership over it.^[200] The Aquino administration attempted in early 1989 to sell the four Marcos properties to Morris Bailey for $398 million, over the objections of the Bernsteins and Khashoggi.^[187]^[201] Khashoggi was also accused of helping the Marcoses hide their stakes in their buildings,^[202] although he was acquitted of all racketeering charges in relation to the properties.^[203] By late 1989, Leval was planning a foreclosure auction for the building, setting the minimum bid at $125 million.^[196]^[204] The auction was originally scheduled for that October,^[195]^[205] but it was rescheduled eight times due to uncertainty over who owned the structure.^[206] An unidentified buyer offered $120 million for the building the following year.^[207]

Spitzer, Winter, and Greene ownership[edit]

The Aquino administration, Khashoggi, and the Bernsteins settled their conflicting claims to the building in late 1990, agreeing to split the profits after the building was sold and the mortgage was paid off.^[208]^[209] By then, the building was half-empty.^[155] There had been few attempts to attract new tenants or maintain the building during the late 1980s, and its largest tenant had moved out.^[196] The Crown Building was ultimately sold in February 1991 to real-estate developers Bernard Spitzer, Marvin Winter, and Jerome L. Greene for $93.6 million, only a few thousand dollars above Security Pacific's bid.^[207]^[210] After the $89 million mortgage and various taxes were paid off, comparatively little remained;^[199]^[206] the Philippine government received about $3,000 in total.^[156] To attract tenants, Spitzer and his partners subdivided the interior space and advertised the building's location, design, and floor areas;^[211] they had managed to lease 10 percent of the empty space by the end of 1991.^[212]

The building was 80 percent occupied by 1993, with foreign companies comprising many of the new tenants.^[213] The building's occupants during the 1990s included fashion designer Louis Féraud,^[214] fashion designer Laura Biagiotti,^[215] art gallery Kennedy Galleries,^[216] fashion showroom Falmola,^[217] antique dealer Israel Sack,^[218] and watch company Piaget SA.^[219] Luxury goods store Bruno Magli leased the penthouse,^[220] while other office space was occupied by fashion firm Mondo Inc.,^[221] lifestyle magazine Playboy,^[222] and hotel chain Sun International.^[223] Despite the owners' initial failure to attract art-gallery owners to the building, by the mid-1990s the Crown Building was in high demand among art galleries.^[216] An executive for the building's leasing agent, Cushman & Wakefield, said that they wanted to lease the space to high-end tenants.^[224] The owners also leased out some prebuilt office space in the building.^[225]

During the 2000s, the building gained tenants such as a Smythson stationery store,^[226] a Vidal Sassoon fashion salon,^[227] a Gilan jewelry showroom,^[228] and the headquarters of the Nina Footwear Corporation (which had acquired I. Miller).^[229] In addition, the building had a coworking space.^[230] After Spitzer's son Eliot Spitzer resigned as the governor of New York, Eliot had an office at the Crown Building.^[231] When Bernard Spitzer died in 2014, Eliot continued to operate the building alongside the Winter family.^[232]

Redevelopment[edit]

Sales[edit]

In December 2014, Eliot Spitzer and the Winters began looking to sell the building for at least $1.8 billion.^[233] Jeff Sutton's Wharton Properties and Sandeep Mathrani's General Growth Properties purchased the building for about $1.75 billion that month,^[e] including both the office space and the lower-story retail space.^[48]^[236]^[237] The sale price of $4,490 per square foot ($48,300/m²) made the Crown Building the world's costliest office building per square foot at the time.^[238]^[239] Though the sale was one of the largest deals in New York City real estate history,^[48]^[236]^[237] one observer predicted that the retail space alone was worth more than the price paid for the whole structure.^[47] The retail tenants, Bulgari, Zegna, and K. Mikimoto & Co, were paying less than the market rate, though most of the tenants' leases expired in seven years or less.^[237]^[238] In addition, the office space was occupied by companies such as private-equity firm Apollo Global Management and investment manager Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.^[238]

Wharton and General Growth finalized their purchase in April 2015.^[235]^[240] That month, developer Michael Shvo and Russian billionaire Vladislav Doronin purchased the top 21 stories for about $500 million.^[235]^[241] Shvo and Doronin beat out several other large bidders, including the Blackstone Group, the Carlyle Group, and LVMH.^[241] Shvo and Doronin announced plans to convert and redevelop their portion of the Crown Building into the Aman New York, a luxury hotel and residences.^[242] The hotel and residences would be operated by Doronin's Aman Resorts^[53] and would be the third Aman resort located in a city.^[241] Some of the building's office tenants began leaving after the sale was announced,^[243] while other tenants, including several art galleries, were forced out of the office space against their wishes.^[244]

Wharton and General Growth also evicted tenants on the lower stories so these areas could be converted to retail space.^[245] They leased out two of the building's storefronts at rates that greatly exceeded the area's $3,324 per square foot ($35,780/m²) average.^[246] Bulgari signed a new lease in late 2015, reducing its space to 3,675 square feet (341.4 m²),^[247] and Zegna leased 9,000 square feet (840 m²) on the first and second floors in March 2016.^[248] The last non-retail tenant in the base, ICM Partners, moved out in June 2016.^[245]

Hotel conversion[edit]

Mikimoto renovated its 1,800-square-foot (170 m²) store at the building in 2016.^[249] Shvo and Doronin submitted a condominium offering plan to the New York Attorney General's office that November.^[250]^[251] Early plans called for 79 hotel rooms on the 4th through 9th stories; three floors of amenity space; and 26 residential condos above the 11th story.^[251]^[252] The terms of the Aman New York's condo offering allowed the developers to rent out some of the apartments as hotel rooms.^[253] Following allegations of corruption against Shvo,^[241] he was ousted as one of the hotel's developers by September 2017, although Shvo still owned a partial stake in the project.^[254] Doronin estimated that the penthouse apartment would be sold for $100 million, while the other units would be sold for at least $4 million.^[69]^[255] Doronin also planned to add large terraces and outdoor pools to the setbacks.^[39] The Crown Building's Bulgari store opened in October 2017 following a renovation designed by Peter Marino.^[44]^[256]

In March 2018, a buyer offered $180 million for the Aman's penthouse, making it one of the highest-priced residential sales in the U.S.^[257]^[258] Doronin received a $284 million loan for the hotel portion of the building that December.^[259] The Zegna store at the building's base was also redesigned by Marino and reopened in February 2019.^[260] By mid-2019, there were buyers for about half of the building's apartments, despite decreased demand for luxury apartments along the nearby Billionaires' Row.^[41] The sales office was open only to invited guests who first underwent an extensive background check.^[41]^[72] At the time, the condos were being sold for between $4.7 million and $83 million, even though public sales had not even begun.^[41] Also in 2019, Wharton and General Growth sought a $900 million loan to refinance the building's retail space,^[261] and Apollo Global agreed to provide $807 million that August.^[262] Sutton sold most of his stake in the retail space to Brookfield Properties that month, reportedly due to dissatisfaction over the terms of the refinancing.^[263] Doronin's OKO Group received $750 million in construction loans in October 2019 to renovate the upper levels.^[264]

Jean-Michel Gathy was hired to renovate the hotel portion of the building,^[56]^[57] while the brokerage Douglas Elliman was hired to place the residential condos on sale.^[64] Residential sales at the Crown Building commenced in January 2020,^[265] and the first units became available in early 2021.^[266] The project included adding design details such as fireplaces between windows, which, according to Gathy, helped to make the building "luxurious".^[61] The completion of the renovation had to be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, and the project had also incurred 34 violations of city building codes by early 2021.^[241] One worker died after falling down a chute in the building,^[241]^[267] and the city fined the developer $12,500 as a result.^[267] Most of the building's apartments had been sold by the end of 2021.^[268] Doronin sought to refinance the hotel in early 2022,^[269] and he refinanced the hotel that June with a $754 million loan from JPMorgan Chase.^[270] Buyers began finalizing their purchases in mid-2022.^[253]^[271] Of the first 12 buyers to finalize their purchases, five had paid more than $20 million each; Doronin predicted that the apartments would sell for a total of $893 million.^[253] The hotel renovation ultimately cost $1.45 billion.^[272]

Hotel opening and 2020s[edit]

The Aman New York opened on August 11, 2022.^[272]^[273]^[274] The cheapest rooms rented for $3,200^[59]^[61]^[70] or $3,400 a night,^[275] making the Aman the city's most expensive hotel.^[75]^[274] The Aman also had a private club that, at the time of the hotel's opening, had an upfront membership fee of $200,000, excluding the $15,000 annual renewal fee.^[75]^[74] The New York Times reported that, at the Aman's opening, there was so much demand for the hotel that even some of the club's members had difficulties reserving rooms.^[59] The following month, Doronin considered selling the hotel portion of the building for at least $600 million,^[276] though Aman would continue to operate the hotel.^[49]^[276] A Chopard watch shop opened at the building's base in December 2022.^[277] Three of the building's apartments ranked among the most expensive apartments in New York City during 2022.^[278]

In 2023, the Aman began renting out some of the private apartments to hotel guests as part of a program where condos' owners could opt to rent out their homes.^[279] The fashion house Chanel opened a two-story store at the Crown Building's base, its first standalone watch-and-jewelry boutique in the United States, in February 2024.^[280] By the next month, sales had been finalized for 17 of the condos.^[265] The purchasers of the condos included a trust operated by Meta Platforms^[281] and Hong Kong businessman Terence Chan.^[282] In addition, fashion house Prada bought one of the commercial condo units in April 2024 for $12.6 million.^[283]^[284] On May 14, 2024, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Crown Building as an official city landmark.^[101]^[102] The following month, the businessman Serdar Bilgili sued Shvo over the latter's ownership stake in the Crown Building. Bilgili claimed that he had acquired a one-third interest in Shvo's ownership stake in 2015 and that Shvo had reduced their ownership stakes through a set of capital calls.^[285]

Reception[edit]

Architectural commentary[edit]

When the Heckscher Building was being planned, the New-York Tribune wrote that the structure exemplified the commercial and architectural changes taking place on Fifth Avenue.^[95]^[93] The New York Herald called the structure a "cathedral of commerce",^[37]^[286] while Heckscher himself called it the "tower of trade".^[37]^[25] As the building was being completed in 1921, Aymar Embury II wrote in Architectural Forum magazine that the building's massing was "perhaps as attractive as that of any in the city", aside from the Woolworth Building.^[38] The same year, the New York World wrote that the Heckscher Building was one of several new skyscrapers that exemplified the idea of the pyramid-roofed tower.^[287] The Real Estate Record surmised that the building would serve as "a beautiful background" for Fifth Avenue's mansions.^[28]

Following the building's completion, the architect Harvey Wiley Corbett stated that the Heckscher Building had a "very pleasing contour", especially its topmost portion, and was "more interesting certainly than the old buildings" further down Fifth Avenue.^[288] The Guardian described the building as a "lovely slight from all the southern part of Central Park", particularly its golden pinnacle.^[46] The writer Willard Gilman Myers wrote that the building's roof had one of New York City's most beautiful pinnacles in New York City and that the structure "soars above the Vanderbilt chateau with a Gallic grace that has little of the heavier beauty of its sisters to the south".^[289] Conversely, George Harold Edgell regarded the design as "not wholly successful" because of the excessive emphasis placed on horizontal design elements.^[50]^[290]

Writing retrospectively in 1976, Paul Goldberger said that the building's roof "made it an early and significant presence on the Fifth Avenue skyline".^[152] After Douglas Leigh replaced the building's lighting in the 1980s, Goldberger wrote that the "intricate mix of gilding and lighting [...] works superbly",^[291] though architect Patricia Conway regarded the gilding as "rather excessive, and not architecturally appropriate".^[292] In his 1987 book New York 1930, Robert A. M. Stern wrote that the presence of the Heckscher Building "signaled a new scale of development" along 57th Street.^[50] The Wall Street Journal described the original building as being "a monument to the Beaux-Arts movement" when it was built.^[41]

Hotel commentary[edit]

Following the Crown Building's conversion into a hotel, a writer for Elite Traveler wrote that the subtleness of the hotel room's design details contributed to their luxurious feel.^[57] Another critic, for the Condé Nast Traveler, described going through the hotel as akin to a "nesting process" and said that "walking down the hotel's hushed, cream-colored hallways and reaching your suite feels like making it to the inner sanctum".^[56] A writer for Town and Country magazine stated that there was an "interesting juxtaposition between Aman's glossy modernism and its new home's old Beaux-Arts bones", describing the interiors as having a serene atmosphere.^[70]

In the inaugural edition of the World's 50 Best Hotels, the Aman was ranked as the 25th-best hotel in the world, as well as the highest-ranked hotel in the United States on that list.^[293] The first edition of the Michelin Keys Guide, in 2024, ranked the Aman New York as a "three-key" hotel, the highest accolade granted by the Michelin Keys Guide.^[294]^[295] The Aman was one of 11 Michelin three-key hotels across the United States^[295] and one of four such hotels in New York City.^[294]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

^ Other sources cite a minimum area of 718 square feet (66.7 m²)^[56] or 745 square feet (69.2 m²).^[59] The four smallest suites are 340-square-foot studios that are attached to larger units; excluding these studios, the smallest room is 745 square feet.^[58]
^ Also described as floors 15 through 30. The floor numbers do not correspond to the physical stories in the building.^[61]
^ The owner of the Lastura Corporation has been variously cited as Trade & Commodities S.A., Paneles Porcelanizados S.A., and Yewell Compagnie Immobiliere S.A.^[155] Lastura itself was subsequently renamed the Canadian Land Company, then Crown Building N.V.^[155]^[156]
^ Marcos was also found to have purchased several other New York City buildings; see Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family.^[184]
^ The price has also been cited as $1.77 billion^[234] or $1.78 billion.^[235]

Citations[edit]

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^ ^a ^b White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 337.
^ ^a ^b "730 5 Avenue, 10019". New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
^ White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 326.
^ ^a ^b "John Peirce Residence" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 23, 2009. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps (1915). "The iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909 : compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps, plans, views, and documents in public and private collections". p. 67. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012 – via Internet Archive.
^ Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 558. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1999, p. 578.
^ ^a ^b Landmarks Preservation Commission 2024, p. 8.
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^ King, Rachel (December 31, 2022). "Inside Manhattan's best new luxury hotel: Aman New York". Fortune. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Kachroo-Levine, Maya (August 16, 2022). "With a Garden Terrace, Underground Jazz Club, and Wildly Expensive Suites". Travel + Leisure. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
^ Barsamian, Edward (April 24, 2024). "Inside the Top Suite of Three Key Aman New York". MICHELIN Guide. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Marino, Vivian (July 28, 2022). "A Pair of Co-ops Sold for $101 Million as the Market Returned to a Boil". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Work Progressing on Crown Building's Conversion Into Aman New York at 730 Fifth Avenue in Midtown". New York YIMBY. September 20, 2020. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
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^ Cormack, Rachel (January 22, 2023). "This US$74 Million Penthouse Is the Most Expensive Home Sold in NYC This Year (So Far)". Robb Report. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Rosenberg, Zoe (October 27, 2017). "Crown Building's ultraluxury conversion will include $100M+, 5-story penthouse". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kim, Leena (September 1, 2022). "Aman New York Is Now Manhattan's Most Exclusive Club". Town & Country. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Schama, Chloe (May 28, 2024). "Aman New York". Vogue. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Plitt, Amy (June 14, 2019). "New looks at Crown Building's ultraluxury condo conversion". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
^ Taylor, Elise (August 29, 2022). "An Exclusive Look at Aman's Jazz Club, New York's Most Elevated Night Out". Vogue. Archived from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Inside the Aman Club, the most expensive private members' club in NYC". South China Morning Post. May 6, 2024. Archived from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chaffin, Joshua (September 7, 2023). "Manhattan's private clubs thrive in a new Gilded Age". Financial Times. ProQuest 2862101817. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Landmarks Preservation Commission 2024, pp. 8–9.
^ ^a ^b Gray, Christopher (January 20, 2002). "Streetscapes/50 East 42nd Street; Ballet Dancer of a Building, Its Tower Lithe and Trim". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Mr. August Heckscher and His Purchase". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 90, no. 2336. December 21, 1912. p. 1158. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024 – via columbia.edu.
^ "Whitney Sale Starts Real Estate "Fever": Lets Down Bars for Rush of Business to That Section of Fifth Avenue Rare Chance, Say Experts Oelrichs House Next to Be Sold, It is Reported—speculators Worried by Hidden River". New-York Tribune. December 16, 1912. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575002429.
^ "W. C. Whitney House to Be Torn Down: High Board Fence Will Soon Surround Site of Fifth Avenue Mansion". New-York Tribune. December 14, 1912. p. 18. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575027462; "The Real Estate Field; Old Whitney Mansion to be Torn Down in Next Two Months – Apartment House Investments – Greenwich Village Deals – Active Bronx and Suburban Markets". The New York Times. December 14, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Industrialist Is Putting His Millions Into Gilt-Edge Real Estate; Holds Eleven Big Structures Valued at From $30,000,000 to $35,000,000". New-York Tribune. August 5, 1923. p. C1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1237337842.
^ ^a ^b "Taxpayer for Whitney's Old Home". New-York Tribune. July 12, 1913. p. 14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575140993.
^ ^a ^b "The Real Estate Field; August Heckscher to Build Three-story Taxpayer on the Old Whitney Corner – Big Sixth Avenue Lease – Bronx Hospital Buys Building Plot – Suburban Deals". The New York Times. July 12, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "The Week's Real Estate News". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 92, no. 2382. November 8, 1913. p. 862. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024 – via columbia.edu; "The Real Estate Field; Big Purchase by August Heckscher in Fifty-seventh Street Adjoining His Fifth Avenue Corner ;- Riverside Drive Corner Sold for Apartment ;- Deals in Harlem ;- Good Bronx Market". The New York Times. November 6, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "Heckscher Buys Kennedy Site; Property Adjoins His Corner Parcel at 57th St. And Fifth Av". New-York Tribune. November 16, 1915. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575465588; "The Real Estate Field; August Heckscher Buys Kennedy Estate Property on Fifthy-seventh Street ;- $115,000 for Small Park Avenue Corner ;- Harlem-Bronx Trade ;- $200,000 Westchester Estate Sold". The New York Times. November 16, 1915. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "The Real Estate Field.; Michael Dreicer Purchases Former Kennedy Property in Fifty-seventh Street From August Heckscher ;- West End Apartment Site Deal ;- Big Bronx Sale on Concourse ;- Country Sale". The New York Times. December 10, 1915. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "Influenced Beauty on Fifth Avenue; Michael Dreicer Set an Example for Commercially Attractive Buildings". The New York Times. July 31, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "August Heckscher Adds to Holdings". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 101, no. 2604. February 9, 1918. p. 172. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024 – via columbia.edu; "Heckscher Buys Again". New York Herald. February 4, 1918. p. 12. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024; "Fifth Avenue Plot Sold". New-York Tribune. February 3, 1918. p. 5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575805388.
^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2024, pp. 9–10.
^ ^a ^b ^c "30-story Building for Upper 5th Av.; Vanderbilt and Huntington Mansions at 57th Street Will Be Overshadowed". The New York Times. December 21, 1919. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Two Giant Structures and Palatial Theater, Valued at $15,000,000, for 5th Ave". New-York Tribune. December 21, 1919. p. A8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576155078.
^ ^a ^b Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 359.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Giant Structure for 5th Ave. and 57th St. Corner Marks Future Development of Avenue of Avenues". New-York Tribune. February 15, 1920. p. A10. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576187407. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "August Heckscher Adds to Holdings". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 105, no. 7. February 14, 1920. p. 207. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024 – via columbia.edu; "$4,500,000 Building Loan; Capital Secured to Erect Fifth Avenue's Tallest Building". The New York Times. February 3, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Landmarks Preservation Commission 2024, p. 10.
^ ^a ^b "Building Plan Revised.; Height of Heckscher Building Reduced and Theatre Abandoned". The New York Times. August 15, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "New York to Have Small Addition of Rue de la Paix: French Trade Center Forming in Fifth Ave. Blocks, Between 57th, 59th Sts". New York Herald Tribune. May 20, 1928. p. D2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113379443.
^ ^a ^b "Business of George Backer, Who Gave City $100,000,000 Worth of Buildings; Will Be Carried On By Associates: Company Will Be Formed by Samuel Levy, Copartner and Attorney, to Continue Uncompleted Work of the Late Builder; William Backer, Who Will Graduate as an Engineer From Cornell Next Month, Will Take Up Affairs of His Father". New-York Tribune. May 15, 1921. p. A15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576436642.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Florida Agent Buys 25-Story 5 th Av. Tower: Keyes, of Miami, Takes Heckscher Building at 57th St. Corner". New York Herald Tribune. November 5, 1950. p. C1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1335548364.
^ "Daily Retailing: Plan To Group Shops In New Heckscher Building: Owners Expect to Have Here an Exclusive Buying Center for Women's Apparel—Objects D'Art and Other Goods Will Give New Impetus to Development of Upper Fifth Avenue". Women's Wear. Vol. 23, no. 30. August 5, 1921. p. 48. ProQuest 1665938902.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Roche, Daniel Jonas (May 14, 2024). "Landmarks Preservation Commission designates the Heckscher Building, a French Renaissance tower by Warren & Wetmore from 1922". The Architect's Newspaper. Archived from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Gannon, Devin (May 16, 2024). "NYC's gilded Crown Building is landmarked". 6sqft. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024; Rahhal, Emily (May 14, 2024). "Fifth Avenue skyscraper, home of Aman resort, named historic landmark". PIX11. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024; "Landmarks Designates the Crown Building in Midtown". CityLand. May 15, 2024. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
^ "Mosse To Move To Heckscher Bldg.: First to Lease Retail Space in New Structure—-To Move About Feb. 1". Women's Wear. Vol. 24, no. 2. January 4, 1922. p. 48. ProQuest 1666234247; "Commercial Leases; Fisk Building Store Leased for Term at $1,000,000". The New York Times. January 4, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "Entire Floor in Heckscher Bldg for Decorative Art: "Finest in America." Say Sire heim Romann. Who Will Occupy Space". New-York Tribune. January 15, 1922. p. A10. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576557534; "Upholsterers in Lease; Removal to Heckscher Building Shows Trade Centre Change". The New York Times. January 15, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "Commercial Leases; Consolidated Cigar Corporation Will Move to Heckscher Building". The New York Times. February 21, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "Stock Exchange Brokers Get Space in Heckscher Building". New-York Tribune. December 22, 1922. p. 20. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576737006.
^ "Oil Refiners Lease Floor In Heckscher Building". New-York Tribune. July 7, 1922. p. 20. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576662877.
^ "57th Street Taking Place As New Business District: Growth Has Been Almost Over Night Seen as Rich Mine for Retailers — Heckscher Bldg. Among New Structures". Women's Wear. Vol. 25, no. 118. November 20, 1922. p. 33. ProQuest 1666220197.
^ "August Heckscher Dies at 92; Benefactor of Poor Children: German Immigrant Was Minn Executive, Financier and a Leading New York Real Estate Owner; Gave Parks and $5,000,000 Building Characteristic Scene From the Life of a Philanthropist". New York Herald Tribune. April 27, 1941. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1248452974.
^ "Joseph's To Be Located On 57th Street: Lease 30,000 Square Feet On 15-Year Lease — Expect To Occupy By Jan. 1, 1925". Women's Wear. Vol. 29, no. 100. October 27, 1924. p. 1. ProQuest 1676935689.
^ "Leases on Fifth Avenue; Jewelers in Long-Term Lease for Fifty-Seventh Street Corner". The New York Times. May 2, 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "Hadley-Leon Shop, Smartly Decorated, Has Formal Opening: Comprehensive Stock Includes Airy Evening Types Of Chiffon And Lace—Interesting Cottons For Daytime". Women's Wear. Vol. 28, no. 6. January 8, 1924. p. 3. ProQuest 1676647833.
^ "Heckscher Refused 7 Million for Building". New York Herald Tribune. December 9, 1934. p. I1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1221540895.
^ "Real Estate Transactions in City and Suburbs: Heckscher Gets $4,500,000 on His Building Loan Covers 25-Story Structure Erected Ninety [sic] Years Ago at 5th Ave., 57th St". New York Herald Tribune. June 5, 1930. p. 40. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113293259; "Heckscher Building in 5th Av. Financed by $4,500,000 Loan". The New York Times. June 5, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "New Modern Art Museum Opens Exhibit Today: First Showing of Paintings in Heckscher Building Galleries L. by Invitation Admit Public Tomorrow Patrons Lend Works by Cezanne Gauguin. Seurat". New York Herald Tribune. November 7, 1929. p. 48. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1111742689; "Shows Modern Art Here Tomorrow; New Museum in the Heckscher Building to Hold Private Exhibition Today". The New York Times. November 7, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Rothman, Lily (November 7, 2014). "The Museum of Modern Art, Then and Now". TIME. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ Jewell, Edward Alden (February 9, 1932). "Modern Architecture Shown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "AD Classics: Modern Architecture International Exhibition / Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock". ArchDaily. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
^ Bender, Courtney (2021). "Mrs. Rockefeller's Exquisite Corpse". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 63 (4): 788–789. doi:10.1017/S0010417521000244. ISSN 0010-4175.
^ "Rivera Paintings To Be Exhibited Privately Today: 5 Large Frescoes Featured in Showing of Mexican's Art at Modern Museum Public Opening Tomorrow 148 Works Included in Unusual One-Man Display". New York Herald Tribune. December 22, 1931. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114239905; "Rivera Here, Ready for Painting Show; Noted Mexican Artist Worked En Route on 5 Canvases Needed for Exhibit". The New York Times. November 15, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "W. 53d St. Building Is Leased as Home Of Modern Museum: 5-Story Structure To Be Occupied by May 1; Move Is Part of Bliss Plan". New York Herald Tribune. January 21, 1932. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114848138.
^ "Large Space Leased by Fifth Av. Store; Nelson-Hickson Firm to Move to Heckscher Building – Other Business Rentals". The New York Times. August 3, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "173-Year-Old Concern Rents Fifth Av. Space: William Coulson & Sons Will Locate in Heckscher Building on Fifth Ave". New York Herald Tribune. November 25, 1932. p. 28. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114732911.
^ "Antique Dealer Adds to Space On 5th Avenue: Symons Organization Takes Large Additional Unit in Heckscher Building". New York Herald Tribune. January 9, 1934. p. 34. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222204369.
^ "Real Estate: Jewel Dealer Leases Space In 48th Street Universal Pictures Rents Penthouse in the Annex of 730 Fifth Avenue". New York Herald Tribune. April 22, 1935. p. 29. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242903472.
^ "Camera Makers Move to Larger Midtown Space: E. Leitz, Inc., Takes 15,000 Square Feet in Heckscher Building; Other Leases". New York Herald Tribune. January 14, 1937. p. 37. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1223003218; "Camera Firm Rents Floor in Fifth Av.; E. Leitz, Inc., Takes Quarters in Heckscher Building—Printers Lease Space in Brooklyn". The New York Times. January 14, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "Exhibition: New York Club Pays Rent and Pleases Artists". Newsweek. Vol. 10, no. 11. September 13, 1937. p. 25. ProQuest 1882519616.
^ "New Bridge Club Rents in Midtown: Shepard Barclay Heads Group to Occupy Floors in the Heckscher Building". The New York Times. March 28, 1934. p. 42. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 101045255.
^ "New Luncheon Club Rents on 5th Avenue". New York Herald Tribune. February 26, 1939. p. C1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243147141.
^ ^a ^b "Sues to Foreclose Heckscher Corner; City Bank Asks Sale of 5th Av. and 57th St. Building for $84,320 Unpaid Taxes". The New York Times. December 5, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "Heckscher Suit Asks 10 Million Of Rockefeller: Cites Unfair Competition; Calls Midlown Center a Frankenstein Monster". New York Herald Tribune. January 11, 1934. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242834815.
^ "Heckscher Suit Asks 10 Million Of Rockefeller: Cites Unfair Competition; Calls Midlown Center a Frankenstein Monster". New York Herald Tribune. January 11, 1934. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242834815; Warren, Carl (January 13, 1934). "Another Lease Spurs Attack on Radio City". Daily News. p. 5. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "Foreclosure Suit Is Filed Over Heckscher Building". New York Herald Tribune. December 5, 1934. p. 35. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1221537228.
^ "Heckscher Building Goes On the Block This Week". New York Herald Tribune. July 3, 1938. p. C1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243160808; "Heckscher Building Offered at Auction; Fifth Avenue Skyscraper in Forced Sale This Week". The New York Times. July 3, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "Heckscher Building Sold On Bid of $4,250,000". New York Herald Tribune. July 7, 1938. p. 33. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1251471588; "Heckscher Building Offered at Auction; Fifth Avenue Skyscraper in Forced Sale This Week". The New York Times. July 3, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "Gown Concern Rents Big Store In 57th Street: Wilma Organization to Pay a Minimum of $225,000 for Plaza Zone Space". New York Herald Tribune. July 25, 1940. p. 31. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247797307; "Dress Firm Goes to Fifth Avenue; Takes Shop and Mezzanine in Heckscher Building for Ten Years". The New York Times. July 25, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "Parfums Charbert Rents Heckscher Building Space". New York Herald Tribune. April 18, 1944. p. 30. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1282891126; "4 Floors Leased by Jewish Board". The New York Times. April 14, 1944. p. 32. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 106789649.
^ "Film Concern Leases: New Sales Organization Takes Floor in 730 Fifth Avenue". The New York Times. May 18, 1949. p. 48. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 105992672.
^ ^a ^b Cooper, Lee E. (January 16, 1946). "Noyes Investing Interests Get 25-Story Heckscher Building; Big Office Structure on Fifth Avenue Is Reported to Have an Annual Rent Roll of About $700,000". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
^ "5th Ave. Title Passed; Deed Shows Noyes Paid $5,000,000 for Heckscher Building". The New York Times. February 14, 1946. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Joseph Durst Mystery Man in Heckscher Deal: Fanner of Charles Noyes in Purchase of 25-Story Building, 5th Av., 57th St". New York Herald Tribune. February 8, 1946. p. 23. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1284547354.
^ "Profit Offered For Heckselier Sale Contract: "Cannot Break My Promise to Grandchildren, "Noyes Says in Refusing Fortune". New York Herald Tribune. February 3, 1946. p. C8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1267891293.
^ "Loan of $4,150,000 on 5th Ave. Corner". The New York Times. August 10, 1949. p. 39. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 105749592.
^ "Transfers and Financing". New York Herald Tribune. January 9, 1951. p. 33. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1318530376.
^ Cooper, Lee E. (November 5, 1950). "Heckscher Tower on 5th Ave. Goes to Havana Buyers; Findlay and Durst Families Sell 25-Story Office Skyscraper on 57th Street Corner". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ "Corsets – Brassieres: To Open Newest Blackton Unit". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 82, no. 38. February 23, 1951. p. 42. ProQuest 1522629719; "Apparel Shop Gets Two 5th Ave. Stores". The New York Times. March 17, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "Lehman Party Today; Candidate to Open Offices at 730 Fifth Avenue". The New York Times. October 4, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "Night Clubs-Vaude: Mercury Has Lush Set-Up At 730 5th". The Billboard. Vol. 65, no. 21. May 23, 1953. p. 19. ProQuest 1040278078.
^ "Space is Leased Top Paint Maker; Martin-Senour to Be Tenant in 730 Fifth Ave. – Carton Company Takes Floor". The New York Times. December 21, 1959. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "Big Space Taken at 730 Fifth Ave; Lanvin - Charles of the Ritz to Consolidate Offices". The New York Times. July 7, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 13, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Landmarks Preservation Commission 2024, p. 14.
^ ^a ^b Goldberger, Paul (September 24, 1976). "Metropolitan Baedeker". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ Barmash, Isadore (July 15, 1982). "Herald Sq. Korvettes Store to Be Mall". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Perlez, Jane (March 21, 1986). "Marcos Linked to Four Manhattan Sites". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Dunlap, David W. (January 13, 1991). "Commercial Property: The Bernstein Brothers; A Tangled Tale of Americas Towers and the Crown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "NY taxmen go after a third Philippine bldg". Filipino Reporter. March 24, 1994. p. 1. ProQuest 367959174.
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^ Waldman, Myron S. (April 10, 1986). "The Marcos Bite of Big Apple: Marcoses' Manhattan Millions Real-estate dealers reveal holdings of Philippines' ex-first family". Newsday. p. 1. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 1645363045; "Where is the Wealth? U. S. Holdings Are Cited". The New York Times. November 20, 1985. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Russakoff, Dale (March 30, 1986). "The Philippines: Anatomy of a Looting". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 25, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Moritz, Owen (February 27, 1986). "Marcos unloading land". Daily News. p. 103. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ Bivins, Larry (March 21, 1986). "Mister New York". Newsday. p. 4. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 285269172.
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Sources[edit]

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White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.

External links[edit]

Media related to Crown Building (Manhattan) at Wikimedia Commons
Aman New York official website

[60] Other sources cite a minimum area of 718 square feet (66.7 m²)^[56] or 745 square feet (69.2 m²).^[59] The four smallest suites are 340-square-foot studios that are attached to larger units; excluding these studios, the smallest room is 745 square feet.^[58]

[65] Also described as floors 15 through 30. The floor numbers do not correspond to the physical stories in the building.^[61]

[159] The owner of the Lastura Corporation has been variously cited as Trade & Commodities S.A., Paneles Porcelanizados S.A., and Yewell Compagnie Immobiliere S.A.^[155] Lastura itself was subsequently renamed the Canadian Land Company, then Crown Building N.V.^[155]^[156]

[188] Marcos was also found to have purchased several other New York City buildings; see Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family.^[184]

[240] The price has also been cited as $1.77 billion^[234] or $1.78 billion.^[235]

[NYCL_p._1-1] Landmarks Preservation Commission 2024, p. 1.

[AIA5_p._337-2] White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 337.

[ZoLa-3] "730 5 Avenue, 10019". New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved March 20, 2020.

[4] White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 326.

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[7] Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 558. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.

[8] Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1999, p. 578.

[NYCL_p._8-9] Landmarks Preservation Commission 2024, p. 8.

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[13] Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 357.

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[105] "Mosse To Move To Heckscher Bldg.: First to Lease Retail Space in New Structure—-To Move About Feb. 1". Women's Wear. Vol. 24, no. 2. January 4, 1922. p. 48. ProQuest 1666234247; "Commercial Leases; Fisk Building Store Leased for Term at $1,000,000". The New York Times. January 4, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[106] "Entire Floor in Heckscher Bldg for Decorative Art: "Finest in America." Say Sire heim Romann. Who Will Occupy Space". New-York Tribune. January 15, 1922. p. A10. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576557534; "Upholsterers in Lease; Removal to Heckscher Building Shows Trade Centre Change". The New York Times. January 15, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[107] "Commercial Leases; Consolidated Cigar Corporation Will Move to Heckscher Building". The New York Times. February 21, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[108] "Stock Exchange Brokers Get Space in Heckscher Building". New-York Tribune. December 22, 1922. p. 20. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576737006.

[109] "Oil Refiners Lease Floor In Heckscher Building". New-York Tribune. July 7, 1922. p. 20. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576662877.

[110] "57th Street Taking Place As New Business District: Growth Has Been Almost Over Night Seen as Rich Mine for Retailers — Heckscher Bldg. Among New Structures". Women's Wear. Vol. 25, no. 118. November 20, 1922. p. 33. ProQuest 1666220197.

[111] "August Heckscher Dies at 92; Benefactor of Poor Children: German Immigrant Was Minn Executive, Financier and a Leading New York Real Estate Owner; Gave Parks and $5,000,000 Building Characteristic Scene From the Life of a Philanthropist". New York Herald Tribune. April 27, 1941. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1248452974.

[112] "Joseph's To Be Located On 57th Street: Lease 30,000 Square Feet On 15-Year Lease — Expect To Occupy By Jan. 1, 1925". Women's Wear. Vol. 29, no. 100. October 27, 1924. p. 1. ProQuest 1676935689.

[113] "Leases on Fifth Avenue; Jewelers in Long-Term Lease for Fifty-Seventh Street Corner". The New York Times. May 2, 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[114] "Hadley-Leon Shop, Smartly Decorated, Has Formal Opening: Comprehensive Stock Includes Airy Evening Types Of Chiffon And Lace—Interesting Cottons For Daytime". Women's Wear. Vol. 28, no. 6. January 8, 1924. p. 3. ProQuest 1676647833.

[115] "Heckscher Refused 7 Million for Building". New York Herald Tribune. December 9, 1934. p. I1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1221540895.

[116] "Real Estate Transactions in City and Suburbs: Heckscher Gets $4,500,000 on His Building Loan Covers 25-Story Structure Erected Ninety [sic] Years Ago at 5th Ave., 57th St". New York Herald Tribune. June 5, 1930. p. 40. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113293259; "Heckscher Building in 5th Av. Financed by $4,500,000 Loan". The New York Times. June 5, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[117] "New Modern Art Museum Opens Exhibit Today: First Showing of Paintings in Heckscher Building Galleries L. by Invitation Admit Public Tomorrow Patrons Lend Works by Cezanne Gauguin. Seurat". New York Herald Tribune. November 7, 1929. p. 48. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1111742689; "Shows Modern Art Here Tomorrow; New Museum in the Heckscher Building to Hold Private Exhibition Today". The New York Times. November 7, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[Rotham_2014_775-118] Rothman, Lily (November 7, 2014). "The Museum of Modern Art, Then and Now". TIME. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[119] Jewell, Edward Alden (February 9, 1932). "Modern Architecture Shown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[120] "AD Classics: Modern Architecture International Exhibition / Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock". ArchDaily. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024.

[121] Bender, Courtney (2021). "Mrs. Rockefeller's Exquisite Corpse". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 63 (4): 788–789. doi:10.1017/S0010417521000244. ISSN 0010-4175.

[122] "Rivera Paintings To Be Exhibited Privately Today: 5 Large Frescoes Featured in Showing of Mexican's Art at Modern Museum Public Opening Tomorrow 148 Works Included in Unusual One-Man Display". New York Herald Tribune. December 22, 1931. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114239905; "Rivera Here, Ready for Painting Show; Noted Mexican Artist Worked En Route on 5 Canvases Needed for Exhibit". The New York Times. November 15, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[123] "W. 53d St. Building Is Leased as Home Of Modern Museum: 5-Story Structure To Be Occupied by May 1; Move Is Part of Bliss Plan". New York Herald Tribune. January 21, 1932. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114848138.

[124] "Large Space Leased by Fifth Av. Store; Nelson-Hickson Firm to Move to Heckscher Building – Other Business Rentals". The New York Times. August 3, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[125] "173-Year-Old Concern Rents Fifth Av. Space: William Coulson & Sons Will Locate in Heckscher Building on Fifth Ave". New York Herald Tribune. November 25, 1932. p. 28. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114732911.

[126] "Antique Dealer Adds to Space On 5th Avenue: Symons Organization Takes Large Additional Unit in Heckscher Building". New York Herald Tribune. January 9, 1934. p. 34. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1222204369.

[127] "Real Estate: Jewel Dealer Leases Space In 48th Street Universal Pictures Rents Penthouse in the Annex of 730 Fifth Avenue". New York Herald Tribune. April 22, 1935. p. 29. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242903472.

[128] "Camera Makers Move to Larger Midtown Space: E. Leitz, Inc., Takes 15,000 Square Feet in Heckscher Building; Other Leases". New York Herald Tribune. January 14, 1937. p. 37. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1223003218; "Camera Firm Rents Floor in Fifth Av.; E. Leitz, Inc., Takes Quarters in Heckscher Building—Printers Lease Space in Brooklyn". The New York Times. January 14, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[129] "Exhibition: New York Club Pays Rent and Pleases Artists". Newsweek. Vol. 10, no. 11. September 13, 1937. p. 25. ProQuest 1882519616.

[130] "New Bridge Club Rents in Midtown: Shepard Barclay Heads Group to Occupy Floors in the Heckscher Building". The New York Times. March 28, 1934. p. 42. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 101045255.

[131] "New Luncheon Club Rents on 5th Avenue". New York Herald Tribune. February 26, 1939. p. C1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243147141.

[nyt-1934-12-05-132] "Sues to Foreclose Heckscher Corner; City Bank Asks Sale of 5th Av. and 57th St. Building for $84,320 Unpaid Taxes". The New York Times. December 5, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[133] "Heckscher Suit Asks 10 Million Of Rockefeller: Cites Unfair Competition; Calls Midlown Center a Frankenstein Monster". New York Herald Tribune. January 11, 1934. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242834815.

[134] "Heckscher Suit Asks 10 Million Of Rockefeller: Cites Unfair Competition; Calls Midlown Center a Frankenstein Monster". New York Herald Tribune. January 11, 1934. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242834815; Warren, Carl (January 13, 1934). "Another Lease Spurs Attack on Radio City". Daily News. p. 5. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[135] "Foreclosure Suit Is Filed Over Heckscher Building". New York Herald Tribune. December 5, 1934. p. 35. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1221537228.

[136] "Heckscher Building Goes On the Block This Week". New York Herald Tribune. July 3, 1938. p. C1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243160808; "Heckscher Building Offered at Auction; Fifth Avenue Skyscraper in Forced Sale This Week". The New York Times. July 3, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[137] "Heckscher Building Sold On Bid of $4,250,000". New York Herald Tribune. July 7, 1938. p. 33. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1251471588; "Heckscher Building Offered at Auction; Fifth Avenue Skyscraper in Forced Sale This Week". The New York Times. July 3, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[138] "Gown Concern Rents Big Store In 57th Street: Wilma Organization to Pay a Minimum of $225,000 for Plaza Zone Space". New York Herald Tribune. July 25, 1940. p. 31. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1247797307; "Dress Firm Goes to Fifth Avenue; Takes Shop and Mezzanine in Heckscher Building for Ten Years". The New York Times. July 25, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[139] "Parfums Charbert Rents Heckscher Building Space". New York Herald Tribune. April 18, 1944. p. 30. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1282891126; "4 Floors Leased by Jewish Board". The New York Times. April 14, 1944. p. 32. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 106789649.

[140] "Film Concern Leases: New Sales Organization Takes Floor in 730 Fifth Avenue". The New York Times. May 18, 1949. p. 48. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 105992672.

[nyt-1946-01-16-141] Cooper, Lee E. (January 16, 1946). "Noyes Investing Interests Get 25-Story Heckscher Building; Big Office Structure on Fifth Avenue Is Reported to Have an Annual Rent Roll of About $700,000". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024.

[142] "5th Ave. Title Passed; Deed Shows Noyes Paid $5,000,000 for Heckscher Building". The New York Times. February 14, 1946. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[New_York_Herald_Tribune_1946-143] "Joseph Durst Mystery Man in Heckscher Deal: Fanner of Charles Noyes in Purchase of 25-Story Building, 5th Av., 57th St". New York Herald Tribune. February 8, 1946. p. 23. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1284547354.

[144] "Profit Offered For Heckselier Sale Contract: "Cannot Break My Promise to Grandchildren, "Noyes Says in Refusing Fortune". New York Herald Tribune. February 3, 1946. p. C8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1267891293.

[145] "Loan of $4,150,000 on 5th Ave. Corner". The New York Times. August 10, 1949. p. 39. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 105749592.

[146] "Transfers and Financing". New York Herald Tribune. January 9, 1951. p. 33. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1318530376.

[147] Cooper, Lee E. (November 5, 1950). "Heckscher Tower on 5th Ave. Goes to Havana Buyers; Findlay and Durst Families Sell 25-Story Office Skyscraper on 57th Street Corner". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024.

[148] "Corsets – Brassieres: To Open Newest Blackton Unit". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 82, no. 38. February 23, 1951. p. 42. ProQuest 1522629719; "Apparel Shop Gets Two 5th Ave. Stores". The New York Times. March 17, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[149] "Lehman Party Today; Candidate to Open Offices at 730 Fifth Avenue". The New York Times. October 4, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[150] "Night Clubs-Vaude: Mercury Has Lush Set-Up At 730 5th". The Billboard. Vol. 65, no. 21. May 23, 1953. p. 19. ProQuest 1040278078.

[151] "Space is Leased Top Paint Maker; Martin-Senour to Be Tenant in 730 Fifth Ave. – Carton Company Takes Floor". The New York Times. December 21, 1959. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[152] "Big Space Taken at 730 Fifth Ave; Lanvin - Charles of the Ritz to Consolidate Offices". The New York Times. July 7, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 13, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[NYCL_p._14-153] Landmarks Preservation Commission 2024, p. 14.

[nyt-1976-09-24-154] Goldberger, Paul (September 24, 1976). "Metropolitan Baedeker". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[155] Barmash, Isadore (July 15, 1982). "Herald Sq. Korvettes Store to Be Mall". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[nyt-1986-03-21-156] Perlez, Jane (March 21, 1986). "Marcos Linked to Four Manhattan Sites". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[nyt-1991-01-13-157] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Dunlap, David W. (January 13, 1991). "Commercial Property: The Bernstein Brothers; A Tangled Tale of Americas Towers and the Crown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2024.

[Filipino_Reporter_1994-158] "NY taxmen go after a third Philippine bldg". Filipino Reporter. March 24, 1994. p. 1. ProQuest 367959174.

[160] Moses, Paul (April 10, 1990). "Banker: Imelda's Tears Did Trick". Newsday. p. 17. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 2122298155; Wolff, Craig (April 10, 1990). "Marcos Said to Have Wept for Gift Of Skyscraper From Her Husband". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.

[161] Waldman, Myron S. (April 10, 1986). "The Marcos Bite of Big Apple: Marcoses' Manhattan Millions Real-estate dealers reveal holdings of Philippines' ex-first family". Newsday. p. 1. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 1645363045; "Where is the Wealth? U. S. Holdings Are Cited". The New York Times. November 20, 1985. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[wp-1986-03-30-162] Russakoff, Dale (March 30, 1986). "The Philippines: Anatomy of a Looting". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 25, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2021.

[Moritz_1986-163] Moritz, Owen (February 27, 1986). "Marcos unloading land". Daily News. p. 103. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[164] Bivins, Larry (March 21, 1986). "Mister New York". Newsday. p. 4. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 285269172.

[165] Pasztor, Andy (April 10, 1986). "New York Developers Apparently Link Marcos, Wife to Property in Manhattan". The Wall Street Journal. p. B1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 397957646.

[166] Gerth, Jeff (March 9, 1986). "Manila Has Data on Marcos Holdings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[Carey_1986-167] Carey, Pete (March 11, 1986). "Ferdy's 30M scheme". Daily News. p. 299. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[Selvin_1989-168] Selvin, Barbara W. (November 6, 1989). "Commercial Real Estate Marcos Sales Tough Task to Master". Newsday. p. 2. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278166916.

[Lipman_1986-169] Lipman, Joanne (March 6, 1986). "The Landlord's Lot Is Not an Easy One; Ask the Marcoses – Minding New York Property And Its Hired Managers Is Difficult From Manila". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398034533.

[170] Carmody, Deirdre; Haberman, Clyde (September 22, 1982). "New York Day by Day". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[171] Guenther, Robert (March 21, 1984). "Landlord's Unusual Response To Rent Controls Stirs Fight". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 397839076; Fowler, Glenn (January 5, 1983). "Landmark At 40 Wall Is Sold;". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 31, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[172] Rodriguez, Robert F. (May 15, 1983). "Nightlights". The Daily Times. pp. 168, 170, 171, 173, 179. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[nyt-1983-01-19-173] Herman, Robin; Johnston, Laurie (January 19, 1983). "New York Day by Day". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[174] Goldberger, Paul (March 4, 1983). "For Some, Lights on a 5th Avenue Corner Are an Irritation". The New York Times. p. C28. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 122292597.

[175] Anderson, Susan Heller; Bird, David (January 3, 1986). "New York Day by Day; Durable Flake". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[176] Goncharoff, Katya (July 24, 1983). "New Hope for Those Impatient With Elevator Service". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[177] Brenson, Michael (May 20, 1983). "Art People; City's art policeman". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[178] Kennedy, Shawn G. (August 26, 1984). "New Signs of Old Glamour on Fifth Ave". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[179] "Cardin U.S.A. Moving Into Crown Building". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 151, no. 46. March 7, 1986. p. 13. ProQuest 1445599430.

[180] Behen, Madonna (December 1, 1989). "Artium Opens Gallery Of Jewelry In Manhattan". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 158, no. 104. p. 10. ProQuest 1445589400.

[181] Moin, David (February 13, 1989). "57th And Fifth: The Street Is Paved With Gold: The Gilding Of 57th And Fifth". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 151, no. 30. pp. 1, 4, 5. ProQuest 1445726384.

[182] Shepard, Joan (February 13, 1985). "Developers' lust decried". New York Daily News. p. 119. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021.

[183] Lohr, Steve (August 14, 1985). "Marcos Allies Bar Impeachment Bill". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[184] "Lawyer: Marcos Ownership Implied". Newsday. January 24, 1986. p. 16. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022 – via newspapers.com.

[185] Gerth, Jeff (January 16, 1986). "U.S. Panel Links a Banker to Marcos". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.

[186] Gerth, Jeff (January 30, 1986). "4 New York Buildings Called Marcos Gifts to Wife". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.

[187] Perlez, Jane (March 6, 1986). "Manila Under Aquino: Lawyers Joust in Manhattan; Manila Wins Round with Marcos in New York Court". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2020.

[189] Gerth, Jeff (February 22, 1986). "4 New York Buildings Linked to Marcos Up for Sale". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2022.

[190] Bivins, Larry (February 28, 1986). "Bernstein Brothers: Killer B's". Newsday. p. 3. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 285254349; Lipman, Joanne (February 25, 1986). "Three Buildings Linked to Marcos May Change Hands: Option Calls for Purchase Of New York Properties At Price of $2". The Wall Street Journal. p. 2. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 135113247.

[Grant_1989-191] Grant, Peter (May 1, 1989). "New Twists in Battle for Marcos' Spoils". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 5, no. 18. p. 23. ProQuest 219147299.

[Berkowitz_1989-192] Berkowitz, Harry; Selvin, Barbara W. (February 22, 1989). "Marcos Properties on Block Manila 'auctions' city sites". Newsday. p. 7. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278075383.

[193] Moses, Paul (February 15, 1988). "'Pot of Gold' Steeped in Intrigue". Newsday. p. 7. Archived from the original on June 18, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.

[194] Perlez, Jane (December 11, 1986). "Marcos and Manhattan Property Case: Enter Saudi Billionaire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[195] Rosenfeld, Neill S. (March 4, 1986). "Marcos' NY Properties Frozen By State Court at Aquino Behest". Newsday. p. 5. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 285295278; Pace, Eric (March 4, 1986). "Marcos Holdings Frozen by Judge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2020.

[196] "Court Widens Discrimination Ban". Newsday. May 19, 1987. pp. 9, 27. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022 – via newspapers.com.

[197] Bivins, Larry (April 19, 1986). "Value of 3 Holdings Said to Be Dropping". Newsday. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[198] "Manila Sues for Title to Marcos' N.Y. Properties". Los Angeles Times. December 30, 1986. p. 5. ProQuest 292531084; "Manila Seeks Possession of 4 Manhattan Buildings". The New York Times. December 30, 1986. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2022.

[nyt-1989-11-08-199] Barmash, Isadore (November 8, 1989). "Retail Mall on 34th St. Set for Auction Today". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[The_New_York_Times_1989-200] "Marcos Holdings Shedding Web of Intrigue". The New York Times. August 20, 1989. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.

[201] Schatz, Robin (March 2, 1987). "A World of Trouble At Herald Center". Newsday. p. 1. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 285387533.

[202] "Giuliani Reportedly Seeks to Indict Marcos". The Buffalo News. The Associated Press. July 13, 1988. p. 3. Archived from the original on June 18, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.

[Hylton_1991-203] Hylton, Richard (February 10, 1991). "Philippines Gains Little In Marcos Building Sale". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2015.

[204] Lowenstein, Roger (November 17, 1988). "Khashoggi Loses Round in Claim To 3 Marcos-Related Properties". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398066249.

[205] Barsky, Neil (February 22, 1989). "Philippines Sets Sale of Buildings Marcos Owned". Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398089675.

[206] Moses, Paul (May 10, 1990). "Bank VP: Marcos Didn't Repay $16M". Newsday. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278266847.

[207] Wolff, Craig (July 3, 1990). "The Marcos Verdict; Marcos Is Cleared of All Charges In Racketeering and Fraud Case". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2022.

[208] Selvin, Barbara (October 12, 1989). "Bankruptcy in Curacao Muddles Marcos Parcels". Newsday. p. 57. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022 – via newspapers.com.

[209] Selvin, Barbara W. (October 19, 1989). "Hot Properties City Architect Has Designs on Hungary". Newsday. p. 57. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278132642.

[Chicago_Tribune_1991-210] "Bidding is weak at Marcos sale". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. February 9, 1991. p. 1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 283033105.

[The_Wall_Street_Journal_1991-211] "New York Crown Building Auctioned at $93.6 Million". The Wall Street Journal. February 11, 1991. p. B5A. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398215049.

[212] Pacelle, Mitchell (February 8, 1991). "Crown Building's Auction May Define Extent of New York Real Estate Decline". The Wall Street Journal. p. B7C. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 135537286.

[213] Moses, Paul (December 21, 1990). "Philippines Gets Share In Marcos Site Profits". Newsday. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278263801; Dunlap, David W. (December 21, 1990). "Partnership Ends Feud Over Marcos Property". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[214] Hylton, Richard D. (February 10, 1991). "Philippines Gains Little In Marcos Building Sale". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2024.

[215] Garbarine, Rachelle (August 28, 1991). "Real Estate; Small Offices Lure Tenants In Midtown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2024.

[216] Oser, Alan S. (December 15, 1991). "Perspectives: The Spitzer Outlook; On Alert for Sites As the Cycles Turn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 18, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.

[217] Dunlap, David W. (January 24, 1993). "Commercial Property: Fifth Avenue; Doldrums? Not Along Fifth Ave". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2024.

[218] Moin, David (March 14, 1990). "Retailing: A Feraud Showcase on 56th". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 159, no. 51. p. 26. ProQuest 1498747748.

[219] Costin, Glynis (July 8, 1992). "Sergio Valente To Open In Biagiotti's Boutique". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 164, no. 5. p. 2. ProQuest 1445710328.

[nyt-1994-09-04-220] Deutsch, Claudia H. (September 4, 1994). "Commercial Property/The Art World; Galleries, Off Critical List, Opening or Expanding". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2024.

[221] "Falmola's New Showroom". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 176, no. 45. September 2, 1998. p. 35. ProQuest 1445651748.

[222] Vogel, Carol (April 2, 1993). "The Art Market". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 18, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.

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Latest revision as of 14:04, 2 July 2024

Site[edit]

Previous buildings[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Form and facade[edit]

Base[edit]

Shaft[edit]

Roof[edit]

Features[edit]

Base[edit]

Residences and hotel[edit]

Amenity spaces[edit]

History[edit]

Heckscher ownership[edit]

Site acquisition[edit]

Development[edit]

Early years[edit]

Mid-20th century[edit]

Marcos ownership[edit]

Acquisition, renovation, and new tenants[edit]

Attempted sales[edit]

Spitzer, Winter, and Greene ownership[edit]

Redevelopment[edit]

Sales[edit]

Hotel conversion[edit]

Hotel opening and 2020s[edit]

Reception[edit]

Architectural commentary[edit]

Hotel commentary[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]