Surface dyslexia: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Type of reading disorder}} |
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'''Surface dyslexia''' is a type of [[Alexia (condition)|acquired dyslexia]], a reading disorder.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Neil|title=Psychology the Science of Behaviour [4th Canadian ed.]|year=2010|publisher=Pearson Canada Inc.|location=Toronto, On. Canada|isbn=978-0-205-64524-4|pages=310}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cherney LR |title=Aphasia, alexia, and oral reading |journal=Top Stroke Rehabil |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=22–36 |year=2004 |pmid=14872397 |doi=10.1310/VUPX-WDX7-J1EU-00TB |url=}}</ref> According to Marshall & Newcombe's (1973) and McCarthy & Warrington's study (1990), patients with this kind of disorder cannot recognize a word as a whole due to the damage of the left [[parietal lobe | parietal]] or [[temporal lobe]]. This means they will make mistakes once the visual appearance—the spelling—of the word is not in accordance with the [[pronunciation]] rules. But there are no difficulties in the understanding of the meaning of the word; so, they could still understand the meaning of the word without pronounce them correctly. |
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{{Infobox medical condition (new) |
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| name = Surface dyslexia |
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| field = [[Pediatrics]] |
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| symptoms = cannot recognize a word as a whole and retrieve its pronunciation from memory. |
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| causes = damage of the left parietal or temporal lobe. |
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'''Surface dyslexia''' is a type of [[Alexia (condition)|dyslexia]], or reading disorder.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Neil|title=Psychology the Science of Behaviour [4th Canadian ed.]|year=2010|publisher=Pearson Canada Inc.|location=Toronto, On. Canada|isbn=978-0-205-64524-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/psychologyscienc0004unse/page/310 310]|url=https://archive.org/details/psychologyscienc0004unse/page/310}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cherney LR |title=Aphasia, alexia, and oral reading |journal=Top Stroke Rehabil |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=22–36 |year=2004 |pmid=14872397 |doi=10.1310/VUPX-WDX7-J1EU-00TB |s2cid=218644618 }}</ref> According to [[John C. Marshall (neuropsychologist)|Marshall]] & Newcombe's (1973) and McCarthy & Warrington's study (1990), patients with this kind of disorder cannot recognize a word as a whole due to the damage of the left [[parietal lobe|parietal]] or [[temporal lobe]]. Individuals with surface dyslexia are unable to recognize a word as a whole word and retrieve its pronunciation from memory. Rather, individuals with surface dyslexia rely on pronunciation rules. Thus, patients with this particular type of reading disorder read non-words fluently, like "yatchet", but struggle with words that defy pronunciation rules (i.e. exception words). For example, a patient with surface dyslexia can correctly read regular words like "mint", but will fail when presented with a word that disobeys typical pronunciation rules, like "pint". Often, semantic knowledge is preserved in individuals with surface dyslexia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Playfoot|first=D|date=2014|title=Naming acronyms: The influence of reading context in skilled reading and surface dyslexia.|journal=Aphasiology|volume=28|issue=12|pages=1448–1463|doi=10.1080/02687038.2014.939517|s2cid=145403689|url=http://shura.shu.ac.uk/8450/1/Playfoot%2C_Tree_%26_Izura_Author_final_copy.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=H.C.|date=2015|title=Orthographic learning in developmental surface and phonological dyslexia.|journal=Cognitive Neuropsychology|doi=10.1080/02643294.2014.1003536|pmid=25639641|volume=32|issue=2|pages=58–79|s2cid=22107257}}</ref> |
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== The dual route theory of reading == |
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Thus, patients can read the word with regular [[spelling]] and pronounce them according to pronunciation rules such as table, tape, taste. Also, they can sound out the pronounceable non-words, like glab, trisk, chint. But they will read those irregular spelling words in the wrong way, for example: instead of reading sew, pint, and yacht, they will read like sue, pinnt, and yatchet. |
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{{main article|Dual-route hypothesis to reading aloud}} |
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The dual route theory of reading proposes that skilled readers use two mechanisms when converting written language to spoken language: the direct, lexical pathway and the indirect, non-lexical pathway. According to the dual route theory of reading, in individuals with surface dyslexia, the indirect (non-lexical) pathway is preserved. However, the direct (lexical) pathway of reading is not. The indirect pathway of reading allows individuals with surface dyslexia to read regular words that follow a letter-sound or grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. The absence of an intact direct pathway of reading leads individuals with surface dyslexia to incorrectly identify and pronounce irregular words.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |
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== Treatment == |
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Some studies{{which|date=September 2019}} have demonstrated improvements in reading and spelling performance of individual children with surface dyslexia. Many of the interventions that exist are based on the dual route model of reading and use a targeted approach based on the individual assessment results. |
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Case studies conducted by Law and Cupples (2015) recommend first identifying specific oral reading difficulties experienced by the individual with surface dyslexia and based on the reading patterns identified designing a theoretically motivated and targeted treatment program. One of the interventions involved targeting visual-orthographic processing by increasing the efficiency by which surface dyslexics identified nonwords. The second intervention involved training in the identification and decoding of common letter patterns in irregular words.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Law|first1=Caroline|last2=Cupples|first2=Linda|date=18 August 2015|title=Thinking outside the boxes: Using current reading models to assess and treat developmental surface dyslexia.|journal=Neuropsychological Rehabilitation|volume=27|number=2|doi=10.1080/09602011.2015.1064453|pmid=26282550|pages=149–195|s2cid=22436956}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Dyslexia}} |
{{Dyslexia}} |
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{{Speech and voice symptoms and signs}} |
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{{Psychology}} |
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[[Category:Alexia (condition)]] |
[[Category:Alexia (condition)]] |
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[[Category:Aphasias]] |
[[Category:Aphasias]] |
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[[ar:عسر القراءة السطحي]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:24, 2 July 2024
| Surface dyslexia | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Pediatrics |
| Symptoms | cannot recognize a word as a whole and retrieve its pronunciation from memory. |
| Causes | damage of the left parietal or temporal lobe. |
Surface dyslexia is a type of dyslexia, or reading disorder.[1][2] According to Marshall & Newcombe's (1973) and McCarthy & Warrington's study (1990), patients with this kind of disorder cannot recognize a word as a whole due to the damage of the left parietal or temporal lobe. Individuals with surface dyslexia are unable to recognize a word as a whole word and retrieve its pronunciation from memory. Rather, individuals with surface dyslexia rely on pronunciation rules. Thus, patients with this particular type of reading disorder read non-words fluently, like "yatchet", but struggle with words that defy pronunciation rules (i.e. exception words). For example, a patient with surface dyslexia can correctly read regular words like "mint", but will fail when presented with a word that disobeys typical pronunciation rules, like "pint". Often, semantic knowledge is preserved in individuals with surface dyslexia.[3][4]
The dual route theory of reading
[edit]The dual route theory of reading proposes that skilled readers use two mechanisms when converting written language to spoken language: the direct, lexical pathway and the indirect, non-lexical pathway. According to the dual route theory of reading, in individuals with surface dyslexia, the indirect (non-lexical) pathway is preserved. However, the direct (lexical) pathway of reading is not. The indirect pathway of reading allows individuals with surface dyslexia to read regular words that follow a letter-sound or grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. The absence of an intact direct pathway of reading leads individuals with surface dyslexia to incorrectly identify and pronounce irregular words.[3][4]
Treatment
[edit]Some studies[which?] have demonstrated improvements in reading and spelling performance of individual children with surface dyslexia. Many of the interventions that exist are based on the dual route model of reading and use a targeted approach based on the individual assessment results.
Case studies conducted by Law and Cupples (2015) recommend first identifying specific oral reading difficulties experienced by the individual with surface dyslexia and based on the reading patterns identified designing a theoretically motivated and targeted treatment program. One of the interventions involved targeting visual-orthographic processing by increasing the efficiency by which surface dyslexics identified nonwords. The second intervention involved training in the identification and decoding of common letter patterns in irregular words.[5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Carlson, Neil (2010). Psychology the Science of Behaviour [4th Canadian ed.]. Toronto, On. Canada: Pearson Canada Inc. pp. 310. ISBN 978-0-205-64524-4.
- ^ Cherney LR (2004). "Aphasia, alexia, and oral reading". Top Stroke Rehabil. 11 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1310/VUPX-WDX7-J1EU-00TB. PMID 14872397. S2CID 218644618.
- ^ a b Playfoot, D (2014). "Naming acronyms: The influence of reading context in skilled reading and surface dyslexia" (PDF). Aphasiology. 28 (12): 1448–1463. doi:10.1080/02687038.2014.939517. S2CID 145403689.
- ^ a b Wang, H.C. (2015). "Orthographic learning in developmental surface and phonological dyslexia". Cognitive Neuropsychology. 32 (2): 58–79. doi:10.1080/02643294.2014.1003536. PMID 25639641. S2CID 22107257.
- ^ Law, Caroline; Cupples, Linda (18 August 2015). "Thinking outside the boxes: Using current reading models to assess and treat developmental surface dyslexia". Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 27 (2): 149–195. doi:10.1080/09602011.2015.1064453. PMID 26282550. S2CID 22436956.
