USCGC Healy: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Icebreaker of the US Coast Guard}} |
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|+USCGC ''Healy'' (WAGB-20) |
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|Ship image= |
|Ship image=USCGC Healy (WAGB-20) north of Alaska.jpg |
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|Ship caption= |
|Ship caption= USCGC ''Healy'' (WAGB-20) north of Alaska |
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{{Infobox ship career |
{{Infobox ship career |
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|Ship country=United States |
|Ship country=United States |
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|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|coast guard}} |
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|coast guard}} |
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|Ship name= |
|Ship name= ''Healy'' |
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|Ship namesake=[[Michael A. Healy]] |
|Ship namesake=[[Michael A. Healy]] |
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|Ship ordered= |
|Ship ordered= |
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|Ship beam={{convert|82|ft|abbr=on}} |
|Ship beam={{convert|82|ft|abbr=on}} |
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|Ship draft={{convert|29|ft|3|in|abbr=on}} |
|Ship draft={{convert|29|ft|3|in|abbr=on}} |
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|Ship power=*4 |
|Ship power=*4 × [[Sulzer (manufacturer)|Sulzer]] 12ZAV40S |
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* |
*{{cvt|34560|kW|lk=on}} (combined) |
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|Ship propulsion=*[[Diesel-electric transmission|Diesel-electric]] (AC/AC) |
|Ship propulsion=*[[Diesel-electric transmission|Diesel-electric]] (AC/AC) |
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*Two shafts (2{{ |
*Two shafts (2 × {{cvt|11.2|MW|lk=on}}) |
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|Ship speed=*{{convert|17|kn}} (maximum) |
|Ship speed=*{{convert|17|kn}} (maximum) |
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*{{convert|14|kn}} (cruising) |
*{{convert|14|kn}} (cruising) |
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|Ship armor= |
|Ship armor= |
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|Ship aircraft=*1999–2005: |
|Ship aircraft=*1999–2005: |
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*2 × [[ |
*2 × [[Eurocopter MH-65 Dolphin|HH-65B Dolphin]] [[helicopter]]s. |
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*2005–present: |
*2005–present: |
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*Helicopter support by a [[National Science Foundation]] contractor. |
*Helicopter support by a [[National Science Foundation]] contractor. |
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'''USCGC ''Healy'' (WAGB-20)''' is the United States' largest and most technologically advanced [[icebreaker]] as well as the [[US Coast Guard]]'s largest vessel.<ref name="USCGC HEALY">{{cite web|title=USCGC HEALY|url=http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgcHealy|website=CGC HEALY|date=24 May 2015| |
'''USCGC ''Healy'' (WAGB-20)''' is the United States' largest and most technologically advanced [[icebreaker]] as well as the [[United States Coast Guard|US Coast Guard]]'s largest vessel.<ref name="USCGC HEALY">{{cite web |title = USCGC HEALY |url = http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgcHealy |website = CGC HEALY |date = 24 May 2015 |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101232447/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/ |archive-date = 1 January 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> She is classified as a medium icebreaker by the Coast Guard.<ref name="USCGC HEALY"/> She is [[Home port|homeported]] in [[Seattle]], Washington, and was commissioned in 1999. On 6 September 2001 ''Healy'' visited the [[North Pole]] for the first time. The second visit occurred on 12 September 2005. On 5 September 2015, ''Healy'' became the first unaccompanied United States surface vessel to reach the [[North Pole]], and ''Healy's'' fourth Pole visit (and her second unaccompanied visit) happened on 30 September 2022. |
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==Construction== |
==Construction== |
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''Healy'' was built by [[Avondale Industries]] in [[New Orleans, Louisiana |
''Healy'' was built by [[Avondale Shipyard|Avondale Industries]] in [[New Orleans]], Louisiana. The construction included a technology transfer agreement between Avondale Industries and the Finnish [[Aker Arctic|Kværner Masa-Yards Arctic Technology Centre]], where the latter provided expertise for hull form development and propulsion line engineering based on the Finnish diesel-electric icebreaker [[Otso (icebreaker)|''Otso'']].<ref>Strong Finnish involvement in U.S. icebreakers. Navigator Yearbook 1/2016, page 20.</ref> |
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''Healy'' is named in honor of [[United States Revenue Cutter Service]] Captain [[Michael A. Healy]]. Her [[keel]] was laid on 16 September 1996. ''Healy'' joined the icebreakers {{USCGC|Polar Star|WAGB-10}} and {{USCGC|Polar Sea|WAGB-11}} in their homeport of Seattle, |
''Healy'' is named in honor of [[United States Revenue Cutter Service]] Captain [[Michael A. Healy]]. Her [[keel]] was laid on 16 September 1996. ''Healy'' joined the icebreakers {{USCGC|Polar Star|WAGB-10|2}} and {{USCGC|Polar Sea|WAGB-11|2}} in their homeport of Seattle, on 10 November 1999. The ship departed New Orleans, on 26 January 2000, performing [[Sea trial|sea trials]] off of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], Puerto Rico, and in [[Baffin Bay]], between [[Canada]] and [[Greenland]]. She arrived in Seattle on 9 August 2000, after transiting the famed [[Northwest Passage]] and was placed "In Commission, Active" on 21 August 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title = CGC HEALY History |url = http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/history.asp |website = CGC HEALY |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160119225629/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/history.asp |archive-date = 19 January 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> |
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==Design== |
==Design== |
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[[File:USCGC HEALY aws15 small boat ops.jpg|thumb|left| |
[[File:USCGC HEALY aws15 small boat ops.jpg|thumb|left|''Healy''{{'}}s small boat 26321 conducts science operations gathering water samples in the Arctic Ocean during Arctic West Summer 2015.]] |
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''Healy'' is an optimally manned vessel, meaning she has the minimum number of personnel staffed in order to safely navigate.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Klingenberg |first1 = Jonathan |title = Counting Quals |url = http://alaska.coastguard.dodlive.mil/2013/09/counting-quals/ |website = Coast Guard Alaska |publisher = USCG |date = 20 September 2015 |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210181300/http://alaska.coastguard.dodlive.mil/2013/09/counting-quals/ |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> Due to the vast array of missions conducted by ''Healy'', it is vital that crew members are fully qualified on a number of duties.<ref>{{cite web |title = CGC HEALY's ship characteristics |url = http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/ship.asp |website = CGC HEALY |date = 19 September 2015 |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210215117/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/ship.asp |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> ''Healy'' operates two [[A-frame|A-Frames]], one on the aft working deck and one on the starboard side. There are two articulated cranes on the aft working deck, with the starboard side rated to {{convert|15|ST|abbr=on}} and the port side rated to {{convert|5|ST|abbr=on}}. The aft working deck provides ample space to conduct science and research operations. ''Healy'' has a forecastle crane with a load capacity of {{convert|3|ST|abbr=on}}, and two 04 level cranes with load capacities of 15 tons each.<ref>{{cite web |title = Cranes |url = http://icefloe.net/healy-cranes-over-side |website = icefloe.net |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210181638/http://icefloe.net/healy-cranes-over-side |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> ''Healy'' has a [[Dynamic positioning|Dynamic Positioning]] System (DPS) that uses her 2200-horsepower Omnithruster [[Manoeuvring thruster|Bow Thruster]] system, which aids in navigation and station keeping during science operations.<ref>{{cite web |title = Navigation Equipment |url = http://icefloe.net/navigation-equipment |website = icefloe.net |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210211941/http://icefloe.net/navigation-equipment |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> Her flight deck is capable of landing both of the Coast Guard's helicopter airframes, and attached is a hangar that can house 2 [[Eurocopter MH-65 Dolphin|Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin]] helicopters. ''Healy'' can accommodate 8 [[Intermodal container|ISO]] vans on the ship, which are used as science labs and workstations.<ref>{{cite web |title = Vans |url = http://icefloe.net/vans |website = icefloe.net |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210181808/http://icefloe.net/vans |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> ''Healy'' has three small boats on board. One is the {{convert|38|ft|abbr=on}} Arctic Survey Boat (ASB), which is on the starboard side. ''Healy'' has two {{convert|26|ft|abbr=on}} Cutter Boat Large (CBL) [[Rigid inflatable boat|Rigid Hull Inflatable Boats]] (RHIB), one on each side.<ref>{{cite web |title = Small Boat Support |url = http://icefloe.net/small-boat-support |website = icefloe.net |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210212152/http://icefloe.net/small-boat-support |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> |
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==Capabilities== |
==Capabilities== |
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[[File:USCGC HEALY aft view aws15.jpg|thumb |
[[File:USCGC HEALY aft view aws15.jpg|thumb|An aft view of ''Healy'' and her [[A-frame]] while deployed in the Arctic.]] |
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[[File:USCGC Healy.jpg|thumb|''Healy'' and the Geotraces science team have their portrait taken at the [[North Pole]] Sept. 7, 2015. ''Healy'' reached the pole on |
[[File:USCGC Healy.jpg|thumb|''Healy'' and the Geotraces science team have their portrait taken at the [[North Pole]] Sept. 7, 2015. ''Healy'' reached the pole on 5 September, becoming the first U.S. surface vessel to do so unaccompanied.]] |
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Designed to conduct a wide range of research activities, ''Healy'' provides more than {{convert|4200|sqft|m2|-1}} of scientific laboratory space, numerous electronic sensor systems, [[oceanographic]] [[winches]], and accommodations for up to 50 scientists. ''Healy'' is also designed to break {{convert|4.5|ft|abbr=on}} of ice continuously at {{convert|3|kn|lk=in}} or ice {{convert|10|ft|abbr=on}} thick when backing and ramming, and can operate in temperatures as low as {{convert|−50|F|C}}. |
Designed to conduct a wide range of research activities, ''Healy'' provides more than {{convert|4200|sqft|m2|-1}} of scientific laboratory space, numerous electronic sensor systems, [[Oceanography|oceanographic]] [[Winch|winches]], and accommodations for up to 50 scientists. ''Healy'' is also designed to break {{convert|4.5|ft|abbr=on}} of ice continuously at {{convert|3|kn|lk=in}} or ice {{convert|10|ft|abbr=on}} thick when backing and ramming, and can operate in temperatures as low as {{convert|−50|F|C}}. |
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As a Coast Guard cutter, ''Healy'' is also a platform for supporting other potential missions in the polar regions, including: [[search and rescue]], ship escort, [[environmental protection]], and [[law enforcement]]. |
As a Coast Guard cutter, ''Healy'' is also a platform for supporting other potential missions in the polar regions, including: [[search and rescue]], ship escort, [[environmental protection]], and [[law enforcement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = USCGC HEALY |url = https://www.pacificarea.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Cutters/cgcHealy/ |access-date = 2024-02-22 |website = uscg.mil }}</ref> |
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==Notable |
==Notable operations== |
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October |
29 October 2015: ''Healy'' received the [[Coast Guard Unit Commendation]] award for exceptionally meritorious service from 24 June to 29 October 2015, during their Arctic West Summer 2015 deployment.<ref name="dvidshub.net">{{cite web |last1 = Norcross |first1 = Amanda |title = CGC Healy crew receives Unit Commendation award |url = https://www.dvidshub.net/image/2256583/cgc-healy-crew-receives-unit-commendation-award |website = DVIDS |access-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210181845/https://www.dvidshub.net/image/2256583/cgc-healy-crew-receives-unit-commendation-award |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> ''Healy'' traveled over {{cvt|16000|nmi}}, took over 25,000 water and ice samples from 72 science stations, and became the first unaccompanied U.S. surface vessel to reach the [[North Pole]]. She also engaged with the crew of the German icebreaker {{ship|RV|Polarstern||2}} while at the North Pole, in support of the international scientific mission [[Geotraces]]. Finally, ''Healy'' became the first vessel to broadcast a live feed from ice-bound Arctic waters, streaming video of a search and rescue exercise to shore-based coordinators.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1 = Smith |first1 = Laurin |title = October 29, 2015 |url = http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws15/151029.asp |website = CGC HEALY |access-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210223116/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws15/151029.asp |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> |
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[[File:120110-G-IA163-068-Healy-escorts-Renda.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Healy'' escorts |
[[File:120110-G-IA163-068-Healy-escorts-Renda.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Healy'' escorts {{ship|MT|Renda||2}} through ice in the [[Bering Sea]] in January 2012.]] |
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April 10, 2012: USCGC ''Healy'' received the [[Coast Guard Unit Commendation]] award for exceptionally meritorious service from 3 January to 5 February 2012 after she escorted a tanker carrying a critical load of fuel through tremendously difficult winter ice conditions to [[Nome, Alaska|Nome, AK]]. In November 2011, a strong winter storm struck western Alaska, which prevented a vital fuel delivery to Nome. ''Healy'' delayed her return home from a six-month Arctic deployment in order to escort the Russian-flagged tanker [[MT Renda]] to Nome, AK. ''Healy'' escorted the MT Renda through over 300 miles of extremely difficult ice conditions and broke out the beset ship time after time. After many days of great exertion, MT Renda transferred the fuel to Nome over the course of three days. On 20 January, ''Healy'' began the break out for herself and the MT Renda. They emerged from the ice on 29 January 2012 after successful completion of the mission. This was the first-ever winter fuel delivery from the water in Western Alaska.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seattle based ice breaker crew presented Coast Guard Unit Commendation award|url=http://www.uscgnews.com/go/doc/4007/1382727/Photo-Release-Seattle-based-ice-breaker-crew-presented-Coast-Guard-Unit-Commendation-award-|archive-url=https://archive.is/20160201221442/http://www.uscgnews.com/go/doc/4007/1382727/Photo-Release-Seattle-based-ice-breaker-crew-presented-Coast-Guard-Unit-Commendation-award-|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2016|website=U.S. Coast Guard Newsroom|accessdate=8 December 2015}}</ref> |
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10 April 2012: ''Healy'' received the Coast Guard Unit Commendation award for exceptionally meritorious service from 3 January to 5 February 2012, after she escorted a tanker carrying a critical load of fuel through tremendously difficult winter ice conditions to [[Nome, Alaska|Nome]], Alaska. In November 2011, a strong winter storm struck western Alaska, which prevented a vital fuel delivery to Nome. ''Healy'' delayed her return home from a six-month Arctic deployment in order to escort the Russian-flagged tanker {{ship|MT|Renda||2}} to Nome. ''Healy'' escorted ''Renda'' through over {{cvt|300|nmi}} of extremely difficult ice conditions and broke out the beset ship time after time. After many days of great exertion, ''Renda'' transferred the fuel to Nome, over the course of three days. On 20 January, ''Healy'' began the break out for herself and ''Renda''. They emerged from the ice on 29 January 2012, after successful completion of the mission. This was the first-ever winter fuel delivery from the water in Western Alaska.<ref>{{cite web |title = Seattle based ice breaker crew presented Coast Guard Unit Commendation award |url = http://www.uscgnews.com/go/doc/4007/1382727/Photo-Release-Seattle-based-ice-breaker-crew-presented-Coast-Guard-Unit-Commendation-award- |archive-url = https://archive.today/20160201221442/http://www.uscgnews.com/go/doc/4007/1382727/Photo-Release-Seattle-based-ice-breaker-crew-presented-Coast-Guard-Unit-Commendation-award- |archive-date = 1 February 2016 |website = U.S. Coast Guard Newsroom |access-date = 8 December 2015 }}</ref> |
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January 20, 2010: USCGC ''Healy'' received the Coast Guard [[Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation]] award for meritorious service from 6 August to 16 September 2009 while conducting the Joint U.S.—Canada United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Extended Continental Shelf Mapping Expedition. In collaboration with [[CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent|CCGS ''Louis S. St-Laurent'']], ''Healy'' pushed 150 nautical miles further north than planned and avoided $2.4 million in future expedition mapping costs. ''Healy'' also acquired over 1,000 pounds of valuable geological samples by conducting dredging operations at depths of up to 3 miles. The rare samples were essential in establishing the origin of the targeted extended continental shelf. |
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20 January 2010: ''Healy'' received the Coast Guard [[Meritorious Unit Commendation|Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation]] award for meritorious service from 6 August to 16 September 2009, while conducting the Joint U.S.–Canada [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] Extended Continental Shelf Mapping Expedition. In collaboration with {{CCGS|Louis S. St-Laurent}}, ''Healy'' pushed {{cvt|150|nmi}} further north than planned and avoided $2.4 million in future expedition mapping costs. ''Healy'' also acquired over {{cvt|1000|lb}} of valuable geological samples by conducting dredging operations at depths of up to {{cvt|3|mi|spell=in}}. The rare samples were essential in establishing the origin of the targeted extended continental shelf. |
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July 16, 2008: USCGC ''Healy'' received the Coast Guard [[Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation]] award for meritorious service from April 2007 to July 2008 while conducting science operations in support of national scientific, economic, and political interests. ''Healy'' conducted a multi-year project in order to evaluate the entire ecosystem of the Bering Sea. Data collected during these missions helped improve the understanding of food webs and biological communities in the Arctic. Through superior mission execution in adverse weather, ''Healy'' exceeded expectations significantly.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schendorf|first1=Tara|title=August 12, 2008|url=http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws08/080812-update.asp|website=CGC HEALY|accessdate=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210220859/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws08/080812-update.asp|archive-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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16 July 2008: ''Healy'' received the Coast Guard Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation award for meritorious service from April 2007 to July 2008, while conducting science operations in support of national scientific, economic, and political interests. ''Healy'' conducted a multi-year project in order to evaluate the entire ecosystem of the [[Bering Sea]]. Data collected during these missions helped improve the understanding of food webs and biological communities in the Arctic. Through superior mission execution in adverse weather, ''Healy'' exceeded expectations significantly.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Schendorf |first1 = Tara |title = August 12, 2008 |url = http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws08/080812-update.asp |website = CGC HEALY |access-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210220859/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws08/080812-update.asp |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> |
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12 September 2005: ''Healy'' reached the North Pole for a second time, accompanied by the Swedish icebreaker [[Oden (1988 icebreaker)]]. This was ''Healy''{{'s}} second visit to the North Pole, and the voyage was a part of the Arctic East-West Summer 2005 project which consisted of three cruises between 1 June and 28 November 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title = Arctic West-East Summer 2005 Cruise Report |url = https://media.defense.gov/2022/Aug/18/2003059694/-1/-1/0/2005_HEALY-AWES-CRUISE_REPORT.PDF |access-date = 24 October 2022}}</ref> |
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January 23, 2002: USCGC ''Healy'' received the Coast Guard [[Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation]] award for meritorious service from 12 June 2001 to 21 December 2001 during the Arctic East 2001 Science Mission. ''Healy'' mapped 1,100 miles of the [[Gakkel Ridge]], previously the only unmapped [[undersea ridge]] in the world. Twelve previously unknown volcanoes and numerous undersea hydrothermal vents were discovered. Eight tons of rock samples were taken from over 100 deep sea dredges. |
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7 May 2003: ''Healy'' received the Coast Guard Unit Commendation award for exceptionally meritorious service from January 2003 to April 2003, while conducting [[Operation Deep Freeze]] in support of the U.S. Antarctic Program. With less than three weeks' notice, ''Healy'' was deployed to Antarctica in support of the critical annual re-supply of [[McMurdo Station]]. ''Healy'' played an instrumental role in coordination with ''Polar Sea'' in resupplying the ice station. ''Healy'' successfully escorted the freighter {{ship|MV|American Tern||2}} and the tanker {{ship||Richard G. Matthieson}}. ''Healy'' successfully escorted both ships in and out of the ice, and facilitated the delivery of resources to McMurdo Station. |
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==Recent Operations== |
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[[File:USCGC HEALY profile aws15.jpg|thumb|left|USCGC HEALY underway in the Arctic Ocean.]] |
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2016: On October 15, 2016, USCGC ''Healy'' returned to her home port in Seattle, Washington after a 127-day summer deployment in the Arctic Ocean. The crew of the USCGC ''Healy'' and her accompanying scientists participated in three scientific studies. Highlights of this deployment include the discovery of new species of jellyfish in the Chukchi Sea, observations of the continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea, and data collection on climate change.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kbkw.com/coast-guard-cutter-healy-returns-homeport-127-day-deployment-arctic-ocean/|title=Coast Guard Cutter Healy Returns to Homeport, After 127-Day Deployment in Arctic Ocean - Newstalk KBKW|first=Dave|last=Haviland|date=17 October 2016|publisher=|access-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020072845/http://kbkw.com/coast-guard-cutter-healy-returns-homeport-127-day-deployment-arctic-ocean/|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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23 January 2002: ''Healy'' received the Coast Guard Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation award for meritorious service from 12 June 2001 to 21 December 2001, during the Arctic East 2001 Science Mission. ''Healy'' mapped {{cvt|1100|nmi}} of the [[Gakkel Ridge]], previously the only unmapped [[Mid-ocean ridge|undersea ridge]] in the world. Twelve previously unknown volcanoes and numerous undersea hydrothermal vents were discovered. {{cvt|8|ST|spell=In}} of rock samples were taken from over 100 deep sea dredges. |
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2015: On September 5, USCGC ''Healy'' became the first unaccompanied United States surface vessel to reach the North Pole.<ref name="dvidshub.net"/> ''Healy'' travelled over 16,000 nautical miles during Arctic West Summer 2015 (AWS15). During this expedition, more than 25,000 water and ice samples from 72 science stations were collected through [[Conductivity, Temperature, Depth|Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD)]] casts and on-ice science stations.<ref name="auto"/> USCGC ''Healy'' worked with both the [[United States Coast Guard Research & Development Center]] and the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] to test and develop [[UAV|Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV's)]], and became the first vessel to broadcast a live feed from Arctic waters. ''Healy'' also conducted a professional international engagement with the German Icebreaker [[Polarstern (Ship)|Polarstern]] at the North Pole.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Laurin|title=September 9, 2015|url=http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws15/150909.asp|website=CGC HEALY|accessdate=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210220856/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws15/150909.asp|archive-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a historic Arctic deployment that displayed the Coast Guard's unique polar capabilities to the public and the world. Between May and October 2015, ''Healy'' also tested the [[Mobile User Objective System]] (MUOS) high frequency satellite communication system throughout its Arctic Summer West 2015 mission. Successful tests were completed throughout the expedition during the transit to the North Pole. |
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6 September 2001: As part of the above mentioned Arctic East Science Mission, ''Healy'', on her three-phase maiden voyage, became only the second U.S. surface ship to reach the North Pole, accompanied by the German research icebreaker {{ship|RV|Polarstern||2}}. ''Healy'' returned to her homeport, Seattle, on 20 December 2001 after 192 days at sea, which were punctuated by two port calls in ''Tromso'' Norway to exchange science teams. The second phase of the voyage, in Arctic ice, included testing of an [[autonomous underwater vehicle]] (UAV).<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Dan Everette |title=Healy returns from maiden voyage |url=http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-cp/cb/March2002/ITN.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020416013427/http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-cp/cb/March2002/ITN.html |archive-date=16 April 2002 |magazine=Coast Guard Magazine |date=March 2002 |access-date=24 October 2022}}</ref> |
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2014: A main area of focus during Arctic West Summer 2014 (AWS14) was the study of phytoplankton blooms along the [[Chukchi Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HLY1401 Cruise Report|url=http://icefloe.net/docs/hly1401_cruise_report.pdf|website=icefloe.net|accessdate=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210211833/http://icefloe.net/docs/hly1401_cruise_report.pdf|archive-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Healy'' also worked in conjunction with the [[United States Coast Guard Research & Development Center|United States Coast Guard Research and Development Center]] to test [[Aerostat]] balloons, [[UAV|Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV's)]], [[Auv|Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV)]], [[Remotely operated underwater vehicle|Remotely Operated Vehicles]] (ROV), and oil tracking buoys.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mahoney|first1=Carolyn|title=August 26, 2014|url=http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws14/140826.asp|website=CGC HEALY|accessdate=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210212521/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws14/140826.asp|archive-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:USCGC HEALY CTD Cast AWS15.jpg|thumb|A CTD cast deployed from USCGC HEALY in the Arctic during AWS15.]] |
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2013: Arctic West Summer 2013 (AWS13) consisted of four different missions for ''Healy'', over which more than 19,000 miles were covered. The first mission utilized ''Healy'''s unique over-the-side science capabilities in order to collect organisms and create an ecological picture of the Hanna Shoal region. The second mission yielded sediment samples from the Mackenzie River Basin through the use of coring devices. For the third mission the Coast Guard Research Development Center, in coordination with the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], deployed numerous equipment for testing and development. The fourth and final mission deployed subsurface moorings and conducted numerous [[Conductivity, Temperature, Depth|Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD)]] tests to study the Alaskan Boundary Current.<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Final Cruise Report|url=http://icefloe.net/files/2013_Final_Cruise_Report-NO_FOUO.pdf|website=icefloe.net|accessdate=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001102316/http://icefloe.net/files/2013_Final_Cruise_Report-NO_FOUO.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> A group of researchers from the [[Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory]] tested their Submarine Team Behaviors Tool with the ''Healy'' crew in September 2013. They were part of the 50 person science team from the USCG Research and Development Center<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/acquisition/rdc/rdc.asp|title=USCG: Research, Development, Test and Evaluation|publisher=uscg.mil|access-date=2015-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226084439/http://www.uscg.mil/Acquisition/rdc/rdc.asp|archive-date=2015-02-26|url-status=live}}</ref> that evaluated technology for the recovery of "simulated oil trapped in or under ice at the polar ice edge".<ref name=Pinto2013>{{cite news |author=Pinto, Maria D |date=2013-10-24 |title=NSMRL: At the top of the world |publisher=The Dolphin |url=http://www.dolphin-news.com/articles/2013/10/24/news/doc5267efbd85a36498269429.txt |archive-url=https://archive.is/20131025023426/http://www.dolphin-news.com/articles/2013/10/24/news/doc5267efbd85a36498269429.txt |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-25 |accessdate=2013-10-24 }}</ref> |
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[[File:USCGC HEALY night icereaking aws15.jpg|thumb|left|USCGC HEALY amid the ice at night in the Arctic Ocean.]] |
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2012: In January 2012, ''Healy'' escorted the Russian-flagged freighter ''[[MT Renda|Renda]]'' through pack ice to deliver an emergency supply of fuel to [[Nome, Alaska]]. Such a winter delivery had never been attempted before because the ice floes are {{convert|1|to|5|ft|m}} thick during the winter season.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/01/08/coast-guard-helping-icebreaker-reach-fuel-stricken-alaska-city/ |work=[[Fox News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |title=Coast Guard Helping Icebreaker Reach Fuel-Stricken Alaska City |date=8 January 2012 |accessdate=2012-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415131215/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/01/08/coast-guard-helping-icebreaker-reach-fuel-stricken-alaska-city/ |archive-date=15 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The resupply was vital to the city, and was the first-ever winter fuel delivery from the water in Western Alaska.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weisburger|first1=Alison|title=Lessons From the Russian Fuel Tanker Resupply of Nome, Alaska|url=http://www.thearcticinstitute.org/2012/01/63012-lessons-from-russian-fuel-tanker.html|website=The Arctic Institute|accessdate=7 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210212124/http://www.thearcticinstitute.org/2012/01/63012-lessons-from-russian-fuel-tanker.html|archive-date=10 December 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Over the course of Arctic West Summer 2012 (AWS12), ''Healy'' travelled over 18,000 nautical miles and conducted 687 science casts. ''Healy'' also added 25% more data to the bathymetric mapping project of the extended continental shelf through multibeam sonar bottom-mapping.<ref>{{cite web|title=AWS12 Cruise Report|url=http://icefloe.net/files/AWS12_Cruise_Report_signed_final.pdf|website=icefloe.net|accessdate=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001170951/http://icefloe.net/files/AWS12_Cruise_Report_signed_final.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> This data was collected in support of the delineation of the American and Canadian continental shelves.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sheridan|first1=Erin|title=November 8, 2012|url=http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws12/121108.asp|website=CGC HEALY|accessdate=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221190900/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws12/121108.asp|archive-date=21 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Recent operations== |
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2011: During Arctic West Summer 2011 (AWS11), ''Healy'' collaborated with researchers from [[NASA]] to study the refractive properties of sunlight in the Arctic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Departing Seattle AWS11|url=http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws11/docs/DepartingSeattleAWSW11.pdf|website=CGC HEALY|accessdate=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214348/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws11/docs/DepartingSeattleAWSW11.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> USCGC ''Healy'' spent the summer mapping the Extended Continental Shelf in collaboration with the [[CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent]]. A third mission of this patrol studied organic carbon and its levels in the Arctic water column. This data was used to explain bacteria distribution in the water column as well as carbon dioxide and biomass cycles.<ref>{{cite web|title=November 28, 2011|url=http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws11/111128.asp|website=CGC HEALY|accessdate=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210215545/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws11/111128.asp|archive-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:USCGC HEALY profile aws15.jpg|thumb|left|''Healy'' underway in the Arctic Ocean.]] |
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2022: On 30 September 2022, the ''Healy'' and crew reached the North Pole for her 4th time and her 2nd time unaccompanied.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title=USCGC HEALY REACHES NORTH POLE |url=https://www.unols.org/news/ships-news/uscgc-healy-reaches-north-pole |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System}}</ref> The crew assisted a team of [[National Science Foundation|NSF]]-funded scientists as part of the international [https://synopticarcticsurvey.w.uib.no/ Synoptic Arctic Survey Program (SAS)].<ref name=":0" /> The 2022 voyage was facilitated by "unexpectedly" thin ice, multiple [[Lead (sea ice)|leads]] in the sea ice, and favorable [[South wind|South winds.]]<ref name=":0" /> |
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2016: On 15 October 2016, ''Healy'' returned to her home port in Seattle, after a 127-day summer deployment in the Arctic Ocean. The crew of ''Healy'', and her accompanying scientists, participated in three scientific studies. Highlights of this deployment include the discovery of new species of [[jellyfish]] in the [[Chukchi Sea]], observations of the continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea, and data collection on climate change.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://kbkw.com/coast-guard-cutter-healy-returns-homeport-127-day-deployment-arctic-ocean/ |title = Coast Guard Cutter Healy Returns to Homeport, After 127-Day Deployment in Arctic Ocean - Newstalk KBKW |first = Dave |last = Haviland |date = 17 October 2016 |access-date = 18 October 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161020072845/http://kbkw.com/coast-guard-cutter-healy-returns-homeport-127-day-deployment-arctic-ocean/ |archive-date = 20 October 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> |
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==Dive Mishap== |
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On August 17, 2006, [[Lieutenant]] Jessica Hill and [[Petty officer second class|PO2]] Stephen Duque died of unspecified causes during diving operations in the Arctic Ocean. The Coast Guard conducted simultaneous safety and administrative investigations the results of which were made public in January 2007<ref>{{cite web |
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2015: On 5 September, ''Healy'' became the first unaccompanied United States surface vessel to reach the North Pole.<ref name="dvidshub.net"/> ''Healy'' travelled over 16,000 nautical miles during Arctic West Summer 2015 (AWS15). During this expedition, more than 25,000 water and ice samples from 72 science stations were collected through [[CTD (instrument)|Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD)]] casts and on-ice science stations.<ref name="auto"/> ''Healy'' worked with both the [[United States Coast Guard Research & Development Center]] and the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] to test and develop [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV's)]], and became the first vessel to broadcast a live feed from Arctic waters. ''Healy'' also conducted a professional international engagement with the German Icebreaker [[RV Polarstern|Polarstern]] at the North Pole.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Smith |first1 = Laurin |title = September 9, 2015 |url = http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws15/150909.asp |website = CGC HEALY |access-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210220856/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws15/150909.asp |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> It was a historic Arctic deployment that displayed the Coast Guard's unique polar capabilities to the public and the world. Between May and October 2015, ''Healy'' also tested the [[Mobile User Objective System]] (MUOS) high frequency satellite communication system throughout her Arctic Summer West 2015 mission. Successful tests were completed throughout the expedition during the transit to the North Pole. |
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|url=http://www.uscg.mil/foia/healy/comdt_statement_12_jan.pdf |
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|title=USCG Commandant's Statement |
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2014: A main area of focus during Arctic West Summer 2014 (AWS14) was the study of phytoplankton blooms along the Chukchi Sea.<ref>{{cite web |title = HLY1401 Cruise Report |url = http://icefloe.net/docs/hly1401_cruise_report.pdf |website = icefloe.net |access-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210211833/http://icefloe.net/docs/hly1401_cruise_report.pdf |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> ''Healy'' also worked in conjunction with the United States Coast Guard Research and Development Center to test [[Aerostat]] balloons, UAV, [[Autonomous underwater vehicle|Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV)]], [[Remotely operated underwater vehicle|Remotely Operated Vehicles]] (ROV), and oil tracking buoys.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Mahoney |first1 = Carolyn |title = August 26, 2014 |url = http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws14/140826.asp |website = CGC HEALY |access-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210212521/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws14/140826.asp |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> |
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|format=pdf |
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[[File:USCGC HEALY CTD Cast AWS15.jpg|thumb|A CTD cast deployed from ''Healy'' in the Arctic during AWS15.]] |
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|authorlink=Thad W. Allen |
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2013: Arctic West Summer 2013 (AWS13) consisted of four different missions for ''Healy'', over which more than {{cvt|19000|nmi}} were covered. The first mission utilized ''Healy''{{'}}s unique over-the-side science capabilities in order to collect organisms and create an ecological picture of the [[Hanna Shoal]] region. The second mission yielded sediment samples from the [[Mackenzie River]] Basin through the use of coring devices. For the third mission the Coast Guard Research Development Center, in coordination with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, deployed numerous equipment for testing and development. The fourth and final mission deployed subsurface moorings and conducted numerous CTD tests to study the Alaskan Boundary Current.<ref>{{cite web |title = 2013 Final Cruise Report |url = http://icefloe.net/files/2013_Final_Cruise_Report-NO_FOUO.pdf |website = icefloe.net |access-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151001102316/http://icefloe.net/files/2013_Final_Cruise_Report-NO_FOUO.pdf |archive-date = 1 October 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> A group of researchers from the [[Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory]] tested their Submarine Team Behaviors Tool with ''Healy''{{'}}s crew in September 2013. They were part of the 50 person science team from the USCG Research and Development Center<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.uscg.mil/acquisition/rdc/rdc.asp |title = USCG: Research, Development, Test and Evaluation |publisher = uscg.mil |access-date = 2015-03-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150226084439/http://www.uscg.mil/Acquisition/rdc/rdc.asp |archive-date = 2015-02-26 |url-status = live }}</ref> that evaluated technology for the recovery of "simulated oil trapped in or under ice at the polar ice edge".<ref name=Pinto2013>{{cite news |author = Pinto, Maria D |date = 2013-10-24 |title = NSMRL: At the top of the world |publisher = The Dolphin |url = http://www.dolphin-news.com/articles/2013/10/24/news/doc5267efbd85a36498269429.txt |archive-url = https://archive.today/20131025023426/http://www.dolphin-news.com/articles/2013/10/24/news/doc5267efbd85a36498269429.txt |archive-date = 2013-10-25 |access-date = 2013-10-24 }}</ref> |
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|last=Allen |
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[[File:USCGC HEALY night icereaking aws15.jpg|thumb|left|''Healy'' amid the ice at night in the Arctic Ocean.]] |
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|first=Thad W. |
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2012: In January 2012, ''Healy'' escorted the Russian-flagged freighter ''Renda'' through pack ice to deliver an emergency supply of fuel to Nome, Alaska. Such a winter delivery had never been attempted before because the ice floes are {{convert|1|to|5|ft|m}} thick during the winter season.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/01/08/coast-guard-helping-icebreaker-reach-fuel-stricken-alaska-city/ |work = [[Fox News]] |agency = [[Associated Press]] |title = Coast Guard Helping Icebreaker Reach Fuel-Stricken Alaska City |date = 8 January 2012 |access-date = 2012-12-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120415131215/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/01/08/coast-guard-helping-icebreaker-reach-fuel-stricken-alaska-city/ |archive-date = 15 April 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> The resupply was vital to the city, and was the first-ever winter fuel delivery from the water in Western Alaska.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Weisburger |first1 = Alison |title = Lessons From the Russian Fuel Tanker Resupply of Nome, Alaska |url = http://www.thearcticinstitute.org/2012/01/63012-lessons-from-russian-fuel-tanker.html |website = The Arctic Institute |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210212124/http://www.thearcticinstitute.org/2012/01/63012-lessons-from-russian-fuel-tanker.html |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Over the course of Arctic West Summer 2012 (AWS12), ''Healy'' travelled over {{cvt|18000|nmi}} and conducted 687 science casts. ''Healy'' also added 25% more data to the bathymetric mapping project of the extended continental shelf through multibeam sonar bottom-mapping.<ref>{{cite web |title = AWS12 Cruise Report |url = http://icefloe.net/files/AWS12_Cruise_Report_signed_final.pdf |website = icefloe.net |access-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151001170951/http://icefloe.net/files/AWS12_Cruise_Report_signed_final.pdf |archive-date = 1 October 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> This data was collected in support of the delineation of the American and Canadian continental shelves.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Sheridan |first1 = Erin |title = November 8, 2012 |url = http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws12/121108.asp |website = CGC HEALY |access-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160221190900/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws12/121108.asp |archive-date = 21 February 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> |
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|date=12 January 2007 |
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|accessdate=2012-12-20 |
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2011: During Arctic West Summer 2011 (AWS11), ''Healy'' collaborated with researchers from [[NASA]] to study the refractive properties of sunlight in the Arctic.<ref>{{cite web |title = Departing Seattle AWS11 |url = http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws11/docs/DepartingSeattleAWSW11.pdf |website = CGC HEALY |access-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214348/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws11/docs/DepartingSeattleAWSW11.pdf |archive-date = 4 March 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> ''Healy'' spent the summer mapping the Extended Continental Shelf in collaboration with CCGS ''Louis S. St-Laurent''. A third mission of this patrol studied organic carbon and its levels in the Arctic water column. This data was used to explain bacteria distribution in the water column as well as carbon dioxide and biomass cycles.<ref>{{cite web |title = November 28, 2011 |url = http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws11/111128.asp |website = CGC HEALY |access-date = 8 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210215545/http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgchealy/aws11/111128.asp |archive-date = 10 December 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926015700/http://www.uscg.mil/foia/healy/comdt_statement_12_jan.pdf |
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|archive-date=26 September 2012 |
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2009: A marine biological mission aboard ''Healy'' studied the ecosystem of the [[Bering Sea]], specifically the sea ice and its future affects on sea life population. The study included a number of biological focuses which recorded seabird and micro zooplankton populations, as well as assessing phytoplankton, sea ice algae, nitrogen, and sediment. Additionally Oceanographer [[Evelyn Lessard]] co-led a team to study krill populations to assess how climate change will affect the fisheries.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Polar Discovery :: Expeditions to the Polar Regions :: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution |url = http://polardiscovery.whoi.edu/index.html |access-date = 2022-02-05 |website = polardiscovery.whoi.edu }}</ref> |
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|url-status=live |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
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==Dive mishap== |
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|url=http://www.uscg.mil/foia/healy/healy_fam.pdf |
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On 17 August 2006, [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]] Jessica Hill and [[Petty officer second class|PO2]] Stephen Duque, died of unspecified causes during diving operations in the Arctic Ocean. The Coast Guard conducted simultaneous safety and administrative investigations the results of which were made public in January 2007<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.uscg.mil/foia/healy/comdt_statement_12_jan.pdf |title = USCG Commandant's Statement |author-link = Thad W. Allen |last = Allen |first = Thad W. |date = 12 January 2007 |access-date = 2012-12-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120926015700/http://www.uscg.mil/foia/healy/comdt_statement_12_jan.pdf |archive-date = 26 September 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.uscg.mil/foia/healy/healy_fam.pdf |title = Final Action Memorandum |author-link = Thad W. Allen |last = Allen |first = Thad W. |date = 10 January 2007 |access-date = 2012-12-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120926015922/http://www.uscg.mil/foia/healy/healy_fam.pdf |archive-date = 26 September 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> along with a Final Decision Letter dated 23 August 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.uscg.mil/foia/Healy/HealyFDL.pdf |title = Final Decision Letter |author-link = Robert J. Papp Jr. |last = Papp |first = Robert J Jr |date = 23 August 2007 |access-date = 2012-12-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120926015709/http://www.uscg.mil/foia/Healy/HealyFDL.pdf |archive-date = 26 September 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> |
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|title=Final Action Memorandum |
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|format=pdf |
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|authorlink=Thad W. Allen |
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|last=Allen |
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|first=Thad W. |
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|date=10 January 2007 |
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|accessdate=2012-12-20 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926015922/http://www.uscg.mil/foia/healy/healy_fam.pdf |
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|archive-date=26 September 2012 |
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|url-status=live |
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}}</ref> along with a Final Decision Letter dated August 23, 2007.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.uscg.mil/foia/Healy/HealyFDL.pdf |
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|title=Final Decision Letter |
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|format=pdf |
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|authorlink=Robert J. Papp, Jr. |
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|last=Papp |
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|first=Robert J, Jr |
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|date=23 August 2007 |
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|accessdate=2012-12-20 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926015709/http://www.uscg.mil/foia/Healy/HealyFDL.pdf |
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|archive-date=26 September 2012 |
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|url-status=live |
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}}</ref> |
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Initial press reports indicated that the divers were conducting an inspection of the rudder - a routine operation - at the time of the accident, but later reports stated that the two were doing a cold-water training dive near the bow of the ship. The dive was reported to have been planned for a maximum depth of {{convert|20|ft|m|0}}. Lieutenant Hill's father, citing autopsy reports, has indicated that his daughter actually reached a depth of near {{convert|200|ft}} in what he described as an out of control descent. The divers were tended by unqualified and poorly-instructed personnel on the surface, none of whom were familiar with cold water diving or scuba diving in general.<ref> |
Initial press reports indicated that the divers were conducting an inspection of the rudder - a routine operation - at the time of the accident, but later reports stated that the two were doing a cold-water training dive near the bow of the ship. The dive was reported to have been planned for a maximum depth of {{convert|20|ft|m|0}}. Lieutenant Hill's father, citing autopsy reports, has indicated that his daughter actually reached a depth of near {{convert|200|ft}} in what he described as an out of control descent. The divers were tended by unqualified and poorly-instructed personnel on the surface, none of whom were familiar with cold water diving or scuba diving in general.<ref> |
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{{cite news |url = http://www.navytimes.com/news/2007/01/ndeadlydiveweb070112/ |title = CG report cites multiple failures in diving deaths |first = Patricia |last = Kime |work = [[Navy Times]] |date = 12 January 2007 |access-date = 2012-12-20 }}</ref> It is not clear why they extended so much line to the divers. By the time the two could be pulled to the surface, gas reserves were empty and neither diver could be revived.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=2674389 |title = 200-Foot Plunge Killed Coast Guard Divers |first = Neal |last = Karlinsky |date = 22 November 2006 |work = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date = 2007-10-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070310152144/https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=2674389 |archive-date = 10 March 2007 |url-status = live }}</ref> |
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{{cite news |
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|url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2007/01/ndeadlydiveweb070112/ |
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|title=CG report cites multiple failures in diving deaths |
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|first=Patricia |
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|last=Kime |
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|work=[[Navy Times]] |
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|date=12 January 2007 |
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|accessdate=2012-12-20 |
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}}</ref> It is not clear why they extended so much line to the divers. By the time the two could be pulled to the surface, gas reserves were empty and neither diver could be revived.<ref>{{cite news |
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|url=https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=2674389 |
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|title=200-Foot Plunge Killed Coast Guard Divers |
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|first=Neal |
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|last=Karlinsky |
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|date=22 November 2006 |
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|work=[[ABC News]] |
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|accessdate=2007-10-20 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310152144/https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=2674389 |
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|archive-date=10 March 2007 |
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|url-status=live |
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}}</ref> |
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On |
On 30 August, Commanding Officer [[Captain (United States O-6)|Captain]] Douglas G. Russell, was temporarily relieved of command by Vice Admiral Charles Wuster, citing a "loss of confidence" in Russell's ability to command.<ref> |
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{{cite news |url = http://www.seattlepi.com/local/283268_healy31.html |title = Coast Guard skipper out over 2 diving deaths |first = Mike |last = Barber |date = 31 August 2006 |work = [[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |access-date = 2007-10-20 }}</ref> The relief was later made permanent by Coast Guard Commandant [[Thad Allen|Admiral Thad Allen]]. |
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{{cite news |
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|url = http://www.seattlepi.com/local/283268_healy31.html |
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|title=Coast Guard skipper out over 2 diving deaths |
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|first=Mike |
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|last=Barber |
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|date=31 August 2006 |
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|work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |
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|accessdate=2007-10-20 |
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}}</ref> The relief was later made permanent by Coast Guard Commandant [[Thad Allen|Admiral Thad Allen]]. |
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==Awards and honors== |
==Awards and honors== |
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*[[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]] |
*[[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]] |
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*[[Coast Guard Unit Commendation]] (3rd) |
*[[Coast Guard Unit Commendation]] (3rd) |
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*[[Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation]] (3rd) |
*[[Meritorious Unit Commendation|Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation]] (3rd) |
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*[[Coast Guard E Ribbon]] |
*[[Coast Guard E Ribbon]] |
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*[[National Defense Service Medal]] |
*[[National Defense Service Medal]] |
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*[[Antarctic Service Medal]] |
*[[Antarctica Service Medal|Antarctic Service Medal]] |
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*[[Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal]] |
*[[Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal]] |
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*Coast Guard [[Sea Service Ribbon]] (7th) |
*Coast Guard [[Sea Service Ribbon]] (7th) |
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==In popular culture== |
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A ship of a similar class (if not the same) as the ''Healy'', the ''Borealis'', briefly appears in the game [[Half-Life 2: Episode Two]]. This ship was originally planned to be a [[Polar-class icebreaker|''Polar''-class icebreaker]] in the original storyline of [[Half-Life 2]]. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Icebreakers of the United States Coast Guard]] |
[[Category:Icebreakers of the United States Coast Guard]] |
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[[Category:Ships built in Bridge City, Louisiana]] |
[[Category:Ships built in Bridge City, Louisiana]] |
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[[Category:North Pole]] |
Latest revision as of 08:45, 3 July 2024
![]() USCGC Healy (WAGB-20) north of Alaska
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History | |
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Name | Healy |
Namesake | Michael A. Healy |
Builder | Avondale Shipyard |
Laid down | 16 September 1996 |
Launched | 15 November 1997 |
Commissioned | 10 November 1999 |
Identification |
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Motto | Promise and Deliver |
Status | In service |
Badge |
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General characteristics | |
Type | Medium Icebreaker |
Displacement | 16,000 long tons (16,257 t) |
Length | 420 ft (128 m) |
Beam | 82 ft (25 m) |
Draft | 29 ft 3 in (8.92 m) |
Installed power | |
Propulsion |
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Speed |
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Complement |
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Aircraft carried |
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Notes | 5 laboratories: Main Lab, Wet Lab, Bio-Chem Lab, Electronics Lab, Meteorological Lab |
USCGC Healy (WAGB-20) is the United States' largest and most technologically advanced icebreaker as well as the US Coast Guard's largest vessel.[1] She is classified as a medium icebreaker by the Coast Guard.[1] She is homeported in Seattle, Washington, and was commissioned in 1999. On 6 September 2001 Healy visited the North Pole for the first time. The second visit occurred on 12 September 2005. On 5 September 2015, Healy became the first unaccompanied United States surface vessel to reach the North Pole, and Healy's fourth Pole visit (and her second unaccompanied visit) happened on 30 September 2022.
Construction[edit]
Healy was built by Avondale Industries in New Orleans, Louisiana. The construction included a technology transfer agreement between Avondale Industries and the Finnish Kværner Masa-Yards Arctic Technology Centre, where the latter provided expertise for hull form development and propulsion line engineering based on the Finnish diesel-electric icebreaker Otso.[2]
Healy is named in honor of United States Revenue Cutter Service Captain Michael A. Healy. Her keel was laid on 16 September 1996. Healy joined the icebreakers Polar Star and Polar Sea in their homeport of Seattle, on 10 November 1999. The ship departed New Orleans, on 26 January 2000, performing sea trials off of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and in Baffin Bay, between Canada and Greenland. She arrived in Seattle on 9 August 2000, after transiting the famed Northwest Passage and was placed "In Commission, Active" on 21 August 2000.[3]
Design[edit]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/USCGC_HEALY_aws15_small_boat_ops.jpg/220px-USCGC_HEALY_aws15_small_boat_ops.jpg)
Healy is an optimally manned vessel, meaning she has the minimum number of personnel staffed in order to safely navigate.[4] Due to the vast array of missions conducted by Healy, it is vital that crew members are fully qualified on a number of duties.[5] Healy operates two A-Frames, one on the aft working deck and one on the starboard side. There are two articulated cranes on the aft working deck, with the starboard side rated to 15 short tons (14 t) and the port side rated to 5 short tons (4.5 t). The aft working deck provides ample space to conduct science and research operations. Healy has a forecastle crane with a load capacity of 3 short tons (2.7 t), and two 04 level cranes with load capacities of 15 tons each.[6] Healy has a Dynamic Positioning System (DPS) that uses her 2200-horsepower Omnithruster Bow Thruster system, which aids in navigation and station keeping during science operations.[7] Her flight deck is capable of landing both of the Coast Guard's helicopter airframes, and attached is a hangar that can house 2 Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin helicopters. Healy can accommodate 8 ISO vans on the ship, which are used as science labs and workstations.[8] Healy has three small boats on board. One is the 38 ft (12 m) Arctic Survey Boat (ASB), which is on the starboard side. Healy has two 26 ft (7.9 m) Cutter Boat Large (CBL) Rigid Hull Inflatable Boats (RHIB), one on each side.[9]
Capabilities[edit]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/USCGC_HEALY_aft_view_aws15.jpg/220px-USCGC_HEALY_aft_view_aws15.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/USCGC_Healy.jpg/220px-USCGC_Healy.jpg)
Designed to conduct a wide range of research activities, Healy provides more than 4,200 square feet (390 m2) of scientific laboratory space, numerous electronic sensor systems, oceanographic winches, and accommodations for up to 50 scientists. Healy is also designed to break 4.5 ft (1.4 m) of ice continuously at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) or ice 10 ft (3.0 m) thick when backing and ramming, and can operate in temperatures as low as −50 °F (−46 °C).
As a Coast Guard cutter, Healy is also a platform for supporting other potential missions in the polar regions, including: search and rescue, ship escort, environmental protection, and law enforcement.[10]
Notable operations[edit]
29 October 2015: Healy received the Coast Guard Unit Commendation award for exceptionally meritorious service from 24 June to 29 October 2015, during their Arctic West Summer 2015 deployment.[11] Healy traveled over 16,000 nmi (30,000 km; 18,000 mi), took over 25,000 water and ice samples from 72 science stations, and became the first unaccompanied U.S. surface vessel to reach the North Pole. She also engaged with the crew of the German icebreaker Polarstern while at the North Pole, in support of the international scientific mission Geotraces. Finally, Healy became the first vessel to broadcast a live feed from ice-bound Arctic waters, streaming video of a search and rescue exercise to shore-based coordinators.[12]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/120110-G-IA163-068-Healy-escorts-Renda.jpg/170px-120110-G-IA163-068-Healy-escorts-Renda.jpg)
10 April 2012: Healy received the Coast Guard Unit Commendation award for exceptionally meritorious service from 3 January to 5 February 2012, after she escorted a tanker carrying a critical load of fuel through tremendously difficult winter ice conditions to Nome, Alaska. In November 2011, a strong winter storm struck western Alaska, which prevented a vital fuel delivery to Nome. Healy delayed her return home from a six-month Arctic deployment in order to escort the Russian-flagged tanker Renda to Nome. Healy escorted Renda through over 300 nmi (560 km; 350 mi) of extremely difficult ice conditions and broke out the beset ship time after time. After many days of great exertion, Renda transferred the fuel to Nome, over the course of three days. On 20 January, Healy began the break out for herself and Renda. They emerged from the ice on 29 January 2012, after successful completion of the mission. This was the first-ever winter fuel delivery from the water in Western Alaska.[13]
20 January 2010: Healy received the Coast Guard Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation award for meritorious service from 6 August to 16 September 2009, while conducting the Joint U.S.–Canada United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Extended Continental Shelf Mapping Expedition. In collaboration with CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent, Healy pushed 150 nmi (280 km; 170 mi) further north than planned and avoided $2.4 million in future expedition mapping costs. Healy also acquired over 1,000 lb (450 kg) of valuable geological samples by conducting dredging operations at depths of up to three mi (4.8 km). The rare samples were essential in establishing the origin of the targeted extended continental shelf.
16 July 2008: Healy received the Coast Guard Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation award for meritorious service from April 2007 to July 2008, while conducting science operations in support of national scientific, economic, and political interests. Healy conducted a multi-year project in order to evaluate the entire ecosystem of the Bering Sea. Data collected during these missions helped improve the understanding of food webs and biological communities in the Arctic. Through superior mission execution in adverse weather, Healy exceeded expectations significantly.[14]
12 September 2005: Healy reached the North Pole for a second time, accompanied by the Swedish icebreaker Oden (1988 icebreaker). This was Healy's second visit to the North Pole, and the voyage was a part of the Arctic East-West Summer 2005 project which consisted of three cruises between 1 June and 28 November 2005.[15]
7 May 2003: Healy received the Coast Guard Unit Commendation award for exceptionally meritorious service from January 2003 to April 2003, while conducting Operation Deep Freeze in support of the U.S. Antarctic Program. With less than three weeks' notice, Healy was deployed to Antarctica in support of the critical annual re-supply of McMurdo Station. Healy played an instrumental role in coordination with Polar Sea in resupplying the ice station. Healy successfully escorted the freighter American Tern and the tanker Richard G. Matthieson. Healy successfully escorted both ships in and out of the ice, and facilitated the delivery of resources to McMurdo Station.
23 January 2002: Healy received the Coast Guard Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation award for meritorious service from 12 June 2001 to 21 December 2001, during the Arctic East 2001 Science Mission. Healy mapped 1,100 nmi (2,000 km; 1,300 mi) of the Gakkel Ridge, previously the only unmapped undersea ridge in the world. Twelve previously unknown volcanoes and numerous undersea hydrothermal vents were discovered. Eight short tons (7.3 t) of rock samples were taken from over 100 deep sea dredges.
6 September 2001: As part of the above mentioned Arctic East Science Mission, Healy, on her three-phase maiden voyage, became only the second U.S. surface ship to reach the North Pole, accompanied by the German research icebreaker Polarstern. Healy returned to her homeport, Seattle, on 20 December 2001 after 192 days at sea, which were punctuated by two port calls in Tromso Norway to exchange science teams. The second phase of the voyage, in Arctic ice, included testing of an autonomous underwater vehicle (UAV).[16]
Recent operations[edit]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/USCGC_HEALY_profile_aws15.jpg/220px-USCGC_HEALY_profile_aws15.jpg)
2022: On 30 September 2022, the Healy and crew reached the North Pole for her 4th time and her 2nd time unaccompanied.[17] The crew assisted a team of NSF-funded scientists as part of the international Synoptic Arctic Survey Program (SAS).[17] The 2022 voyage was facilitated by "unexpectedly" thin ice, multiple leads in the sea ice, and favorable South winds.[17]
2016: On 15 October 2016, Healy returned to her home port in Seattle, after a 127-day summer deployment in the Arctic Ocean. The crew of Healy, and her accompanying scientists, participated in three scientific studies. Highlights of this deployment include the discovery of new species of jellyfish in the Chukchi Sea, observations of the continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea, and data collection on climate change.[18]
2015: On 5 September, Healy became the first unaccompanied United States surface vessel to reach the North Pole.[11] Healy travelled over 16,000 nautical miles during Arctic West Summer 2015 (AWS15). During this expedition, more than 25,000 water and ice samples from 72 science stations were collected through Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) casts and on-ice science stations.[12] Healy worked with both the United States Coast Guard Research & Development Center and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to test and develop Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV's), and became the first vessel to broadcast a live feed from Arctic waters. Healy also conducted a professional international engagement with the German Icebreaker Polarstern at the North Pole.[19] It was a historic Arctic deployment that displayed the Coast Guard's unique polar capabilities to the public and the world. Between May and October 2015, Healy also tested the Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) high frequency satellite communication system throughout her Arctic Summer West 2015 mission. Successful tests were completed throughout the expedition during the transit to the North Pole.
2014: A main area of focus during Arctic West Summer 2014 (AWS14) was the study of phytoplankton blooms along the Chukchi Sea.[20] Healy also worked in conjunction with the United States Coast Guard Research and Development Center to test Aerostat balloons, UAV, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV), Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV), and oil tracking buoys.[21]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/USCGC_HEALY_CTD_Cast_AWS15.jpg/220px-USCGC_HEALY_CTD_Cast_AWS15.jpg)
2013: Arctic West Summer 2013 (AWS13) consisted of four different missions for Healy, over which more than 19,000 nmi (35,000 km; 22,000 mi) were covered. The first mission utilized Healy's unique over-the-side science capabilities in order to collect organisms and create an ecological picture of the Hanna Shoal region. The second mission yielded sediment samples from the Mackenzie River Basin through the use of coring devices. For the third mission the Coast Guard Research Development Center, in coordination with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, deployed numerous equipment for testing and development. The fourth and final mission deployed subsurface moorings and conducted numerous CTD tests to study the Alaskan Boundary Current.[22] A group of researchers from the Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory tested their Submarine Team Behaviors Tool with Healy's crew in September 2013. They were part of the 50 person science team from the USCG Research and Development Center[23] that evaluated technology for the recovery of "simulated oil trapped in or under ice at the polar ice edge".[24]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/USCGC_HEALY_night_icereaking_aws15.jpg/220px-USCGC_HEALY_night_icereaking_aws15.jpg)
2012: In January 2012, Healy escorted the Russian-flagged freighter Renda through pack ice to deliver an emergency supply of fuel to Nome, Alaska. Such a winter delivery had never been attempted before because the ice floes are 1 to 5 feet (0.30 to 1.52 m) thick during the winter season.[25] The resupply was vital to the city, and was the first-ever winter fuel delivery from the water in Western Alaska.[26] Over the course of Arctic West Summer 2012 (AWS12), Healy travelled over 18,000 nmi (33,000 km; 21,000 mi) and conducted 687 science casts. Healy also added 25% more data to the bathymetric mapping project of the extended continental shelf through multibeam sonar bottom-mapping.[27] This data was collected in support of the delineation of the American and Canadian continental shelves.[28]
2011: During Arctic West Summer 2011 (AWS11), Healy collaborated with researchers from NASA to study the refractive properties of sunlight in the Arctic.[29] Healy spent the summer mapping the Extended Continental Shelf in collaboration with CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent. A third mission of this patrol studied organic carbon and its levels in the Arctic water column. This data was used to explain bacteria distribution in the water column as well as carbon dioxide and biomass cycles.[30]
2009: A marine biological mission aboard Healy studied the ecosystem of the Bering Sea, specifically the sea ice and its future affects on sea life population. The study included a number of biological focuses which recorded seabird and micro zooplankton populations, as well as assessing phytoplankton, sea ice algae, nitrogen, and sediment. Additionally Oceanographer Evelyn Lessard co-led a team to study krill populations to assess how climate change will affect the fisheries.[31]
Dive mishap[edit]
On 17 August 2006, Lieutenant Jessica Hill and PO2 Stephen Duque, died of unspecified causes during diving operations in the Arctic Ocean. The Coast Guard conducted simultaneous safety and administrative investigations the results of which were made public in January 2007[32][33] along with a Final Decision Letter dated 23 August 2007.[34]
Initial press reports indicated that the divers were conducting an inspection of the rudder - a routine operation - at the time of the accident, but later reports stated that the two were doing a cold-water training dive near the bow of the ship. The dive was reported to have been planned for a maximum depth of 20 feet (6 m). Lieutenant Hill's father, citing autopsy reports, has indicated that his daughter actually reached a depth of near 200 feet (61 m) in what he described as an out of control descent. The divers were tended by unqualified and poorly-instructed personnel on the surface, none of whom were familiar with cold water diving or scuba diving in general.[35] It is not clear why they extended so much line to the divers. By the time the two could be pulled to the surface, gas reserves were empty and neither diver could be revived.[36]
On 30 August, Commanding Officer Captain Douglas G. Russell, was temporarily relieved of command by Vice Admiral Charles Wuster, citing a "loss of confidence" in Russell's ability to command.[37] The relief was later made permanent by Coast Guard Commandant Admiral Thad Allen.
Awards and honors[edit]
US Coast Guard E Ribbon for the period of 4 February 2012 to 19 November 2014, at Afloat Training Organization (ATO) Everett, Washington.
- Presidential Unit Citation
- Coast Guard Unit Commendation (3rd)
- Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation (3rd)
- Coast Guard E Ribbon
- National Defense Service Medal
- Antarctic Service Medal
- Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal
- Coast Guard Sea Service Ribbon (7th)
In popular culture[edit]
A ship of a similar class (if not the same) as the Healy, the Borealis, briefly appears in the game Half-Life 2: Episode Two. This ship was originally planned to be a Polar-class icebreaker in the original storyline of Half-Life 2.
References[edit]
- ^ a b "USCGC HEALY". CGC HEALY. 24 May 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ Strong Finnish involvement in U.S. icebreakers. Navigator Yearbook 1/2016, page 20.
- ^ "CGC HEALY History". CGC HEALY. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ Klingenberg, Jonathan (20 September 2015). "Counting Quals". Coast Guard Alaska. USCG. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ "CGC HEALY's ship characteristics". CGC HEALY. 19 September 2015. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ "Cranes". icefloe.net. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ "Navigation Equipment". icefloe.net. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ "Vans". icefloe.net. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ "Small Boat Support". icefloe.net. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ "USCGC HEALY". uscg.mil. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
- ^ a b Norcross, Amanda. "CGC Healy crew receives Unit Commendation award". DVIDS. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ a b Smith, Laurin. "October 29, 2015". CGC HEALY. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "Seattle based ice breaker crew presented Coast Guard Unit Commendation award". U.S. Coast Guard Newsroom. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ Schendorf, Tara. "August 12, 2008". CGC HEALY. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "Arctic West-East Summer 2005 Cruise Report" (PDF). Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ Dan Everette (March 2002). "Healy returns from maiden voyage". Coast Guard Magazine. Archived from the original on 16 April 2002. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ a b c "USCGC HEALY REACHES NORTH POLE". University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ Haviland, Dave (17 October 2016). "Coast Guard Cutter Healy Returns to Homeport, After 127-Day Deployment in Arctic Ocean - Newstalk KBKW". Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- ^ Smith, Laurin. "September 9, 2015". CGC HEALY. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "HLY1401 Cruise Report" (PDF). icefloe.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ Mahoney, Carolyn. "August 26, 2014". CGC HEALY. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "2013 Final Cruise Report" (PDF). icefloe.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "USCG: Research, Development, Test and Evaluation". uscg.mil. Archived from the original on 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
- ^ Pinto, Maria D (2013-10-24). "NSMRL: At the top of the world". The Dolphin. Archived from the original on 2013-10-25. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
- ^ "Coast Guard Helping Icebreaker Reach Fuel-Stricken Alaska City". Fox News. Associated Press. 8 January 2012. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
- ^ Weisburger, Alison. "Lessons From the Russian Fuel Tanker Resupply of Nome, Alaska". The Arctic Institute. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ "AWS12 Cruise Report" (PDF). icefloe.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ Sheridan, Erin. "November 8, 2012". CGC HEALY. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "Departing Seattle AWS11" (PDF). CGC HEALY. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "November 28, 2011". CGC HEALY. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "Polar Discovery :: Expeditions to the Polar Regions :: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution". polardiscovery.whoi.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
- ^ Allen, Thad W. (12 January 2007). "USCG Commandant's Statement" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
- ^ Allen, Thad W. (10 January 2007). "Final Action Memorandum" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
- ^ Papp, Robert J Jr (23 August 2007). "Final Decision Letter" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
- ^ Kime, Patricia (12 January 2007). "CG report cites multiple failures in diving deaths". Navy Times. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
- ^ Karlinsky, Neal (22 November 2006). "200-Foot Plunge Killed Coast Guard Divers". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
- ^ Barber, Mike (31 August 2006). "Coast Guard skipper out over 2 diving deaths". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
External links[edit]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)