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{{Short description|Lighthouse on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox lighthouse
{{Infobox lighthouse
| name = Estevan Point Lighthouse
| image_name =
| caption =
| location = [[Hesquiat Peninsula]]<br>[[Vancouver Island]]<br>[[Canada]]
| coordinates = {{coord|49|22|58.6|N|126|32|38.7|W|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| pushpin_map = Canada British Columbia geo
| pushpin = lighthouse
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in British Columbia
| relief = 1
| yearbuilt =
| yearlit = 1909
| automated =
| yeardeactivated =
| foundation =
| construction = concrete tower
| shape = octagonal tower with buttresses
| shape = octagonal tower with buttresses
| lens = First order Fresnel by Chance Brothers (original), modern optic (current)
| marking = white tower, red lantern
| height = {{convert|30.5|m}}
| elevation = {{convert|37.5|m}}
| lens = First order Fresnel by Chance Brothers
| currentlens = modern optic
| intensity =
| range = {{convert|17|nmi}}<ref>{{cite ngall|110||2017}}</ref>
| characteristic = Fl (2) W 15s.
| fogsignal =
| admiralty =G5224
| NGA =14084
| ARLHS =CAN-173
| managingagent = [[Sooke Region Museum]]
}}
}}


'''Estevan Point''' is a [[lighthouse]] located on the headland of the same name on the [[Hesquiat Peninsula Provincial Park|Hesquiat Peninsula]] on the west coast of [[Vancouver Island]], [[Canada]].
'''Estevan Point Lighthouse''' is located on the headland of the same name on the [[Hesquiat Peninsula Provincial Park|Hesquiat Peninsula]] on the west coast of [[Vancouver Island]], Canada.<ref>{{cite ngall|111||2017}}</ref>


During [[World War II]],1942, the Estevan Point lighthouse was fired upon by the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] Submarine [[Japanese submarine I-26|''I-26'']], marking the first enemy attack on Canadian soil since the [[Fenian Raids]] of 1866 and 1871.
During [[World War II]], in 1942, the Estevan Point lighthouse was fired upon by the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] submarine {{Jsub|I-26||2}}, marking the first enemy attack on Canadian soil since the [[Fenian Raids]] of 1866 and 1871.<ref>[https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/mpo-dfo/T31-107-1998-eng.pdf Come Quick, Danger A History of Marine Radio in Canada]</ref>


Currently the [[Canadian Coast Guard]] still maintains Estevan Point, with the light still active as of 2008. The light emits a signal of a double flash every 15 seconds with the [[focal plane]] located at {{convert|37.5|m}} above sea level.<ref name=row>{{cite rowlett|bc|accessdate=July 24, 2008}}</ref>
Currently the [[Canadian Coast Guard]] still maintains Estevan Point, with the light still active as of 2022. The light emits a signal of a double flash every 15 seconds with the [[focal plane]] located at {{convert|37.5|m}} above sea level.<ref name=row>{{cite rowlett|bc|access-date=July 24, 2008}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
The Spanish explorer [[Juan José Pérez Hernández]], originating from [[Mallorca]], traded with the natives of the region (the [[Nuu-chah-nulth people]]) when he explored the area in 1774 and named the headland "Punta San Esteban". Four years later, [[James Cook]]'s expedition arrived in the Nootka Sound and made contact with the local population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mvuchuck.com/early-bc-exploration.php|title=Early Exploration|publisher=Nootka Sound Service|accessdate=July 24, 2008}}</ref>
The Spanish explorer [[Juan José Pérez Hernández]], originating from [[Mallorca]], traded with the natives of the region (the [[Nuu-chah-nulth people]]) when he explored the area in 1774 and named the headland "Punta San Esteban". Four years later, [[James Cook]]'s expedition arrived in the Nootka Sound and made contact with the local population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mvuchuck.com/early-bc-exploration.php|title=Early Exploration|publisher=Nootka Sound Service|access-date=July 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727045711/http://www.mvuchuck.com/early-bc-exploration.php|archive-date=July 27, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>


The lighthouse was established in 1909 as one in a series of [[buttress]]ed lighthouses designed by engineer [[William P. Anderson]]. The lighthouse was constructed in concrete as a {{convert|30.5|m}} tall octagonal tower supported by buttresses. Originally, a first order [[Fresnel lens]] made by [[Chance Brothers]] of England had been used but together with the lantern it was dismantled during the 1980s and was then donated to a regional museum in 2004.
The lighthouse was established in 1909 as one in a series of [[buttress]]ed lighthouses designed by engineer [[William P. Anderson]]. The lighthouse was constructed in concrete as a {{convert|30.5|m}} tall octagonal tower supported by buttresses. Originally, a first order [[Fresnel lens]] made by [[Chance Brothers]] of England had been used but together with the lantern it was dismantled during the 1980s and was then donated to a regional museum in 2004.


===Estevan Point lighthouse attack===
===Estevan Point lighthouse attack===
{{main|American Theater (World War II)}}
{{Main|American Theater (World War II)}}
During the Second World War, the Estevan Point lighthouse was attacked by the [[Japanese submarine I-26|Japanese submarine ''I-26'']]<ref name="row"/>
During the Second World War, the Estevan Point lighthouse was attacked by the {{Jsub|I-26}}. On June 20, 1942, ''I-26'', under the command of [[Yokota Minoru]], surfaced and shelled the lighthouse,<ref name=sensuikan>{{Citation
On June 20, 1942, the ''I-26'', under the command of Yokota Minoru,<ref name=sensuikan>{{Citation
|url=http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-26.htm
|url=http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-26.htm
|title=SENSUIKAN! — HIJMS Submarine I-26: Tabular Record of Movement
|title=SENSUIKAN! — IJN Submarine I-26: Tabular Record of Movement
|publisher=combinedfleet.com
|publisher=combinedfleet.com
|access-date=2007-12-09}}</ref> at the same time as
|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> fired 25-30 rounds of [[14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun|5.5" shells]] at the Estevan Point lighthouse but failed to hit its target and the lighthouse remained undamaged.<ref>{{Citation
the {{Jsub|I-25}} made a similar attack at the mouth of the [[Columbia River]], [[Oregon]], shelling [[Fort Stevens (Oregon)|Fort Stevens]].<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-25.htm
|title=SENSUIKAN! — IJN Submarine I-25: Tabular Record of Movement
|publisher=combinedfleet.com
|access-date=2007-12-09}}</ref>

''I-26'' fired 25–30 rounds of [[14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun|{{convert|5.5|in|mm|adj=on}} shells]] at the Estevan Point lighthouse and radio-direction-finding station, but failed to hit its target and the lighthouse station remained undamaged.<ref>{{Citation
|title=Guarding the United States and its Outposts
|title=Guarding the United States and its Outposts
|url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents
|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents
|year = 2000
|year=2000
|origyear = 1964
|orig-year=1964
|id = CMH Pub 4-2
|id=CMH Pub 4-2
|first1=Stetson
|first1=Stetson
|last1=Conn
|last1=Conn
Line 63: Line 43:
|first3=Byron
|first3=Byron
|publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army
|publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army
|chapterurl=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch4.htm#b1
|chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch4.htm#b1
|chapter=The Continental Defense Commands After Pearl Harbor
|chapter=The Continental Defense Commands After Pearl Harbor
|access-date=2007-12-09
|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> Though no casualties were reported, the subsequent decision to turn off the lights of outer stations was disastrous for shipping activity.<ref>{{Citation
|archive-date=2007-12-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225041653/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Five Royal Canadian Navy patrol vessels and a RCAF [[Supermarine Stranraer|Supermarine Stranraer flying boat]] were dispatched to search for the submarine but failed to locate ''I-26'' which fled north and then returned to Japan. One of the 5.5-inch shells was recovered by a naval shore patrol after the attack while additional shell fragments were found in 1973.<ref name=sensuikan/> An explosive demolition team from [[CFB Comox]] destroyed one explosive fragment while an inert fragment was presented to the [[Maritime Museum of BC|Maritime Museum of British Columbia]]. Although the attack resulted in no damage or casualties, the subsequent decision to turn off the lights of outer stations caused difficulties for coastal shipping.<ref>{{Citation
|url = http://www.pinetreeline.org/rds/detail/rds99-34.html
|url = http://www.pinetreeline.org/rds/detail/rds99-34.html
|title = Japanese Submarines on the West Coast of Canada
|title = Japanese Submarines on the West Coast of Canada
|publisher = pinetreeline.org
|publisher = pinetreeline.org
|accessdate = 2007-12-09
|access-date = 2007-12-09
|deadurl = yes
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080708230923/http://www.pinetreeline.org/rds/detail/rds99-34.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080708230923/http://www.pinetreeline.org/rds/detail/rds99-34.html
|archivedate = 2008-07-08
|archive-date = 2008-07-08
}}</ref>
|df =
}}</ref>


A 1995 episode of the CBC television newsmagazine program ''[[The Fifth Estate (TV series)|The Fifth Estate]]'' suggested that the attack may have been a [[false flag]] conducted by allied surface vessels with the intent of increasing domestic support for the then unpopular [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Prime Minister Mackenzie King]] and his wartime policies related to conscription.<ref>{{Citation|last=the fifth estate|title=Estevan Point Bombing : A Shot in the Dark (1995) - The Fifth Estate|date=2017-08-18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2Ps7mJMj6g|accessdate=2017-08-18}}</ref>
A 1995 episode of the CBC television newsmagazine program ''[[The Fifth Estate (TV series)|The Fifth Estate]]'' reported contradictions in eyewitness descriptions of the attacking vessel and speculated that the attack may have been a [[false flag]] conducted by Allied surface vessels with the intent of increasing domestic support for Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie King]] and his wartime policies related to conscription.<ref>{{Citation|last=the fifth estate|title=Estevan Point Bombing : A Shot in the Dark (1995) - The Fifth Estate|date=2017-08-18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2Ps7mJMj6g |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/r2Ps7mJMj6g |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2017-08-18}}{{cbignore}}</ref>


==Climate==
==Climate==
Estevan Point has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfb''). The average annual temperature in Estevan Point is {{cvt|9.9|C}}. The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|3097.0|mm}} with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around {{cvt|14.9|C}}, and lowest in December, at around {{cvt|5.9|C}}. The highest temperature ever recorded in Estevan Point was {{cvt|30.5|C}} on [[2021 Western North America heat wave|28 June 2021]]; the coldest temperature ever recorded was {{cvt|-13.9|C}} on 14 January 1950.

{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|location = Estevan Point<br>Climate ID: 1032731; coordinates {{coordinates|49|22|59.914|N|126|32|35.193|W|type:airport_region:CA-BC|name=Estevan Point CS}}; elevation: {{convert|5.8|m|abbr=on}}; [[Location identifier#WMO station identifiers|WMO ID]]: 71894; 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1908–present
|location = Estevan Point
|metric first = Y
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan maximum humidex= 13.3
|Jan maximum humidex = 14.2
|Feb maximum humidex= 16.1
|Feb maximum humidex = 16.1
|Mar maximum humidex= 15.0
|Mar maximum humidex = 18.8
|Apr maximum humidex= 18.3
|Apr maximum humidex = 22.5
|May maximum humidex= 23.6
|May maximum humidex = 24.2
|Jun maximum humidex= 29.6
|Jun maximum humidex = 29.6
|Jul maximum humidex= 31.0
|Jul maximum humidex = 31.0
|Aug maximum humidex= 27.3
|Aug maximum humidex = 28.1
|Sep maximum humidex= 32.4
|Sep maximum humidex = 32.4
|Oct maximum humidex= 20.4
|Oct maximum humidex = 24.1
|Nov maximum humidex= 17.7
|Nov maximum humidex = 18.1
|Dec maximum humidex= 13.9
|Dec maximum humidex = 14.9
|year maximum humidex= 32.4
|year maximum humidex = 32.4
|Jan record high C = 17.2
|Jan record high C = 17.2
|Feb record high C = 17.2
|Feb record high C = 17.2
|Mar record high C = 18.0
|Mar record high C = 21.0
|Apr record high C = 22.0
|Apr record high C = 22.0
|May record high C = 26.0
|May record high C = 26.0
|Jun record high C = 26.7
|Jun record high C = 30.5
|Jul record high C = 28.9
|Jul record high C = 28.9
|Aug record high C = 27.5
|Aug record high C = 27.5
|Sep record high C = 26.5
|Sep record high C = 26.5
|Oct record high C = 21.1
|Oct record high C = 21.1
|Nov record high C = 17.8
|Nov record high C = 22.0
|Dec record high C = 15.0
|Dec record high C = 15.0
|year record high C = 28.9
|year record high C = 30.5
|Jan high C = 8.2
|Jan high C = 8.2
|Feb high C = 8.6
|Feb high C = 8.6
|Mar high C = 9.8
|Mar high C = 9.5
|Apr high C = 11.3
|Apr high C = 11.4
|May high C = 13.7
|May high C = 14.0
|Jun high C = 15.5
|Jun high C = 15.8
|Jul high C = 17.2
|Jul high C = 17.4
|Aug high C = 17.6
|Aug high C = 17.8
|Sep high C = 16.4
|Sep high C = 16.7
|Oct high C = 13.0
|Oct high C = 13.2
|Nov high C = 9.9
|Nov high C = 10.2
|Dec high C = 8.1
|Dec high C = 8.2
|year high C = 12.4
|year high C = 12.6
|Jan mean C = 5.9
|Jan mean C = 5.9
|Feb mean C = 5.9
|Feb mean C = 6.0
|Mar mean C = 6.9
|Mar mean C = 6.7
|Apr mean C = 8.2
|Apr mean C = 8.4
|May mean C = 10.7
|May mean C = 11.1
|Jun mean C = 12.8
|Jun mean C = 13.1
|Jul mean C = 14.4
|Jul mean C = 14.6
|Aug mean C = 14.7
|Aug mean C = 14.9
|Sep mean C = 13.4
|Sep mean C = 13.7
|Oct mean C = 10.3
|Oct mean C = 10.6
|Nov mean C = 7.3
|Nov mean C = 7.6
|Dec mean C = 5.7
|Dec mean C = 5.9
|year mean C = 9.7
|year mean C = 9.9
|Jan low C = 3.6
|Jan low C = 3.6
|Feb low C = 3.2
|Feb low C = 3.2
|Mar low C = 3.9
|Mar low C = 3.7
|Apr low C = 5.1
|Apr low C = 5.3
|May low C = 7.7
|May low C = 8.1
|Jun low C = 10.0
|Jun low C = 10.3
|Jul low C = 11.6
|Jul low C = 11.8
|Aug low C = 11.8
|Aug low C = 12.1
|Sep low C = 10.3
|Sep low C = 10.8
|Oct low C = 7.5
|Oct low C = 7.9
|Nov low C = 4.8
|Nov low C = 5.0
|Dec low C = 3.1
|Dec low C = 3.4
|year low C = 6.9
|year low C = 7.1
|Jan record low C = -13.9
|Jan record low C = -13.9
|Feb record low C = -10.6
|Feb record low C = -10.6
Line 161: Line 146:
|Dec record low C = -11.7
|Dec record low C = -11.7
|year record low C = -13.9
|year record low C = -13.9
|Jan chill = -16.0
|Jan chill = -16.3
|Feb chill = -12.0
|Feb chill = -11.5
|Mar chill = -12.0
|Mar chill = -12.2
|Apr chill = -6.0
|Apr chill = -5.7
|May chill = 0.0
|May chill = 0.0
|Jun chill = 0.0
|Jun chill = 0.0
Line 170: Line 155:
|Aug chill = 0.0
|Aug chill = 0.0
|Sep chill = 0.0
|Sep chill = 0.0
|Oct chill = -5.0
|Oct chill = -5.3
|Nov chill = -12.0
|Nov chill = -14.4
|Dec chill = -18.0
|Dec chill = -18.4
|year chill = -18.0
|year chill = -18.4
|precipitation colour = green
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 455.5
|Jan precipitation mm = 445.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 313.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 288.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 303.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 299.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 273.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 256.8
|May precipitation mm = 163.0
|May precipitation mm = 133.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 143.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 119.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 73.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 74.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 97.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 112.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 133.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 161.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 330.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 335.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 468.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 454.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 429.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 430.7
|year precipitation mm = 3184.4
|year precipitation mm = 3110.5
|rain colour = green
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 453.5
|Jan rain mm = 443.0
|Feb rain mm = 310.1
|Feb rain mm = 284.2
|Mar rain mm = 301.6
|Mar rain mm = 295.4
|Apr rain mm = 273.0
|Apr rain mm = 255.9
|May rain mm = 163.0
|May rain mm = 133.7
|Jun rain mm = 143.8
|Jun rain mm = 119.0
|Jul rain mm = 73.7
|Jul rain mm = 74.3
|Aug rain mm = 97.6
|Aug rain mm = 112.2
|Sep rain mm = 133.5
|Sep rain mm = 161.6
|Oct rain mm = 330.5
|Oct rain mm = 335.1
|Nov rain mm = 466.7
|Nov rain mm = 453.3
|Dec rain mm = 427.5
|Dec rain mm = 429.2
|year rain mm = 3174.4
|year rain mm = 3097.0
|Jan snow cm = 2.0
|Jan snow cm = 2.3
|Feb snow cm = 3.5
|Feb snow cm = 4.2
|Mar snow cm = 1.4
|Mar snow cm = 3.7
|Apr snow cm = 0.0
|Apr snow cm = 0.8
|May snow cm = 0.0
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
Line 212: Line 197:
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.0
|Nov snow cm = 1.4
|Nov snow cm = 1.0
|Dec snow cm = 1.7
|Dec snow cm = 1.5
|year snow cm = 10.1
|year snow cm = 13.5
|unit precipitation days= 0.2 mm
|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 23.7
|Jan precipitation days = 23.5
|Feb precipitation days = 19.2
|Feb precipitation days = 19.8
|Mar precipitation days = 22.1
|Mar precipitation days = 22.2
|Apr precipitation days = 19.5
|Apr precipitation days = 20.5
|May precipitation days = 16.4
|May precipitation days = 15.1
|Jun precipitation days = 14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 15.2
|Jul precipitation days = 10.4
|Jul precipitation days = 10.9
|Aug precipitation days = 11.1
|Aug precipitation days = 12.4
|Sep precipitation days = 12.5
|Sep precipitation days = 14.4
|Oct precipitation days = 19.6
|Oct precipitation days = 21.3
|Nov precipitation days = 24.0
|Nov precipitation days = 23.5
|Dec precipitation days = 23.3
|Dec precipitation days = 24.2
|year precipitation days= 216.4
|year precipitation days = 222.9
|unit rain days= 0.2 mm
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm
|Jan rain days = 23.4
|Jan rain days = 23.1
|Feb rain days = 19.0
|Feb rain days = 19.4
|Mar rain days = 22.0
|Mar rain days = 22.0
|Apr rain days = 19.5
|Apr rain days = 20.4
|May rain days = 16.4
|May rain days = 15.1
|Jun rain days = 14.7
|Jun rain days = 15.2
|Jul rain days = 10.4
|Jul rain days = 10.9
|Aug rain days = 11.1
|Aug rain days = 12.4
|Sep rain days = 12.5
|Sep rain days = 14.4
|Oct rain days = 19.6
|Oct rain days = 21.3
|Nov rain days = 23.9
|Nov rain days = 23.4
|Dec rain days = 23.0
|Dec rain days = 24.0
|year rain days= 215.4
|year rain days = 221.7
|unit snow days= 0.2 cm
|unit snow days = 0.2 cm
|Jan snow days = 0.85
|Jan snow days = 0.93
|Feb snow days = 1.1
|Feb snow days = 1.3
|Mar snow days = 0.62
|Mar snow days = 1.1
|Apr snow days = 0.04
|Apr snow days = 0.39
|May snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.04
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.04
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.31
|Nov snow days = 0.36
|Dec snow days = 0.76
|Dec snow days = 0.62
|year snow days= 3.7
|year snow days = 4.7
|humidity colour = green
|time day = 1500 LST
|Jan humidity = 87.8
|Feb humidity = 80.6
|Mar humidity = 80.0
|Apr humidity = 79.3
|May humidity = 77.8
|Jun humidity = 80.3
|Jul humidity = 81.9
|Aug humidity = 84.1
|Sep humidity = 84.6
|Oct humidity = 86.0
|Nov humidity = 85.9
|Dec humidity = 88.2
|year humidity = 83.0
|Jan sun = 61.9
|Jan sun = 61.9
|Feb sun = 83.1
|Feb sun = 83.1
Line 270: Line 270:
|Dec sun = 57.6
|Dec sun = 57.6
|year sun = 1669.2
|year sun = 1669.2
|Jan percentsun = 23.0
|source 1 = 1981-2010 [[Environment Canada]]<ref name = climate>{{cite web
|Feb percentsun = 29.1
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnProx&txtRadius=25&optProxType=station&coordsStn=49.6%7C-126.616667%7CNOOTKA+LIGHTSTATION&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=244&dispBack=0
|Mar percentsun = 31.5
| title = Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010
|Apr percentsun = 38.5
| publisher = Environment Canada
|May percentsun = 43.4
| accessdate = October 28, 2017}}</ref>
|Jun percentsun = 42.3
|date=October 2017
|Jul percentsun = 47.6
|Aug percentsun = 44.9
|Sep percentsun = 45.0
|Oct percentsun = 34.2
|Nov percentsun = 22.6
|Dec percentsun = 22.5
|year percentsun = 35.4
|source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name= "91-20normals">{{cite web
|publisher = [[Environment and Climate Change Canada]]
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=BC&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=328000000&dispBack=0
|title = Estevan Point
|work = Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020
|date = 4 July 2024
|access-date = 4 July 2024}}</ref><ref name= "June 2021">{{cite web
|publisher = [[Environment and Climate Change Canada]]
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=1994-02-01%7C2024-07-02&dlyRange=1993-01-18%7C2024-07-02&mlyRange=1997-04-01%7C2007-02-01&StationID=8040&Prov=BC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2024&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=Estevan+Point&Day=1&Year=2021&Month=6
|title = Estevan Point CS
|work = Daily Data Report for June 2021
|date = 4 July 2024
|access-date = 4 July 2024}}</ref> (sun 1981–2010)<ref name = climate>{{cite web
|url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnProx&txtRadius=25&optProxType=station&coordsStn=49.6%7C-126.616667%7CNOOTKA+LIGHTSTATION&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=244&dispBack=0
|title = Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010
|date = 31 October 2011
|publisher = Environment Canada
|access-date = October 28, 2017}}</ref>
}}
}}


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* [[List of lighthouses in British Columbia]]
* [[List of lighthouses in British Columbia]]
* [[List of lighthouses in Canada]]
* [[List of lighthouses in Canada]]
* [[Henri de Miffonis]]


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.fogwhistle.ca/bclights/map.gif Map of Estevan Point]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070708050651/http://www.fogwhistle.ca/bclights/map.gif Map of Estevan Point]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160820222239/http://www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca/aids/home Aids to Navigation] Canadian Coast Guard
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160820222239/http://www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca/aids/home Aids to Navigation] Canadian Coast Guard


{{Portal bar|Canada|Engineering}}
{{Portalbar|British Columbia|lighthouses}}
{{Lighthouses of Canada}}
{{Lighthouses of Canada}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1909]]
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1909]]
[[Category:Towers completed in 1909]]
[[Category:Lighthouses in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Lighthouses in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Military history of Canada during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of Canada during World War II]]
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[[Category:Vancouver Island]]
[[Category:Vancouver Island]]
[[Category:Headlands of British Columbia]]
[[Category:Headlands of British Columbia]]
[[Category:Heritage sites in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Historic buildings and structures in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Lighthouses on the Canadian Register of Historic Places]]

Latest revision as of 01:52, 4 July 2024

Estevan Point lighthouse
Map
StandortVancouver Island, Hesquiat Peninsula, Estevan Point, Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District, Canada Edit this at Wikidata
Coordinates49°22′59″N 126°32′39″W / 49.382972°N 126.544028°W / 49.382972; -126.544028
Tower
Bauwesenconcrete (tower) Edit this on Wikidata
Height30 m (98 ft) Edit this on Wikidata
Shapeoctagonal tower with buttresses
Markingswhite (tower), red (lantern) Edit this on Wikidata
OperatorSooke Region Museum Edit this on Wikidata
Heritageclassified federal heritage building of Canada, heritage lighthouse Edit this on Wikidata
Light
First lit1909 Edit this on Wikidata
Focal height37 m (121 ft) Edit this on Wikidata
LensFirst order Fresnel by Chance Brothers (original), modern optic (current)
Range17 nmi (31 km; 20 mi) Edit this on Wikidata
CharacteristicFl(2) W 15s Edit this on Wikidata

Estevan Point Lighthouse is located on the headland of the same name on the Hesquiat Peninsula on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada.[1]

During World War II, in 1942, the Estevan Point lighthouse was fired upon by the Japanese submarine I-26, marking the first enemy attack on Canadian soil since the Fenian Raids of 1866 and 1871.[2]

Currently the Canadian Coast Guard still maintains Estevan Point, with the light still active as of 2022. The light emits a signal of a double flash every 15 seconds with the focal plane located at 37.5 metres (123 ft) above sea level.[3]

History

[edit]

The Spanish explorer Juan José Pérez Hernández, originating from Mallorca, traded with the natives of the region (the Nuu-chah-nulth people) when he explored the area in 1774 and named the headland "Punta San Esteban". Four years later, James Cook's expedition arrived in the Nootka Sound and made contact with the local population.[4]

The lighthouse was established in 1909 as one in a series of buttressed lighthouses designed by engineer William P. Anderson. The lighthouse was constructed in concrete as a 30.5 metres (100 ft) tall octagonal tower supported by buttresses. Originally, a first order Fresnel lens made by Chance Brothers of England had been used but together with the lantern it was dismantled during the 1980s and was then donated to a regional museum in 2004.

Estevan Point lighthouse attack

[edit]
Main article: American Theater (World War II)

During the Second World War, the Estevan Point lighthouse was attacked by the Japanese submarine I-26. On June 20, 1942, I-26, under the command of Yokota Minoru, surfaced and shelled the lighthouse,[5] at the same time as the Japanese submarine I-25 made a similar attack at the mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon, shelling Fort Stevens.[6]

I-26 fired 25–30 rounds of 5.5-inch (140 mm) shells at the Estevan Point lighthouse and radio-direction-finding station, but failed to hit its target and the lighthouse station remained undamaged.[7] Five Royal Canadian Navy patrol vessels and a RCAF Supermarine Stranraer flying boat were dispatched to search for the submarine but failed to locate I-26 which fled north and then returned to Japan. One of the 5.5-inch shells was recovered by a naval shore patrol after the attack while additional shell fragments were found in 1973.[5] An explosive demolition team from CFB Comox destroyed one explosive fragment while an inert fragment was presented to the Maritime Museum of British Columbia. Although the attack resulted in no damage or casualties, the subsequent decision to turn off the lights of outer stations caused difficulties for coastal shipping.[8]

A 1995 episode of the CBC television newsmagazine program The Fifth Estate reported contradictions in eyewitness descriptions of the attacking vessel and speculated that the attack may have been a false flag conducted by Allied surface vessels with the intent of increasing domestic support for Prime Minister Mackenzie King and his wartime policies related to conscription.[9]

Climate

[edit]

Estevan Point has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). The average annual temperature in Estevan Point is 9.9 °C (49.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 3,097.0 mm (121.93 in) with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 14.9 °C (58.8 °F), and lowest in December, at around 5.9 °C (42.6 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Estevan Point was 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) on 28 June 2021; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −13.9 °C (7.0 °F) on 14 January 1950.

Climate data for Estevan Point
Climate ID: 1032731; coordinates 49°22′59.914″N 126°32′35.193″W / 49.38330944°N 126.54310917°W / 49.38330944; -126.54310917 (Estevan Point CS); elevation: 5.8 m (19 ft); WMO ID: 71894; 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1908–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 14.2 16.1 18.8 22.5 24.2 29.6 31.0 28.1 32.4 24.1 18.1 14.9 32.4
Record high °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.0
(71.6) 		26.0
(78.8) 		30.5
(86.9) 		28.9
(84.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		26.5
(79.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		15.0
(59.0) 		30.5
(86.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8) 		8.6
(47.5) 		9.5
(49.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.8
(60.4) 		17.4
(63.3) 		17.8
(64.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		10.2
(50.4) 		8.2
(46.8) 		12.6
(54.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.1
(55.6) 		14.6
(58.3) 		14.9
(58.8) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.6
(45.7) 		5.9
(42.6) 		9.9
(49.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5) 		3.2
(37.8) 		3.7
(38.7) 		5.3
(41.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		10.3
(50.5) 		11.8
(53.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		10.8
(51.4) 		7.9
(46.2) 		5.0
(41.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		7.1
(44.8)
Record low °C (°F) −13.9
(7.0) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		0.0
(32.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		4.4
(39.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−13.9
(7.0)
Record low wind chill −16.3 −11.5 −12.2 −5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 −5.3 −14.4 −18.4 −18.4
Average precipitation mm (inches) 445.3
(17.53) 		288.4
(11.35) 		299.1
(11.78) 		256.8
(10.11) 		133.7
(5.26) 		119.0
(4.69) 		74.3
(2.93) 		112.2
(4.42) 		161.6
(6.36) 		335.1
(13.19) 		454.4
(17.89) 		430.7
(16.96) 		3,110.5
(122.46)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 443.0
(17.44) 		284.2
(11.19) 		295.4
(11.63) 		255.9
(10.07) 		133.7
(5.26) 		119.0
(4.69) 		74.3
(2.93) 		112.2
(4.42) 		161.6
(6.36) 		335.1
(13.19) 		453.3
(17.85) 		429.2
(16.90) 		3,097
(121.93)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 2.3
(0.9) 		4.2
(1.7) 		3.7
(1.5) 		0.8
(0.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.0
(0.4) 		1.5
(0.6) 		13.5
(5.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 23.5 19.8 22.2 20.5 15.1 15.2 10.9 12.4 14.4 21.3 23.5 24.2 222.9
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 23.1 19.4 22.0 20.4 15.1 15.2 10.9 12.4 14.4 21.3 23.4 24.0 221.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 0.93 1.3 1.1 0.39 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.36 0.62 4.7
Average relative humidity (%) (at 1500 LST) 87.8 80.6 80.0 79.3 77.8 80.3 81.9 84.1 84.6 86.0 85.9 88.2 83.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.9 83.1 115.7 158.3 206.2 205.6 232.9 200.5 170.5 114.8 62.1 57.6 1,669.2
Percent possible sunshine 23.0 29.1 31.5 38.5 43.4 42.3 47.6 44.9 45.0 34.2 22.6 22.5 35.4
Source: Environment Canada[10][11] (sun 1981–2010)[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ List of Lights, Pub. 111: The West Coasts of North and South America (Excluding Continental U.S.A. and Hawaii), Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Islands of the North and South Pacific Oceans (PDF). List of Lights. United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. p. 2017.
  2. ^ Come Quick, Danger A History of Marine Radio in Canada
  3. ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Canada: Southern British Columbia". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  4. ^ "Early Exploration". Nootka Sound Service. Archived from the original on July 27, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  5. ^ a b SENSUIKAN! — IJN Submarine I-26: Tabular Record of Movement, combinedfleet.com, retrieved 2007-12-09
  6. ^ SENSUIKAN! — IJN Submarine I-25: Tabular Record of Movement, combinedfleet.com, retrieved 2007-12-09
  7. ^ Conn, Stetson; Engelman, Rose C.; Fairchild, Byron (2000) [1964], "The Continental Defense Commands After Pearl Harbor", Guarding the United States and its Outposts, Center of Military History, United States Army, CMH Pub 4-2, archived from the original on 2007-12-25, retrieved 2007-12-09
  8. ^ Japanese Submarines on the West Coast of Canada, pinetreeline.org, archived from the original on 2008-07-08, retrieved 2007-12-09
  9. ^ the fifth estate (2017-08-18), Estevan Point Bombing : A Shot in the Dark (1995) - The Fifth Estate, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2017-08-18
  10. ^ "Estevan Point". Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  11. ^ "Estevan Point CS". Daily Data Report for June 2021. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  12. ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010". Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
[edit]
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