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{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manfred Lachs
| name = Manfred Lachs
| image = Manfred Lachs (1974).jpg
| image = Manfred Lachs (1974).jpg
| caption = Lachs in 1974
| caption = Lachs in 1974
| office = President of the [[International Court of Justice]]
| office = President of the [[International Court of Justice]]
| term_start = 1973
| term_start = 1973
| term_end = 1976
| term_end = 1976
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]]
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]]
| successor = [[Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga]]
| successor = [[Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga]]
| office1 = [[Judges of the International Court of Justice|Judge of the International Court of Justice]]
| office1 = [[Judges of the International Court of Justice|Judge of the International Court of Justice]]
| term_start1 = 1967
| term_start1 = 1967
| term_end1 = 14 January 1993
| term_end1 = 14 January 1993
| predecessor1 = [[Bohdan Winiarski]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bohdan Winiarski]]
| successor1 = [[Géza Herczegh]]
| successor1 = [[Géza Herczegh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|4|21|df=yes}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|4|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ivano-Frankivsk|Stanisławów]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]], [[Austria-Hungary]] (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine)
| birth_place = [[Ivano-Frankivsk|Stanisławów]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]], [[Austria-Hungary]] (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|1|14|1914|4|21|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|1|14|1914|4|21|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[The Hague]], Netherlands
| death_place = [[The Hague]], Netherlands
| alma_mater = [[Jagiellonian University]]
| alma_mater = [[Jagiellonian University]]
| children = [[Malgosia Fitzmaurice]]
}}
}}
'''Manfred Lachs''' (21 April 1914 – 14 January 1993) was a Polish diplomat and jurist who served as a [[Judge of the International Court of Justice]] and greatly influenced the development of [[international law]] after [[World War II]].
'''Manfred Lachs''' (21 April 1914 – 14 January 1993) was a Polish diplomat and jurist who served as a [[Judge of the International Court of Justice]] and greatly influenced the development of [[international law]] after [[World War II]].


==Life==
==Life==
Lachs was born to a Jewish family.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 November 1966|title=Lachs of Poland Elected to International Court|work=B'nai B'rith Messenger⁩⁩|url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/austjewishtimes/1972/11/23/01/article/48/?srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI-manfred+lachs-------------1}}</ref> Lachs attended the [[Krakow]] [[Jagiellonian University]] where he earned a [[Doctor of Laws|doctorate in Laws]] (1937). Right after his studies, he started working for the Consular Academy of [[Vienna]] and afterwards in the [[London School of Economics]]. Lachs was drafted in the army and throughout his military service he was advisor to the Polish government.
Lachs was born to a Jewish family.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 November 1966|title=Lachs of Poland Elected to International Court|work=B'nai B'rith Messenger⁩⁩|url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/austjewishtimes/1972/11/23/01/article/48/?srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI-manfred+lachs-------------1}}</ref> Lachs attended the [[Jagiellonian University]] in [[Kraków]] where he earned a [[Doctor of Laws|doctorate in Laws]] (1937). Right after his studies, he started working for the Consular Academy of [[Vienna]] and afterwards in the [[London School of Economics]]. Lachs was drafted in the army and throughout his military service he was advisor to the Polish government.


During the [[World War II|Second World War]], Lachs escaped to [[London]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Schachter|first=Oscar|date=1993|title=The UN Years: Lachs the Diplomat|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2203646|journal=American Journal of International Law|volume=87|issue=3 |pages=414–416|doi=10.2307/2203646 |jstor=2203646 |s2cid=143744841 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and served as secretary to [[Ignacy Schwarzbart]], who was one of the two [[Jews|Jewish]] representatives on the [[National Council of Poland|National Council]] of the [[Polish government-in-exile]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica|publisher=Keter Publishing House|year=1971}}</ref> Lachs' family, which remained in Poland, were murdered in the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref name=":0" /> Lachs was devoted towards ensuring the prosecution of the perpetrators of the Holocaust and of crimes in Poland.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Flemming|first=Michael|title=In the Shadow of the Holocaust: Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the Search for Justice|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2022|pages=277}}</ref>
During the [[World War II|Second World War]], Lachs escaped to [[London]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Schachter|first=Oscar|date=1993|title=The UN Years: Lachs the Diplomat|journal=American Journal of International Law|volume=87|issue=3 |pages=414–416|doi=10.2307/2203646 |jstor=2203646 |s2cid=143744841 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and served as secretary to [[Ignacy Schwarzbart]], who was one of the two [[Jews|Jewish]] representatives on the [[National Council of Poland|National Council]] of the [[Polish government-in-exile]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica|publisher=Keter Publishing House|year=1971}}</ref> Lachs' family, which remained in Poland, were murdered in [[the Holocaust]].<ref name=":0" /> Lachs was devoted towards ensuring the prosecution of the perpetrators of the Holocaust and of crimes in Poland.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Flemming|first=Michael|title=In the Shadow of the Holocaust: Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the Search for Justice|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2022|page=277}}</ref>


Before his career turned toward international law, he filled many judiciary posts in the Polish government such as Poland's Foreign Affairs director of the Department of treaties and legal jurisdiction (1947–1960) and prime minister's special advisor (1960–1967). He was the first Chair of the Legal Subcommittee of the UN Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (1959-1967). During negotiations over the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Treaties of 1947]], Lachs stood for his country as a delegate. He later became a professor of international law at the [[University of Warsaw]] (1952–1993), and served as a member of the Polish delegation of the general assembly of the [[United Nations]]. It is said that Lachs' legal brilliance is what insulated him from [[1968 Polish political crisis#Anti-Jewish mobilization and purges, party politics|anti-Semitic purges in Poland]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 November 1972|title=Jew to Head Hague Court?|work=The Australian Jewish Times⁩⁩|url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/austjewishtimes/1972/11/23/01/article/48/?srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI-manfred+lachs-------------1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=26 July 1968|title=Jewish Chief Justices in Many Lands|work=The Detroit Jewish News|url=https://digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1968.07.26.001/2}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
Before his career turned toward international law, he filled many judiciary posts in the Polish government such as Poland's Foreign Affairs director of the Department of treaties and legal jurisdiction (1947–1960) and prime minister's special advisor (1960–1967). He was the first Chair of the Legal Subcommittee of the UN Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (1959–1967). During negotiations over the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Treaties of 1947]], Lachs stood for his country as a delegate. He later became a professor of international law at the [[University of Warsaw]] (1952–1993), and served as a member of the Polish delegation of the general assembly of the [[United Nations]]. It is said that Lachs' legal brilliance is what insulated him from [[1968 Polish political crisis#Anti-Jewish mobilization and purges, party politics|anti-Semitic purges in Poland]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 November 1972|title=Jew to Head Hague Court?|work=The Australian Jewish Times⁩⁩|url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/austjewishtimes/1972/11/23/01/article/48/?srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI-manfred+lachs-------------1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=26 July 1968|title=Jewish Chief Justices in Many Lands|work=The Detroit Jewish News|url=https://digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1968.07.26.001/2}}</ref><ref name=":1" />


Afterwards, Lachs became a judge on the [[International Court of Justice]], and eventually became one of the longest-serving judges there, working from 1967 until 1993, and presiding it from 1973 to 1976. He wrote ''The Law of Outer Space: An Experience in Contemporary Law Making'' in 1972, and the ''Teacher in International Law'' in 1982.
Afterwards, Lachs became a judge on the [[International Court of Justice]], and eventually became one of the longest-serving judges there, working from 1967 until 1993, and presiding it from 1973 to 1976. He wrote ''The Law of Outer Space: An Experience in Contemporary Law Making'' in 1972, and the ''Teacher in International Law'' in 1982.


The [[International Institute of Social Studies]] (ISS) awarded its Honorary Fellowship 1982. Member Honoris Causa of The Mexican Academy of International Law.
The [[International Institute of Social Studies]] (ISS) awarded its Honorary Fellowship 1982. Member Honoris Causa of The Mexican Academy of International Law.

Father to [[Malgosia Fitzmaurice]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-10 |title=MANFRED LACHS ,,W PODRÓŻY, KTÓRĄ NAZYWAMY ŻYCIEM" by IKMP SAPERE AUDE - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/ikmpsa/docs/manfred_lachs_w_podrozy__ktora_nazy |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=issuu.com |page=20 |language=en}}</ref>


==Manfred Lachs Moot Court Competition==
==Manfred Lachs Moot Court Competition==
Line 46: Line 49:


==External links==
==External links==
* {{cite journal |author= The Associated Press |title= Manfred Lachs, World Court Judge, 77 |journal= The New York Times |date=15 January 1993 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/15/obituaries/manfred-lachs-world-court-judge-77.html|accessdate= 9 November 2020}}
* {{cite journal |author= The Associated Press |title= Manfred Lachs, World Court Judge, 77 |journal= The New York Times |date=15 January 1993 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/15/obituaries/manfred-lachs-world-court-judge-77.html|accessdate= 9 November 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last=Higgins |first= Rosalyn |author-link= Rosalyn Higgins|title=Obituary: Judge Manfred Lachs |journal= The Independent |date=16 February 1993 |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-judge-manfred-lachs-1473364.html|accessdate= 9 November 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last=Higgins |first= Rosalyn |author-link= Rosalyn Higgins|title=Obituary: Judge Manfred Lachs |journal= The Independent |date=16 February 1993 |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-judge-manfred-lachs-1473364.html|accessdate= 9 November 2020}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname= Manfred Lachs}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname= Manfred Lachs}}
Line 64: Line 67:
[[Category:Polish Jews]]
[[Category:Polish Jews]]
[[Category:International Court of Justice judges]]
[[Category:International Court of Justice judges]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Medal of the 10th Anniversary of the People's Republic of Poland]]

Latest revision as of 19:15, 3 July 2024

Manfred Lachs
Lachs in 1974
President of the International Court of Justice
In office
1973–1976
Preceded byMuhammad Zafarullah Khan
Succeeded byEduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga
Judge of the International Court of Justice
In office
1967 – 14 January 1993
Preceded byBohdan Winiarski
Succeeded byGéza Herczegh
Personal details
Born(1914-04-21)21 April 1914
Stanisławów, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria-Hungary (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine)
Died14 January 1993(1993-01-14) (aged 78)
The Hague, Netherlands
ChildrenMalgosia Fitzmaurice
Alma materJagiellonian University

Manfred Lachs (21 April 1914 – 14 January 1993) was a Polish diplomat and jurist who served as a Judge of the International Court of Justice and greatly influenced the development of international law after World War II.

Life

[edit]

Lachs was born to a Jewish family.[1] Lachs attended the Jagiellonian University in Kraków where he earned a doctorate in Laws (1937). Right after his studies, he started working for the Consular Academy of Vienna and afterwards in the London School of Economics. Lachs was drafted in the army and throughout his military service he was advisor to the Polish government.

During the Second World War, Lachs escaped to London,[2] and served as secretary to Ignacy Schwarzbart, who was one of the two Jewish representatives on the National Council of the Polish government-in-exile.[3] Lachs' family, which remained in Poland, were murdered in the Holocaust.[2] Lachs was devoted towards ensuring the prosecution of the perpetrators of the Holocaust and of crimes in Poland.[4]

Before his career turned toward international law, he filled many judiciary posts in the Polish government such as Poland's Foreign Affairs director of the Department of treaties and legal jurisdiction (1947–1960) and prime minister's special advisor (1960–1967). He was the first Chair of the Legal Subcommittee of the UN Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (1959–1967). During negotiations over the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947, Lachs stood for his country as a delegate. He later became a professor of international law at the University of Warsaw (1952–1993), and served as a member of the Polish delegation of the general assembly of the United Nations. It is said that Lachs' legal brilliance is what insulated him from anti-Semitic purges in Poland.[5][6][4]

Afterwards, Lachs became a judge on the International Court of Justice, and eventually became one of the longest-serving judges there, working from 1967 until 1993, and presiding it from 1973 to 1976. He wrote The Law of Outer Space: An Experience in Contemporary Law Making in 1972, and the Teacher in International Law in 1982.

The International Institute of Social Studies (ISS) awarded its Honorary Fellowship 1982. Member Honoris Causa of The Mexican Academy of International Law.

Father to Malgosia Fitzmaurice.[7]

Manfred Lachs Moot Court Competition

[edit]

After his death, the Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Competition[8] was named in his honour by the International Institute of Space Law.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Lachs of Poland Elected to International Court". B'nai B'rith Messenger⁩⁩. 11 November 1966.
  2. ^ a b Schachter, Oscar (1993). "The UN Years: Lachs the Diplomat". American Journal of International Law. 87 (3): 414–416. doi:10.2307/2203646. JSTOR 2203646. S2CID 143744841.
  3. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica. Keter Publishing House. 1971.
  4. ^ a b Flemming, Michael (2022). In the Shadow of the Holocaust: Poland, the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and the Search for Justice. Cambridge University Press. p. 277.
  5. ^ "Jew to Head Hague Court?". The Australian Jewish Times⁩⁩. 23 November 1972.
  6. ^ "Jewish Chief Justices in Many Lands". The Detroit Jewish News. 26 July 1968.
  7. ^ "MANFRED LACHS ,,W PODRÓŻY, KTÓRĄ NAZYWAMY ŻYCIEM" by IKMP SAPERE AUDE - Issuu". issuu.com. 10 October 2015. p. 20. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  8. ^ "International Institute of Space Law - Manfred Lachs Moot Court Competition".
[edit]
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