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"Northern Wars" is a term used for a series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century,^[1] primarily between the territorial rivals of the Swedish Empire, Tsardom of Russia, Poland–Lithuania, and Denmark–Norway. The Great Northern War is generally considered to have concluded the Northern Wars with the decline of Sweden and establishment of the Russian Empire as the principal power of the region, however there are different scholarly opinions on which war constitutes the First Northern War and an internationally agreed-on nomenclature for these wars has not yet been devised.^[2]

Conflicts of the Northern Wars

Depending upon what date is chosen for the starting point, the Northern Wars comprise:

The Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557), "First Northern War" according to Arvo Viljanti^[2]
The Livonian War (1558–1583), "First Northern War" according to Klaus Zernack^[2]
- The Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570), "First Northern War" according to some Polish historians^[2]
The Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), also known as the "Thirteen Years' War"; "First Northern War" according to some Russian historians^[2]
The Second Northern War (1655–1660), "First Northern War" according to traditional English, German, Russian and Scandinavian historiography, in Poland known as Swedish Deluge^[2]
The Scanian War (1674–1679), also called "Swedish-Brandenburgian War" by German historians
The Great Northern War (1700–1721), also "Third Northern War"^[2] or "Second Northern War"^[3]

Sources

References

^ Frost (2000), pp. 12–13
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Frost (2000), p. 13
^ "Second Northern War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2014.

Bibliography

Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.

This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names).
If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

[1] Frost (2000), pp. 12–13

[Frost13-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Frost (2000), p. 13

[3] "Second Northern War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2014.

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[2]

[3]

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-{{for |the New Zealand Northern War of 1845|Flagstaff War}}
+{{Short description|Series of wars in Northern Europe, circa 1600-1721}}
+{{other uses|Northern War (disambiguation)}}
-'''Northern Wars''' is a term used for a series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe in the 16th and 17th century. An internationally agreed nomenclature for these wars has not yet been devised.<ref>Frost (2000), pp.12-13</ref> While the [[Great Northern War]] is generally considered to be the last of the Northern Wars, there are different scholarly opinions on which war constitutes the First Northern War.<ref name=Frost13>Frost (2000), p.13</ref>
+"'''Northern Wars'''" is a term used for a series of wars fought in [[northern Europe|northern]] and [[northeastern Europe]] from the 16th to the 18th century,<ref>Frost (2000), pp. 12–13</ref> primarily between the territorial rivals of the [[Swedish Empire]], [[Tsardom of Russia]], [[Poland–Lithuania]], and [[Denmark–Norway]]. The [[Great Northern War]] is generally considered to have concluded the Northern Wars with the decline of Sweden and establishment of the [[Russian Empire]] as the principal power of the region, however there are different scholarly opinions on which war constitutes the First Northern War and an internationally agreed-on nomenclature for these wars has not yet been devised.<ref name=Frost13>Frost (2000), p. 13</ref>
+==Conflicts of the Northern Wars==
 Depending upon what date is chosen for the starting point, the Northern Wars comprise:
-*The [[Russo-Swedish War (1554–57)]], "First Northern War" according to [[Arvo Viljanti]]<ref name=Frost13/>
+*The [[Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)]], "First Northern War" according to [[Arvo Viljanti]]<ref name=Frost13/>
-*The [[Livonian War]] (1558–83), "First Northern War" according to [[Klaus Zernack]]<ref name=Frost13/>
+*The [[Livonian War]] (1558–1583), "First Northern War" according to [[Klaus Zernack]]<ref name=Frost13/>
-*The [[Northern Seven Years' War]] (1562–70), "First Northern War" according to some Polish historians<ref name=Frost13/>
+**The [[Northern Seven Years' War]] (1563–1570), "First Northern War" according to some Polish historians<ref name="Frost13" />
-*The [[Russo-Polish War (1654–67)|Russo-Polish or Thirteen Years' War]] (1654–67), "First Northern War" according to some Russian historians<ref name=Frost13/>
+*The [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)]], also known as the "Thirteen Years' War"; "First Northern War" according to some Russian historians<ref name=Frost13/>
-*The [[Second Northern War]] (1655–60), "First Northern War" according to traditional Anglo-Saxon, German, Russian and Scandinavian historiography<ref name=Frost13/>
+*The [[Second Northern War]] (1655–1660), "First Northern War" according to traditional English, German, Russian and Scandinavian historiography, in Poland known as [[Deluge (history)|Swedish Deluge]]<ref name=Frost13/>
-*The [[Scanian War]] (1674–79)
+*The [[Scanian War]] (1674–1679), also called "Swedish-Brandenburgian War" by German historians
-*The [[Great Northern War]] (1700–21), also "Third Northern War"<ref name=Frost13/> or "Second Northern War"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/419949/Second-Northern-War |title=Second Northern War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=23 October 2008 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |accessdate=31 March 2014}}</ref>
+*The [[Great Northern War]] (1700–1721), also "Third Northern War"<ref name=Frost13/> or "Second Northern War"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/419949/Second-Northern-War |title=Second Northern War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=23 October 2008 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=31 March 2014}}</ref>
 ==See also==
-*[[War in the North]] (1937), a campaign in the Spanish Civil War
 *[[Russo-Swedish Wars]]
 *[[Polish–Swedish wars]]
+*[[Dano-Swedish War]]
+*[[List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia]]
+*[[Polish–Teutonic War]]
+*[[Thirty Years' War]], 1618 to 1648
 *[[Early modern warfare]]
 ==Sources==
 ===References===
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 ===Bibliography===
-*{{cite book|title=The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721|first=[[Robert I. Frost|Robert I]]|last=[[Robert I. Frost|Frost]]|publisher=Longman|year=2000|isbn=978-0-582-06429-4}}
+*{{cite book|title=The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721|first=Robert I|last=Frost|author-link=Robert I. Frost|publisher=Longman|year=2000|isbn=978-0-582-06429-4}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
+{{Russian conflicts}}
-[[Category:Northern Wars|*]]
+{{Set index article}}
+[[Category:Northern Wars| ]]