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Alter: isbn, pages, journal. Add: authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Formatted dashes. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. Upgrade ISBN10 to 13. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:EngvarB from June 2024 | #UCB_Category 215/243
 
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| name = Independence/Democracy
| name = Independence/Democracy
| title = Independence/Democracy
| title = Independence/Democracy
| image = IND-DEM logo.PNG
| image = Independence Democracy logo.svg
| imagewidth = 130px
| imagecaption = IND/DEM logo
| from = 20 July 2004<ref name="CWU01">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwu.org/uploads/documents/Post%20Europa%2007%20FINAL%20.pdf |title=Postal Services: Liberalisation & Privatisation in the European Union |date=January 2007 |publisher=The Communication Workers Union |access-date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606154907/http://www.cwu.org/uploads/documents/Post%20Europa%2007%20FINAL%20.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref>
| from = 20 July 2004<ref name="CWU01">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwu.org/uploads/documents/Post%20Europa%2007%20FINAL%20.pdf |title=Postal Services: Liberalisation & Privatisation in the European Union |date=January 2007 |publisher=The Communication Workers Union |access-date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606154907/http://www.cwu.org/uploads/documents/Post%20Europa%2007%20FINAL%20.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref>
| to = 1 July 2009<br />(de facto)<ref name="EUO28403"/><ref name="BBCN8129312"/>
| to = 1 July 2009<br />(de facto)<ref name="EUO28403"/><ref name="BBCN8129312"/>
Line 15: Line 15:
| succeededby = [[Europe of Freedom and Democracy]]
| succeededby = [[Europe of Freedom and Democracy]]
| europarties = [[EUDemocrats]]
| europarties = [[EUDemocrats]]
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Euroscepticism]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mesežnikov |first1=Grigorij |last2=Gyárfášová |first2=Oľga |last3=Smilov |first3=Daniel |title=Populist Politics and Liberal Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe |date=2008 |publisher=Institute for Public Affairs |location=Bratislava |isbn=80−89345−06−9 |page=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruzza |first1=Carlo |title=Populism and euroscepticism: Towards uncivil society? |journal=Policy and Society |date=2009 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=87-98 |doi=10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.02.007 |quote=As a second type of dividing nationalism, (3) euroscepticism is different and particularly prominent in that its main theme allows for more international collaboration than is the case with radical nation-state nationalism. Thus its associations can more easily span national boundaries and constitute international alliances based on international fora. These include European Parliament parties such as the Independence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament, and a civil society organization such as the transnational Research Centre Free Europe}}</ref>}}
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Euroscepticism]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mesežnikov |first1=Grigorij |last2=Gyárfášová |first2=Oľga |last3=Smilov |first3=Daniel |title=Populist Politics and Liberal Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe |date=2008 |publisher=Institute for Public Affairs |location=Bratislava |isbn=978-80-89345-06-9 |page=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruzza |first1=Carlo |title=Populism and euroscepticism: Towards uncivil society? |journal=Policy and Society |date=2009 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=87–98 |doi=10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.02.007 |quote=As a second type of dividing nationalism, (3) euroscepticism is different and particularly prominent in that its main theme allows for more international collaboration than is the case with radical nation-state nationalism. Thus its associations can more easily span national boundaries and constitute international alliances based on international fora. These include European Parliament parties such as the Independence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament, and a civil society organization such as the transnational Research Centre Free Europe}}</ref>}}
| position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manners |first1=Ian |title=Denmark and the European Union |journal=EU som et politisk system - uviklinger og udfordringer |date=2011 |volume=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brexit and Right-Wing Euroscepticism in the European Parliament |url=https://www.qmul.ac.uk/nexteuk/publications/blog/items/brexit-and-right-wing-euroscepticism-in-the-european-parliament.html |website=www.qmul.ac.uk |language=en |date=25 April 2022}}</ref>
| position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manners |first1=Ian |title=Denmark and the European Union |journal=EU Som et Politisk System - Uviklinger og Udfordringer |date=2011 |volume=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brexit and Right-Wing Euroscepticism in the European Parliament |url=https://www.qmul.ac.uk/nexteuk/publications/blog/items/brexit-and-right-wing-euroscepticism-in-the-european-parliament.html |website=www.qmul.ac.uk |language=en |date=25 April 2022}}</ref>
| chairs = [[Nigel Farage]]<br />[[Hanne Dahl]]
| chairs = [[Nigel Farage]]<br />[[Hanne Dahl]]
| meps = 37<ref name="EP20040720">{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+PRESS+TW-20040720-S+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN |title=The Week, 20 July 2004 |publisher=Europarl.europa.eu |access-date=17 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/> (20–23 July 2004)<br />28<ref name="CWU01"/> (January 2007)<br />22<ref name="EPINDDEM">[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/expert/groupAndCountry/search.do? European Parliament directory listing for Independence/Democracy Group] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020002923/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/expert/groupAndCountry/search.do? |date=20 October 2006 }}</ref> (24 June 2008)<br />18<ref name="EU2009EU27"/> (11 June 2009, de facto)
| meps = 37<ref name="EP20040720">{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+PRESS+TW-20040720-S+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN |title=The Week, 20 July 2004 |publisher=Europarl.europa.eu |access-date=17 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/> (20–23 July 2004)<br />28<ref name="CWU01"/> (January 2007)<br />22<ref name="EPINDDEM">[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/expert/groupAndCountry/search.do? European Parliament directory listing for Independence/Democracy Group] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020002923/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/expert/groupAndCountry/search.do? |date=20 October 2006 }}</ref> (24 June 2008)<br />18<ref name="EU2009EU27"/> (11 June 2009, de facto)
Line 24: Line 24:
'''Independence/Democracy''' ('''IND/DEM''') was a [[Euroscepticism|Eurosceptic]]<ref name="PhinnemoreMcGowan2013">{{cite book|author1=David Phinnemore|author2=Lee McGowan|title=A Dictionary of the European Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9EB7e8pgywC&pg=PA276|access-date=7 August 2013|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-08127-0|page=276}}</ref><ref name="Thorlakson2013">{{cite book|author=Lori Thorlakson|chapter=Federalism and the European party system|editor=Alexander H. Trechsel|title=Towards a Federal Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTndAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT72|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-99818-1|page=72}}</ref> [[Political groups of the European Parliament|political group]] that operated in the [[European Parliament]] between 2004 and 2009. At its height in 2004, it had 37 [[MEPs]] and it only existed during the [[Sixth European Parliament|European Parliament's 6th term]]. It was affiliated with the Eurosceptic [[Europeans United for Democracy]] party.
'''Independence/Democracy''' ('''IND/DEM''') was a [[Euroscepticism|Eurosceptic]]<ref name="PhinnemoreMcGowan2013">{{cite book|author1=David Phinnemore|author2=Lee McGowan|title=A Dictionary of the European Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9EB7e8pgywC&pg=PA276|access-date=7 August 2013|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-08127-0|page=276}}</ref><ref name="Thorlakson2013">{{cite book|author=Lori Thorlakson|chapter=Federalism and the European party system|editor=Alexander H. Trechsel|title=Towards a Federal Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTndAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT72|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-99818-1|page=72}}</ref> [[Political groups of the European Parliament|political group]] that operated in the [[European Parliament]] between 2004 and 2009. At its height in 2004, it had 37 [[MEPs]] and it only existed during the [[Sixth European Parliament|European Parliament's 6th term]]. It was affiliated with the Eurosceptic [[Europeans United for Democracy]] party.


Ideologically, IND/DEM was strongly opposed to the European Union and positioned on the [[Radical right (Europe)|radical right]] within the [[right-wing]] spectrum.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pankowski |first=Rafal |title=The Populist Radical Right in Poland: The Patriots |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=9781135150976 |pages=129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dočekalová |first=Pavla |date=2006 |title=Radical Right-Wing Parties in Central Europe: Mutual Contacts and Cooperation |journal=Politics in Central Europe |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mudde |first=Cas |title=Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-511-34143-4 |location=Cambridge |pages=179}}</ref> It was a very heterogeneous grouping;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gora |first=Magdalena |title=Contestation of EU Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy |last2=Styczynska |first2=Natasza |last3=Zubek |first3=Marcin |publisher=Djof Forlag |year=2020 |isbn=9788771983234 |pages=187}}</ref> it also included parties such as the [[UK Independence Party]], Greek [[Popular Orthodox Rally]], French [[Movement for France]], [[League of Polish Families]], and [[Lega Nord]]. After the [[2009 European Parliament election]], IND/DEM lost many of its MPs and was dissolved in favour of the [[Europe of Freedom and Democracy]] (EFD). In comparison, EFD was far-right<ref name=":1">Roy H. Ginsberg, ''Demystifying the European Union: The Enduring Logic of Regional Integration'', p. 170, [[Rowman & Littlefield]], 2010, {{ISBN|0742566927}}</ref><ref name=":2">Rob Ford, Matthew J. Goodwin, ''Voting for Extremists'', passim, [[Taylor & Francis]], {{ISBN|041569051X}}</ref> group that was nationalist and more strongly opposed immigration than IND/DEM.<ref name="PhinnemoreMcGowan20132">{{cite book |author1=David Phinnemore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9EB7e8pgywC&pg=PA189 |title=A Dictionary of the European Union |author2=Lee McGowan |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-08127-0 |page=189}}</ref>
Ideologically, IND/DEM was strongly opposed to the European Union and positioned on the [[Radical right (Europe)|radical right]] within the [[right-wing]] spectrum.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pankowski |first=Rafal |title=The Populist Radical Right in Poland: The Patriots |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=9781135150976 |pages=129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dočekalová |first=Pavla |date=2006 |title=Radical Right-Wing Parties in Central Europe: Mutual Contacts and Cooperation |journal=Politics in Central Europe |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mudde |first=Cas |title=Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-511-34143-4 |location=Cambridge |pages=179}}</ref> It was a very heterogeneous grouping;<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gora |first1=Magdalena |title=Contestation of EU Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy |last2=Styczynska |first2=Natasza |last3=Zubek |first3=Marcin |publisher=Djof Forlag |year=2020 |isbn=9788771983234 |pages=187}}</ref> it also included parties such as the [[UK Independence Party]], Greek [[Popular Orthodox Rally]], French [[Movement for France]], [[League of Polish Families]], and [[Lega Nord]]. After the [[2009 European Parliament election]], IND/DEM lost many of its MPs and was dissolved in favour of the [[Europe of Freedom and Democracy]] (EFD). In comparison, EFD was far-right<ref name=":1">Roy H. Ginsberg, ''Demystifying the European Union: The Enduring Logic of Regional Integration'', p. 170, [[Rowman & Littlefield]], 2010, {{ISBN|0742566927}}</ref><ref name=":2">Rob Ford, Matthew J. Goodwin, ''Voting for Extremists'', passim, [[Taylor & Francis]], {{ISBN|041569051X}}</ref> group that was nationalist and more strongly opposed immigration than IND/DEM.<ref name="PhinnemoreMcGowan20132">{{cite book |author1=David Phinnemore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9EB7e8pgywC&pg=PA189 |title=A Dictionary of the European Union |author2=Lee McGowan |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-08127-0 |page=189}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Line 56: Line 56:
==Membership==
==Membership==


===Elected membership by party at 11 June 2009===
===11 June–1 July 2009===
[[File:IND-DEM percentage map 11 June 2009.PNG|thumb|IND/DEM percentage of elected MEPs by member state 11 June 2009 (see [[:Image:IND-DEM percentage map 11 June 2009.PNG|description]] for sources)<br />
[[File:IND-DEM percentage map 11 June 2009.PNG|thumb|IND/DEM percentage of elected MEPs by member state 11 June 2009 (see [[:Image:IND-DEM percentage map 11 June 2009.PNG|description]] for sources)<br />
{|
{|
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Country
! Member state
! colspan="3"| Name
! Party
! Ideology
! MEPs
! [[European Parliament|MEPs]]
|-
|-
|United Kingdom
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[UK Independence Party]]
! style="background:{{party color|UK Independence Party}}"|
|13<ref name="EU2009UK">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/united_kingdom_en_txt.html |publisher=Elections2009-results.eu |access-date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611150311/http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/united_kingdom_en_txt.html |archive-date=11 June 2009 |title=European election results 2009 for the United Kingdom }}</ref>
| [[UK Independence Party]]<ref name="EU2009UK">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/united_kingdom_en_txt.html |publisher=Elections2009-results.eu |access-date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611150311/http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/united_kingdom_en_txt.html |archive-date=11 June 2009 |title=European election results 2009 for the United Kingdom }}</ref>
| UKIP
| [[Right-wing populism]]<br />[[British nationalism]]
| {{Composition bar|13|72|{{party color|UK Independence Party}}}}
|-
|-
|France
| {{flag|France}}
! style="background:{{party color|Libertas.eu}}"|
|[[Libertas France]]
|1<ref name="EU2009FR">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/france_en_txt.html |publisher=Elections2009-results.eu |access-date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612040333/http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/france_en_txt.html |archive-date=12 June 2009 |title=European election results 2009 for France }}</ref>
| [[Libertas France]]<ref name="EU2009FR">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/france_en_txt.html |publisher=Elections2009-results.eu |access-date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612040333/http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/france_en_txt.html |archive-date=12 June 2009 |title=European election results 2009 for France }}</ref>
| Libertas
| [[Populism]]<br />[[Euroscepticism]]
| {{Composition bar|1|72|{{party color|Libertas.eu}}}}
|-
|-
|[[Netherlands]]
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Christian Union – Reformed Political Party|ChristenUnie – SGP]]
! style="background:{{party color|Christian Union – Reformed Political Party}}"|
|2<ref name="EU2009ND">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/netherlands_en_txt.html |publisher=Elections2009-results.eu |access-date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108035401/http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/netherlands_en_txt.html |archive-date=8 January 2016 |title=Elections2009-Results.eu }}</ref>
| [[ChristenUnie-SGP|Christian Union–SGP]]<ref name="EU2009ND">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/netherlands_en_txt.html |publisher=Elections2009-results.eu |access-date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108035401/http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/netherlands_en_txt.html |archive-date=8 January 2016 |title=Elections2009-Results.eu }}</ref>
| CU–SGP
| [[Christian democracy]]<br />[[Euroscepticism]]
| {{Composition bar|2|25|{{party color|Christian Union – Reformed Political Party}}}}
|-
|-
|[[Greece]]
| {{flag|Greece}}
|[[Popular Orthodox Rally]]
! style="background:{{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}"|
|2<ref name="EU2009GR">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/greece_en_txt.html |publisher=Elections2009-results.eu |access-date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611222013/http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/greece_en_txt.html |archive-date=11 June 2009 |title=European election results 2009 for Greece }}</ref>
| [[Popular Orthodox Rally]]<ref name="EU2009GR">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/greece_en_txt.html |publisher=Elections2009-results.eu |access-date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611222013/http://www.elections2009-results.eu/en/greece_en_txt.html |archive-date=11 June 2009 |title=European election results 2009 for Greece }}</ref>
| LAOS
| [[Religious conservatism]]<br />[[Right-wing populism]]
| {{Composition bar|2|22|{{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
|}
|}


===Membership by party at 24 July 2008===
===24 July 2008–11 June 2009===
IND/DEM member parties as of 24 July 2008 were as follows:
IND/DEM member parties as of 24 July 2008 were as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Country
! Member state
! colspan="3"| Name
! Party
! Ideology
|-
|-
|United Kingdom
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[UK Independence Party]]
! style="background:{{party color|UK Independence Party}}"|
| [[UK Independence Party]]
| UKIP
| [[Right-wing populism]]<br />[[British nationalism]]
|-
|-
| {{flag|France}}
|[[Denmark]]
! style="background:{{party color|Movement for France}}"|
|[[June Movement]]
| [[Movement for France]]
| MPF
| [[Conservatism]]<br />[[French nationalism]]
|-
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
|France
! style="background:{{party color|Christian Union – Reformed Political Party}}"|
|[[Movement for France]]
| [[ChristenUnie-SGP|Christian Union–SGP]]
| CU–SGP
| [[Christian democracy]]<br />[[Euroscepticism]]
|-
|-
| {{flag|Greece}}
|[[Netherlands]]
! style="background:{{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}"|
|[[Christian Union – Reformed Political Party|ChristenUnie – SGP]]
| [[Popular Orthodox Rally]]
| LAOS
| [[Religious conservatism]]<br />[[Right-wing populism]]
|-
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Greece]]
! style="background:{{party color|June Movement}}"|
|[[Popular Orthodox Rally]]
| [[June Movement]]
| JB
| [[Euroscepticism]]<br />[[Social liberalism]]
|-
|-
|[[Sweden]]
| {{flag|Sweden}}
|[[June List]]
! style="background:{{party color|June List}}"|
| [[June List]]
| jl
| [[Euroscepticism]]<br />[[Populism]]
|-
|-
|[[Czech Republic]]
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
|[[Independent Democrats (Czech Republic)|Independent Democrats]]
! style="background:{{party color|Independent Democrats (Czech Republic)}}"|
| [[Independent Democrats (Czech Republic)|Independent Democrats]]
| NEZDEM
| [[Euroscepticism]]<br />[[Populism]]
|-
|-
|[[Poland]]
| {{flag|Poland}}
|[[League of Polish Families]]
! style="background:{{party color|League of Polish Families}}"|
| [[League of Polish Families]]
| LPR
| [[National conservatism]]<br />[[Political Catholicism]]
|}
|}


Line 162: Line 199:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Country
! <br />Member state
! colspan="3"| Name
! <br />[[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]]s
! Ideology
! <br />Party
! <br />[[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]]s
! [[European Parliament|MEPs]]
! <br />Notes
! Notes
|-
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|Ireland
! style="background:{{party color|UK Independence Party}}"|
|1<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results">{{cite web|url=http://www.europe-politique.eu/elections-europeennes-2004.htm |title=Results of the 2004 European Parliament elections from Europe Politique |publisher=Europe-politique.eu |date=17 February 2007 |access-date=17 June 2010}}</ref>
| [[UK Independence Party]]<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results">{{cite web|url=http://www.europe-politique.eu/elections-europeennes-2004.htm |title=Results of the 2004 European Parliament elections from Europe Politique |publisher=Europe-politique.eu |date=17 February 2007 |access-date=17 June 2010}}</ref>
|Independent<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| UKIP
|1<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[Right-wing populism]]<br />[[British nationalism]]
|
| {{Composition bar|11|78|{{party color|UK Independence Party}}}}
* [[Kathy Sinnott]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28119|Kathy Sinnott}}</ref>
| [[Robert Kilroy-Silk]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28492|Robert Kilroy-Silk}}</ref> [[Nigel Farage]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|4525|Nigel Farage}}</ref> [[Gerard Batten]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28497|Gerard Batten}}</ref> [[Godfrey Bloom]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28513|Godfrey Bloom}}</ref> [[Graham Booth]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|23286|Graham Booth}}</ref> Derek Roland Clark,<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28493|Derek Roland Clark}}</ref> [[Roger Knapman]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28505|Roger Knapman}}</ref> Michael Henry Nattrass,<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28506|Michael Henry Nattrass}}</ref> [[Jeffrey Titford]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|4515|Jeffrey Titford}}</ref> [[John Whittaker (UKIP politician)|John Whittaker]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28509|John Whittaker}}</ref> [[Tom Wise (politician)|Tom Wise]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28496|Tom Wise}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{flag|France}}
|United Kingdom
! style="background:{{party color|Movement for France}}"|
|11<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
|UKIP<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[Movement for France]]<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| MPF
|11<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[Conservatism]]<br />[[French nationalism]]
|
| {{Composition bar|3|78|{{party color|Movement for France}}}}
* [[Robert Kilroy-Silk]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28492|Robert Kilroy-Silk}}</ref>
| Paul-Marie Coûteaux,<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|4383|Paul Marie Coûteaux}}</ref> [[Patrick Louis]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28217|Patrick Louis}}</ref> [[Philippe de Villiers]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|2212|Philippe De Villiers}}</ref>
* Nigel Farage<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|4525|Nigel Farage}}</ref>
* [[Gerard Batten]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28497|Gerard Batten}}</ref>
* [[Godfrey Bloom]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28513|Godfrey Bloom}}</ref>
* [[Graham Booth]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|23286|Graham Booth}}</ref>
* Derek Roland Clark<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28493|Derek Roland Clark}}</ref>
* [[Roger Knapman]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28505|Roger Knapman}}</ref>
* Michael Henry Nattrass<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28506|Michael Henry Nattrass}}</ref>
* [[Jeffrey Titford]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|4515|Jeffrey Titford}}</ref>
* [[John Whittaker (UKIP politician)|John Whittaker]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28509|John Whittaker}}</ref>
* [[Tom Wise (politician)|Tom Wise]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28496|Tom Wise}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Denmark]]
! style="background:{{party color|Christian Union – Reformed Political Party}}"|
|1<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
|JuniBevægelsen<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[ChristenUnie-SGP|Christian Union–SGP]]<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| CU–SGP
|1<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[Christian democracy]]<br />[[Euroscepticism]]
|
| {{Composition bar|2|27|{{party color|Christian Union – Reformed Political Party}}}}
* [[Jens-Peter Bonde]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|1275|Jens-Peter Bonde}}</ref>
| [[Johannes Blokland]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|1969|Johannes Blokland}}</ref> [[Bastiaan Belder]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|4507|Bastiaan Belder}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{flag|Greece}}
|France
! style="background:{{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}"|
|3<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
|Mouvement pour la France<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[Popular Orthodox Rally]]<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| LAOS
|3<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[Religious conservatism]]<br />[[Right-wing populism]]
|
| {{Composition bar|1|24|{{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
* Paul-Marie Coûteaux<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|4383|Paul Marie Coûteaux}}</ref>
* [[Patrick Louis]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28217|Patrick Louis}}</ref>
| Georgios Georgiou<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|39320|Georgios Georgiou}}</ref>
* [[Philippe de Villiers]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|2212|Philippe De Villiers}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}
|Italy
! style="background:{{party color|June Movement}}"|
|4<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
|Lega Nord<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[June Movement]]<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| JB
|4<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[Euroscepticism]]<br />[[Social liberalism]]
|
| {{Composition bar|1|14|{{party color|June Movement}}}}
* [[Mario Borghezio]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|21817|Mario Borghezio}}</ref> (joined 21 July)<ref name="Europarl20040721EN">{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/calendar/calendar?APP=PDF&TYPE=PV1&FILE=20040721EN.pdf&LANGUE=EN|title=20040721EN|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>
* [[Umberto Bossi]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|2036|Umberto Bossi}}</ref> (joined 21 July<ref name="Europarl20040721EN"/>)
| [[Jens-Peter Bonde]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|1275|Jens-Peter Bonde}}</ref>
* [[Matteo Salvini]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28404|Matteo Salvini}}</ref> (joined 21 July<ref name="Europarl20040721EN"/>)
* Francesco Enrico Speroni<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|997|Francesco Enrico Speroni}}</ref> (joined 21 July<ref name="Europarl20040721EN"/>)
|-
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}}
|[[Netherlands]]
! style="background:{{party color|June List}}"|
|2<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
|ChristenUnie – SGP<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[June List]]<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| jl
|2<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[Euroscepticism]]<br />[[Populism]]
|
| {{Composition bar|3|19|{{party color|June List}}}}
* [[Johannes Blokland]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|1969|Johannes Blokland}}</ref>
| [[Hélène Goudin]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28146|Hélène Goudin}}</ref> [[Nils Lundgren]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28142|Nils Lundgren}}</ref> [[Lars Wohlin|Lars Magnus Wohlin]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28144|Lars Magnus Wohlin}}</ref>
* [[Bastiaan Belder]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|4507|Bastiaan Belder}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
|[[Greece]]
! style="background:{{party color|Independent Democrats (Czech Republic)}}"|
|1<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
|LAOS<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[Independent Democrats (Czech Republic)|Independent Democrats]]<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| NEZDEM
|1<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[Euroscepticism]]<br />[[Populism]]
|
| {{Composition bar|1|24|{{party color|Independent Democrats (Czech Republic)}}}}
* Georgios Georgiou<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|39320|Georgios Georgiou}}</ref>
| [[Vladimír Železný]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28357|Vladimír Železný}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{flag|Poland}}
|[[Sweden]]
! style="background:{{party color|League of Polish Families}}"|
|3<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
|Junilistan<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[League of Polish Families]]<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| LPR
|3<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[National conservatism]]<br />[[Political Catholicism]]
|
| {{Composition bar|10|54|{{party color|League of Polish Families}}}}
* [[Hélène Goudin]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28146|Hélène Goudin}}</ref>
| [[Wojciech Wierzejski]],<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/public/inOut/viewOutgoing.do?language=EN&id=28344 Incoming / Outgoing]. Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved on 7 September 2013.</ref> [[Urszula Krupa]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28334|Urszula Krupa}}</ref> [[Witold Tomczak]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|24089|Witold Tomczak}}</ref> [[Filip Adwent]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28302|Filip Adwent}}</ref> [[Sylwester Chruszcz]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28325|Sylwester Chruszcz}}</ref> [[Maciej Giertych]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|24088|Maciej Giertych}}</ref> [[Dariusz Maciej Grabowski]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28332|Dariusz Maciej Grabowski}}</ref> Mirosław Mariusz Piotrowski,<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28341|Mirosław Mariusz Piotrowski}}</ref> [[Bogdan Pęk]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28337|Bogdan Pęk}}</ref> [[Bogusław Rogalski]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28343|Bogusław Rogalski}}</ref>
* [[Nils Lundgren]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28142|Nils Lundgren}}</ref>
* [[Lars Wohlin|Lars Magnus Wohlin]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28144|Lars Magnus Wohlin}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
|[[Czech Republic]]
! style="background:{{party color|Lega Nord}}"|
|1<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
|Nezavisli<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[Lega Nord]]<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| LN
|1<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]<br />[[Right-wing populism]]
|
| {{Composition bar|4|78|{{party color|Lega Nord}}}}
* [[Vladimír Železný]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28357|Vladimír Železný}}</ref>
| [[Mario Borghezio]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|21817|Mario Borghezio}}</ref> (joined 21 July)<ref name="Europarl20040721EN">{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/calendar/calendar?APP=PDF&TYPE=PV1&FILE=20040721EN.pdf&LANGUE=EN|title=20040721EN|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> [[Umberto Bossi]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|2036|Umberto Bossi}}</ref> (joined 21 July<ref name="Europarl20040721EN"/>) [[Matteo Salvini]],<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28404|Matteo Salvini}}</ref> (joined 21 July<ref name="Europarl20040721EN"/>) Francesco Enrico Speroni<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|997|Francesco Enrico Speroni}}</ref> (joined 21 July<ref name="Europarl20040721EN"/>)
|-
|-
| {{flag|Ireland}}
|[[Poland]]
! style="background:{{party color|Independent}}"|
|10<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
|League of Polish Families<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| colspan="2"| [[Kathy Sinnott]]<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/> ([[Independent politician|Ind.]])
| –
|10<ref name="EuropePolitique2004Results"/>
| {{Composition bar|1|13|{{party color|Independent}}}}
|
| Kathy Sinnott<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28119|Kathy Sinnott}}</ref>
* [[Wojciech Wierzejski]]<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/public/inOut/viewOutgoing.do?language=EN&id=28344 Incoming / Outgoing]. Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved on 7 September 2013.</ref>
* [[Urszula Krupa]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28334|Urszula Krupa}}</ref>
* [[Witold Tomczak]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|24089|Witold Tomczak}}</ref>
* [[Filip Adwent]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28302|Filip Adwent}}</ref>
* [[Sylwester Chruszcz]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28325|Sylwester Chruszcz}}</ref>
* [[Maciej Giertych]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|24088|Maciej Giertych}}</ref>
* [[Dariusz Maciej Grabowski]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28332|Dariusz Maciej Grabowski}}</ref>
* Mirosław Mariusz Piotrowski<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28341|Mirosław Mariusz Piotrowski}}</ref>
* [[Bogdan Pęk]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28337|Bogdan Pęk}}</ref>
* [[Bogusław Rogalski]]<ref>{{EP MEP info/archive|28343|Bogusław Rogalski}}</ref>
|}
|}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Independence Democracy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Independence Democracy}}
[[Category:Political parties established in 2004]]
[[Category:Former European Parliament party groups]]
[[Category:Eurosceptic parties]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in the European Union]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in the European Union]]
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in the European Union]]
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in the European Union]]
[[Category:Right-wing parties in Europe]]
[[Category:Eurosceptic parties]]
[[Category:Former European Parliament party groups]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2004]]
[[Category:Right-wing parties in Europe]]

Latest revision as of 09:40, 4 July 2024

Independence/Democracy
European Parliament group
NameIndependence/Democracy
English abbr.IND/DEM[1][2][3][4]
French abbr.IND/DEM
Formal nameIndependence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament[2][3]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[7][8]
European partiesEUDemocrats
From20 July 2004[1]
To1 July 2009
(de facto)[9][10]
Preceded byEurope of Democracies and Diversities
Succeeded byEurope of Freedom and Democracy
Chaired byNigel Farage
Hanne Dahl
MEP(s)37[11][12] (20–23 July 2004)
28[1] (January 2007)
22[13] (24 June 2008)
18[14] (11 June 2009, de facto)
Websitehttp://indemgroup.org/

Independence/Democracy (IND/DEM) was a Eurosceptic[15][16] political group that operated in the European Parliament between 2004 and 2009. At its height in 2004, it had 37 MEPs and it only existed during the European Parliament's 6th term. It was affiliated with the Eurosceptic Europeans United for Democracy party.

Ideologically, IND/DEM was strongly opposed to the European Union and positioned on the radical right within the right-wing spectrum.[17][18][19] It was a very heterogeneous grouping;[20] it also included parties such as the UK Independence Party, Greek Popular Orthodox Rally, French Movement for France, League of Polish Families, and Lega Nord. After the 2009 European Parliament election, IND/DEM lost many of its MPs and was dissolved in favour of the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD). In comparison, EFD was far-right[21][22] group that was nationalist and more strongly opposed immigration than IND/DEM.[23]

History[edit]

The 2004 European Parliament elections were reported as a good result for Eurosceptic parties.[24][25] 37 MEPs (33[26] on 20 July, with four[27] more the next day) from the UK Independence Party (UKIP), June Movement (Denmark), Movement for France (France), Northern League (Italy), ChristianUnion – Reformed Political Party (Netherlands), Popular Orthodox Rally (Greece), June List (Sweden), Independent Democrats (Czech Republic), the League of Polish Families (Poland) and an Independent MEP from the Republic of Ireland, joined in the first week of the new Parliament to form the Eurosceptic group called "Independence/Democracy" (IND/DEM), succeeding the group called "Europe of Democracies and Diversities" (EDD) that had existed during the European Parliament's 1999–2004 term.

In the first week, IND/DEM assigned a UKIP MEP to the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality. The MEP, Godfrey Bloom, promptly made comments including "No self-respecting small businessman with a brain in the right place would ever employ a lady of child-bearing age" and "I am here to represent Yorkshire women who always have dinner on the table when you get home. I am going to promote men's rights." The remarks engendered outrage from a range of fellow politicians.[28]

One UKIP MEP never made it to IND/DEM. MEP Ashley Mote was expelled from UKIP[29] prior to IND/DEM's formation[30] when it became known that he faced charges for housing benefit fraud.[29] Mote went on to join the far-right Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty group before being convicted in 2007.[31]

The Northern League MEPs eventually all left the group after their expulsion from IND/DEM following an incident involving a T-shirt and the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy.[32] MEPs from the League of Polish Families also left the group, although not all and not all at once.[32][33] [34]

After having been suspended from UKIP following his arrest on fraud allegations,[35] MEP Tom Wise left IND/DEM in June 2008.

By 24 June 2008, IND/DEM had 22 MEPs.[13]

After the 2009 European Parliament elections, 18[14] IND/DEM MEPs from four Member States were elected for the 2009–2014 term (the Seventh European Parliament). The great majority of these seats (thirteen) were from the UK Independence Party, with others being two from the ChristianUnion – Reformed Political Party of the Netherlands, two from the Popular Orthodox Rally of Greece, and one from Libertas France. But that didn't meet the threshold laid down in the European Parliament's Rules of Procedure.[36][37] So when the Seventh European Parliament started on 14 July 2009, IND/DEM would not qualify as a group.

On 30 June 2009, it was reported the remnants of IND/DEM were to unite with the remnants of another collapsing group, Union for a Europe of Nations (UEN), to create a new group whose official name was not yet determined.[38]

On 1 July 2009 a press conference was held launching the new group.[9][10][39] That press conference named the new group Europe of Freedom and Democracy.[9][10] IND/DEM had ceased to exist.

Structure[edit]

Subgroups[edit]

IND/DEM was a coalition of MEPs from two distinct wings of Euroscepticism: a reformist subgroup (sometimes referred to as Eurorealists) made up of those MEPs who believed that the EU was essentially desirable if reformed and who supported greater transparency and control over the EU bureaucracy, and a secessionist subgroup consisting of those MEPs (notably UKIP[40]) who believed that the EU was inherently wrong even if reformed and who advocated withdrawal from the EU.[1][41]

Organisation[edit]

IND/DEM had a joint political leadership. The group's co-chairs were Nigel Farage[42] (UKIP) and Hanne Dahl,[42] the latter succeeding Kathy Sinnott,[42] who in turn succeeded long-time MEP Jens-Peter Bonde (June Movement) on his retirement in May 2008. Farage represented the secessionist subgroup, and Sinnott the reformist subgroup. The leadership was loose, enabling the two subgroups to unite around the broad principles of democracy and transparency[40] which were embodied in its statute and to which IND/DEM MEPs were expected to adhere.[43] The day-to-day running of the group was performed by its secretariat, and its secretaries-general were Claudine Vangrunderbeeck and Herman Verheirstraeten.[44]

Membership[edit]

11 June–1 July 2009[edit]

IND/DEM percentage of elected MEPs by member state 11 June 2009 (see description for sources)
  no MEPs
  1% to 5%
  5% to 10%
  10% to 20%
  20% to 30%
  30% to 40%
  40% to 50%
  50% plus

After the 2009 European Parliament elections, 18[14] IND/DEM MEPs (too few for a viable group) were elected as follows:

Country Name Ideology MEPs
 United Kingdom UK Independence Party[45] UKIP Right-wing populism
British nationalism
13 / 72
 France Libertas France[46] Libertas Populism
Euroscepticism
1 / 72
 Netherlands Christian Union–SGP[47] CU–SGP Christian democracy
Euroscepticism
2 / 25
 Greece Popular Orthodox Rally[48] LAOS Religious conservatism
Right-wing populism
2 / 22

24 July 2008–11 June 2009[edit]

IND/DEM member parties as of 24 July 2008 were as follows:

Country Name Ideology
 United Kingdom UK Independence Party UKIP Right-wing populism
British nationalism
 France Movement for France MPF Conservatism
French nationalism
 Netherlands Christian Union–SGP CU–SGP Christian democracy
Euroscepticism
 Greece Popular Orthodox Rally LAOS Religious conservatism
Right-wing populism
 Denmark June Movement JB Euroscepticism
Social liberalism
 Sweden June List jl Euroscepticism
Populism
 Czech Republic Independent Democrats NEZDEM Euroscepticism
Populism
 Poland League of Polish Families LPR National conservatism
Political Catholicism

Membership by country at December 2007[edit]

IND/DEM percentage of MEPs by member state December 2007 (see description for sources)
  no MEPs
  1% to 5%
  5% to 10%
  10% to 20%
  20% to 30%
  30% to 40%
  40% to 50%
  50% plus

A December 2007 European Parliament document considered the groups. Page 9 of that document had a table. That table gave the number of MEPs for each group and member state at December 2007. That table's data for IND/DEM is depicted as percentages in the diagram on the right.[49]

Such support for IND/DEM as was expressed came from Northern European states, with especial reference to the member states of the North-West. Its strongholds were Sweden and Denmark, who sent "June list" MEPs from June List and June Movement to the Parliament, and the United Kingdom, with 13% of its MEPs at December 2007 coming from UKIP and sitting with IND/DEM. As of December 2007 no member state had more than 13% of its MEPs sitting with IND/DEM and eighteen member states (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain) had none.

Membership at formation at 20–23 July 2004[edit]

IND/DEM percentage of elected MEPs by member state 20–23 July 2004 (see description for sources)
  no MEPs
  1% to 5%
  5% to 10%
  10% to 20%
  20% to 30%
  30% to 40%
  40% to 50%
  50% plus

The IND/DEM MEPs at 20–23 July 2004 were as follows:

Country Name Ideology MEPs Notes
 United Kingdom UK Independence Party[12] UKIP Right-wing populism
British nationalism
11 / 78
 Robert Kilroy-Silk,[50] Nigel Farage,[51] Gerard Batten,[52] Godfrey Bloom,[53] Graham Booth,[54] Derek Roland Clark,[55] Roger Knapman,[56] Michael Henry Nattrass,[57] Jeffrey Titford,[58] John Whittaker,[59] Tom Wise[60]
 France Movement for France[12] MPF Conservatism
French nationalism
3 / 78
 Paul-Marie Coûteaux,[61] Patrick Louis,[62] Philippe de Villiers[63]
 Netherlands Christian Union–SGP[12] CU–SGP Christian democracy
Euroscepticism
2 / 27
 Johannes Blokland,[64] Bastiaan Belder[65]
 Greece Popular Orthodox Rally[12] LAOS Religious conservatism
Right-wing populism
1 / 24
 Georgios Georgiou[66]
 Denmark June Movement[12] JB Euroscepticism
Social liberalism
1 / 14
 Jens-Peter Bonde[67]
 Sweden June List[12] jl Euroscepticism
Populism
3 / 19
 Hélène Goudin,[68] Nils Lundgren,[69] Lars Magnus Wohlin[70]
 Czech Republic Independent Democrats[12] NEZDEM Euroscepticism
Populism
1 / 24
 Vladimír Železný[71]
 Poland League of Polish Families[12] LPR National conservatism
Political Catholicism
10 / 54
 Wojciech Wierzejski,[72] Urszula Krupa,[73] Witold Tomczak,[74] Filip Adwent,[75] Sylwester Chruszcz,[76] Maciej Giertych,[77] Dariusz Maciej Grabowski,[78] Mirosław Mariusz Piotrowski,[79] Bogdan Pęk,[80] Bogusław Rogalski[81]
 Italy Lega Nord[12] LN Regionalism
Right-wing populism
4 / 78
 Mario Borghezio,[82] (joined 21 July)[27] Umberto Bossi,[83] (joined 21 July[27]) Matteo Salvini,[84] (joined 21 July[27]) Francesco Enrico Speroni[85] (joined 21 July[27])
 Ireland Kathy Sinnott[12] (Ind.) –
1 / 13
 Kathy Sinnott[86]

Activities[edit]

In the news[edit]

Activities performed by IND/DEM in the period between 1 June 2004 and 1 June 2008 that resulted in an entry on Google News include:

  • seeking to allow Parliament to be filmed;
  • criticising EC President Barroso for taking a cruise on a yacht owned by Spiro Latsis prior to the Commission giving a Latsis shipyard a grant of €10 million;[87][88]
  • trying to get a European Parliament auditor's report on alleged abuses of staff allowances published;[89][90]
  • opposing the appointment of Rocco Buttiglione as Justice Commissioner;[91]
  • arguing against the Constitution Treaty,[92][93][94][95]
  • arguing against the Lisbon Treaty,[96][97][98][99]
  • arguing against a deeper Europe;[100]
  • expelling Lega Nord and the League of Polish Families;[101][102][103]
  • arguing against the two-person Presidency,[104][105]
  • arguing against the two-seat Parliament,[106][107]
  • arguing against attempts to fund plans to improve EP turnout;[108]
  • arguing for greater control of the commission by Parliament,[109]
  • arguing for decentralisation,[110]
  • arguing for mandatory lobbying disclosure,[111]
  • supporting whistleblower Hans-Peter Martin.[112]

Parliamentary activity profile[edit]

Group parliamentary activity profile, 1 August 2004 to 1 August 2008 (see description for sources)
  IND/DEM: 43 motions

The debates and votes in the European Parliament are tracked by its website[113] and categorised by the Groups that participate in them and the rule of procedure that they fall into. The results give a profile for each Group by category and the total indicates the Group's level of participation in Parliamentary debates. The activity profile for each Group for the period 1 August 2004 to 1 August 2008 in the Sixth European Parliament is given on the diagram on the right. IND/DEM is denoted in orange.

The website shows IND/DEM as participating in 43 motions, making it one of the most inactive Groups during the period.

Publications[edit]

IND/DEM publications included the Prague Declaration of October 2005, which restated their disapproval of the Constitution Treaty and belief that the values it embodied should not be resurrected,[2] and the Delphi Declaration of July 2007, which made similar points concerning the Treaty of Lisbon.[3] IND/DEM also published a newsletter called EU Watch, which gave a eurosceptic view on the EU activities of the day.[114]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d "Postal Services: Liberalisation & Privatisation in the European Union" (PDF). The Communication Workers Union. January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  2. ^ a b c "The Prague Declaration on the future of Europe" (PDF). Independence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament. 18 October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "The Declaration of Delphi" (PDF). Independence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament. July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  4. ^ "Fourth Annual Report on Developments in the European Union in 2006, DFA, 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  5. ^ Mesežnikov, Grigorij; Gyárfášová, Oľga; Smilov, Daniel (2008). Populist Politics and Liberal Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Bratislava: Institute for Public Affairs. p. 90. ISBN 978-80-89345-06-9.
  6. ^ Ruzza, Carlo (2009). "Populism and euroscepticism: Towards uncivil society?". Policy and Society. 28 (1): 87–98. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.02.007. As a second type of dividing nationalism, (3) euroscepticism is different and particularly prominent in that its main theme allows for more international collaboration than is the case with radical nation-state nationalism. Thus its associations can more easily span national boundaries and constitute international alliances based on international fora. These include European Parliament parties such as the Independence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament, and a civil society organization such as the transnational Research Centre Free Europe
  7. ^ Manners, Ian (2011). "Denmark and the European Union". EU Som et Politisk System - Uviklinger og Udfordringer. 8.
  8. ^ "Brexit and Right-Wing Euroscepticism in the European Parliament". www.qmul.ac.uk. 25 April 2022.
  9. ^ a b c "New eurosceptic group to campaign against EU treaty in Irish referendum". July 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  10. ^ a b c "BBC NEWS – Europe – UKIP forms new Eurosceptic group". July 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  11. ^ "The Week, 20 July 2004". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Results of the 2004 European Parliament elections from Europe Politique". Europe-politique.eu. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  13. ^ a b European Parliament directory listing for Independence/Democracy Group Archived 20 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ a b c "Results of the 2009 European elections". Elections2009-results.eu. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  15. ^ David Phinnemore; Lee McGowan (2013). A Dictionary of the European Union. Routledge. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-135-08127-0. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  16. ^ Lori Thorlakson (2013). "Federalism and the European party system". In Alexander H. Trechsel (ed.). Towards a Federal Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-317-99818-1.
  17. ^ Pankowski, Rafal (2010). The Populist Radical Right in Poland: The Patriots. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 9781135150976.
  18. ^ Dočekalová, Pavla (2006). "Radical Right-Wing Parties in Central Europe: Mutual Contacts and Cooperation". Politics in Central Europe. 2 (2): 17.
  19. ^ Mudde, Cas (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-511-34143-4.
  20. ^ Gora, Magdalena; Styczynska, Natasza; Zubek, Marcin (2020). Contestation of EU Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy. Djof Forlag. p. 187. ISBN 9788771983234.
  21. ^ Roy H. Ginsberg, Demystifying the European Union: The Enduring Logic of Regional Integration, p. 170, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, ISBN 0742566927
  22. ^ Rob Ford, Matthew J. Goodwin, Voting for Extremists, passim, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 041569051X
  23. ^ David Phinnemore; Lee McGowan (2013). A Dictionary of the European Union. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-135-08127-0.
  24. ^ Eurosceptics storm the citadel, BBC News Online report dated Monday, 14 June 2004, 18:01 GMT
  25. ^ Bennhold, Katrin (15 June 2004). "Political divide is said to deepen further: Populist parties make big gains in EU vote, IHT, June 15, 2004". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 17 June 2010. [dead link]
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External links[edit]

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