Tang of Shang: Difference between revisions
SpookyTwenty (talk | contribs) Restored revision 1122947850 by Yinweiaiqing (talk): Reverting unreasoned link removal and general vandalism |
No edit summary |
||
| (33 intermediate revisions by 19 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description| |
{{Short description|Founder and first king of the Shang dynasty}} |
||
{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
||
|image = |
|image = King Tang of Shang.jpg |
||
|caption = Depiction of King Tang by [[Ma Lin (painter)|Ma Lin]] |
|||
|name = Tang<br/>湯 |
|||
|full name = [[Chinese surname|Family name]]: Zǐ (子)<br/>[[Chinese given name|Given name]]: Lǚ (履)<br/>Alternative name: Tai Yi (太乙) |
|name = Tang<br/>湯 |
||
|full name = [[Chinese surname|Family name]]: Zǐ (子)<br/>[[Chinese given name|Given name]]: Lǚ (履)<br/>Alternative name: Tai Yi (太乙) |
|||
| |
|succession = [[Shang dynasty#Kings|King of the Shang dynasty]] |
||
|reign |
|reign = |
||
|predecessor = [[Jie of Xia|Jie]] ([[Xia dynasty]]) |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|successor = [[Bu Bing]]<br />[[Da Ding]] (disputed) |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
|posthumous name = |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
}} |
}} |
||
{{Infobox Chinese |
{{Infobox Chinese |
||
| Line 20: | Line 22: | ||
|oc-bs=*{{IPA|r̥ˤaŋ}} |
|oc-bs=*{{IPA|r̥ˤaŋ}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Cheng Tang''' |
'''Cheng Tang'''{{efn|{{zh|t=|成湯|}}}} (born '''Zi Lü'''{{efn|{{zh|t=|子履|}}}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2008-04-07 |title=Tang |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tang-Chinese-emperor |access-date=2023-04-30 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref>), recorded on [[oracle bones]] as, in English, '''Tai Yi<ref name=":0" />''' (太乙) or '''Da Yi''' (大乙), was the first [[Shang dynasty#Kings|king]] of the [[Shang dynasty]]. Tang is traditionally considered a virtuous ruler, as signified with the common nickname of "'''Tang the Perfect'''" given to him.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Theobald |first=Ulrich |date=2010-11-13 |title=Hetu luoshu 河圖洛書 |url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Myth/personschengtang.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=[[Chinaknowledge]] |language=en}}</ref> According to legend,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lai |first=Selena |last2=Brown |first2=Waka Takahashi |date=November 2006 |title=The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE |url=https://spice.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/the_shang_dynasty_1600_to_1050_bce |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=SPICE |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |language=en}}</ref> as the last leader of the [[Predynastic Shang]] he overthrew [[Jie of Xia|Jie]], the last king of the [[Xia dynasty]]. |
||
==Rise of Shang== |
==Rise of Shang== |
||
Tang ruled Shang, one of the many kingdoms under the [[suzerainty]] of the Xia dynasty, for 17 years. During Jie's reign, Shang grew in power, initially at the expense of Xia's other vassals. He was able to win many supporters from as many as 40 smaller kingdoms.<ref name="gongtong30">王恆偉. (2005) (2006) 中國歷史講堂 #1 遠古至春秋. 中華書局. {{ISBN|962-8885-24-3}}. p 30.</ref> Tang recognized that Jie mistreated [[Baixing|his people]] and used this to convince others. |
Tang ruled Shang (known as [[Predynastic Shang]] in historiography), one of the many kingdoms under the [[suzerainty]] of the Xia dynasty, for 17 years. During Jie's reign, Shang grew in power, initially at the expense of Xia's other vassals. He was able to win many supporters from as many as 40 smaller kingdoms.<ref name="gongtong30">王恆偉. (2005) (2006) 中國歷史講堂 #1 遠古至春秋. 中華書局. {{ISBN|962-8885-24-3}}. p 30.</ref> Tang recognized that Jie mistreated [[Baixing|his people]] and used this to convince others. According to legend, in one speech, Tang said that creating [[Civil disorder|chaos]] was not something he wanted, but given the terror of Jie, he had to follow the [[Mandate of Heaven]] and use this opportunity to overthrow Xia.<ref name="gongtong30" /> As an advantage he pointed out that even Jie's own military generals would not obey his orders.<ref name="gongtong30" /> |
||
In the 15th year of Jie's reign, Tang began moving Lü to the capital Bo. |
In the 15th year of Jie's reign, Tang began moving Lü to the capital Bo. About two years later Shang sent his minister [[Yi Yin]] as an envoy to Jie. Yi remained in the Xia capital for about three years, before returning to Shang. |
||
The Shang's power continued to grow. In the 26th year of Jie's reign, Shang conquered Wen. Two years later, Shang was attacked by [[Puyang|Kunwu]], and several years of war between Shang and Kunwu followed.<ref name="tonsiother">高明士, 国真梁. [2007] (2007). 中國通史. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. {{ISBN|957-11-4312-X}}, 9789571143125. p. 46.</ref> Despite this setback, Shang continued to expand on a number of fronts, gathering vassal troops in [[ |
The Shang's power continued to grow. In the 26th year of Jie's reign, Shang conquered Wen. Two years later, Shang was attacked by [[Puyang|Kunwu]], and several years of war between Shang and Kunwu followed.<ref name="tonsiother">高明士, 国真梁. [2007] (2007). 中國通史. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. {{ISBN|957-11-4312-X}}, 9789571143125. p. 46.</ref> Despite this setback, Shang continued to expand on a number of fronts, gathering vassal troops in [[Jingpo Lake|Jingpo]]. The Shang army and allied forces conquered Mitxu (today's [[Xinmi]] in Henan), [[Hua County, Henan|Wei]], and attacked [[Fan County|Gu]], which too was conquered the following year.<ref name="tonsiother" /> About this time Zhong Gu, chief historian of Jie, would flee from the Xia to the Shang.<ref name="tonsiother" /> |
||
===Battle of Mingtiao=== |
===Battle of Mingtiao=== |
||
The Shang army [[Battle of Mingtiao|fought]] against Jie's Xia forces at [[Mingtiao]] (鳴條) in a heavy thunderstorm and defeated them. |
The Shang army [[Battle of Mingtiao|fought]] against Jie's Xia forces at [[Mingtiao]] (鳴條) in a heavy thunderstorm and defeated them. |
||
Jie himself escaped and fled to Sanzong. |
Jie himself escaped and fled to Sanzong. The Shang forces under their general Wuzi pursued Jie to [[Cheng County|Cheng]], captured him at Jiaomen, and deposed him, bringing the Xia dynasty to an end. Eventually, Jie was exiled in [[Nanchao]].<ref name="tonsiother"/> Jie would eventually die of illness<ref name="gongtong30"/> and Tang succeeded him as paramount King, inaugurating the [[Shang dynasty]]. |
||
==King of the Shang== |
==King of the Shang== |
||
[[File:Portraits of Famous Men - Emperor Tang of the Shang Dynasty.jpg |thumb |As depicted in the {{circa}} 1900 CE album '' Portraits of Famous Men'', housed in the Philadelphia Museum of Art]] |
|||
Tang's reign was regarded as a good |
Tang's reign was regarded as a good time by the Chinese.<ref name=":0" /> He lowered taxes and the conscription rate of soldiers. His influence spread to the [[Yellow River]], and many outlying tribes, such as Di and Qiang, became vassal states. He also established [[Anyang]] as the new capital of China. |
||
According to the [[Bamboo Annals]], Tang built a [[palace]] called Xia She (夏社) to memorialize the Xia dynasty. In the first five years of his reign, there were several [[drought]]s. Tang ordered golden [[coin]]s to be made and distributed to poor families who had been forced to sell their children because of the drought. It was intended for them to use this [[money]] to buy their children back. |
According to the [[Bamboo Annals]], Tang built a [[palace]] called Xia She (夏社) to memorialize the Xia dynasty. In the first five years of his reign, there were several [[drought]]s. Tang ordered golden [[coin]]s to be made and distributed to poor families who had been forced to sell their children because of the drought. It was intended for them to use this [[money]] to buy their children back. |
||
According to the [[Bamboo Annals]], in the 9th year of his reign, he moved the [[Nine Tripod Cauldrons]], made by [[Yu the Great]], to the Shang Palace. |
According to the [[Bamboo Annals]], in the 9th year of his reign, he moved the [[Nine Tripod Cauldrons]], made by [[Yu the Great]], to the Shang Palace. |
||
== Myths == |
|||
Tang has been portrayed in different ways in [[Chinese mythology]] and these portrayals have influenced popular depiction and paintings of him.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
He is often drawn as being "a nine-foot-tall, white-faced, whiskered man with a pointed head, six-jointed arms, and a body markedly larger on one side than on the other."<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
A tradition about the ''[[I Ching]]'' was that most of it was written by Tang of Shang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=Susan Wise |title=The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome |publisher=[[W. W. Norton]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-393-05974-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=300 |author-link=Susan Wise Bauer}}</ref> |
|||
==Notes== |
|||
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
==Further reading== |
|||
* {{cite encyclopedia |date=13 September 2019 |title=Tang | Chinese emperor |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=Chicago |access-date=27 July 2022 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tang-Chinese-emperor |ref={{sfnRef|''Britannica''|2019}} }} |
|||
{{S-start}} |
{{S-start}} |
||
{{S-hou|[[Shang dynasty]]||||}} |
{{S-hou|[[Predynastic Shang]] / [[Shang dynasty]]||||}} |
||
{{S-reg}} |
{{S-reg}} |
||
{{ |
{{s-bef|before=Zhu Gui}} |
||
{{s-ttl|title=[[Predynastic Shang|King of Shang]]}} |
|||
{{s-aft|after=Himself as King of the Shang dynasty}} |
|||
{{s-break}} |
|||
{{S-bef|before=[[Jie of Xia|Jie]] ([[Xia dynasty]])}} |
|||
{{S-ttl||title=[[List of Chinese monarchs|King of China]]|years=}} |
{{S-ttl||title=[[List of Chinese monarchs|King of China]]|years=}} |
||
{{S-aft|after=[[Da Ding]]}} |
{{S-aft|after=[[Da Ding]]}} |
||
| Line 58: | Line 72: | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tang Of Shang}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tang Of Shang}} |
||
[[Category:Shang dynasty |
[[Category:Kings of the Shang dynasty]] |
||
[[Category:17th-century BC births]] |
[[Category:17th-century BC births]] |
||
[[Category:Xia dynasty people]] |
[[Category:Xia dynasty people]] |
||
[[Category:Founding monarchs]] |
[[Category:Founding monarchs]] |
||
{{China-royal-stub}} |
|||
Revision as of 17:01, 5 July 2024
| Tang 湯 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Depiction of King Tang by Ma Lin | |||||||||
| King of the Shang dynasty | |||||||||
| Predecessor | Jie (Xia dynasty) | ||||||||
| Successor | Bu Bing Da Ding (disputed) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Tang of Shang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 湯 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 汤 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cheng Tang[a] (born Zi Lü[b][1]), recorded on oracle bones as, in English, Tai Yi[1] (太乙) or Da Yi (大乙), was the first king of the Shang dynasty. Tang is traditionally considered a virtuous ruler, as signified with the common nickname of "Tang the Perfect" given to him.[2] According to legend,[3] as the last leader of the Predynastic Shang he overthrew Jie, the last king of the Xia dynasty.
Rise of Shang
Tang ruled Shang (known as Predynastic Shang in historiography), one of the many kingdoms under the suzerainty of the Xia dynasty, for 17 years. During Jie's reign, Shang grew in power, initially at the expense of Xia's other vassals. He was able to win many supporters from as many as 40 smaller kingdoms.[4] Tang recognized that Jie mistreated his people and used this to convince others. According to legend, in one speech, Tang said that creating chaos was not something he wanted, but given the terror of Jie, he had to follow the Mandate of Heaven and use this opportunity to overthrow Xia.[4] As an advantage he pointed out that even Jie's own military generals would not obey his orders.[4]
In the 15th year of Jie's reign, Tang began moving Lü to the capital Bo. About two years later Shang sent his minister Yi Yin as an envoy to Jie. Yi remained in the Xia capital for about three years, before returning to Shang.
The Shang's power continued to grow. In the 26th year of Jie's reign, Shang conquered Wen. Two years later, Shang was attacked by Kunwu, and several years of war between Shang and Kunwu followed.[5] Despite this setback, Shang continued to expand on a number of fronts, gathering vassal troops in Jingpo. The Shang army and allied forces conquered Mitxu (today's Xinmi in Henan), Wei, and attacked Gu, which too was conquered the following year.[5] About this time Zhong Gu, chief historian of Jie, would flee from the Xia to the Shang.[5]
Battle of Mingtiao
The Shang army fought against Jie's Xia forces at Mingtiao (鳴條) in a heavy thunderstorm and defeated them.
Jie himself escaped and fled to Sanzong. The Shang forces under their general Wuzi pursued Jie to Cheng, captured him at Jiaomen, and deposed him, bringing the Xia dynasty to an end. Eventually, Jie was exiled in Nanchao.[5] Jie would eventually die of illness[4] and Tang succeeded him as paramount King, inaugurating the Shang dynasty.
King of the Shang
Tang's reign was regarded as a good time by the Chinese.[1] He lowered taxes and the conscription rate of soldiers. His influence spread to the Yellow River, and many outlying tribes, such as Di and Qiang, became vassal states. He also established Anyang as the new capital of China.
According to the Bamboo Annals, Tang built a palace called Xia She (夏社) to memorialize the Xia dynasty. In the first five years of his reign, there were several droughts. Tang ordered golden coins to be made and distributed to poor families who had been forced to sell their children because of the drought. It was intended for them to use this money to buy their children back.
According to the Bamboo Annals, in the 9th year of his reign, he moved the Nine Tripod Cauldrons, made by Yu the Great, to the Shang Palace.
Myths
Tang has been portrayed in different ways in Chinese mythology and these portrayals have influenced popular depiction and paintings of him.[1]
He is often drawn as being "a nine-foot-tall, white-faced, whiskered man with a pointed head, six-jointed arms, and a body markedly larger on one side than on the other."[1]
A tradition about the I Ching was that most of it was written by Tang of Shang.[6]
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e "Tang". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ^ Theobald, Ulrich (2010-11-13). "Hetu luoshu 河圖洛書". Chinaknowledge. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
- ^ Lai, Selena; Brown, Waka Takahashi (November 2006). "The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE". SPICE. Stanford University. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
- ^ a b c d 王恆偉. (2005) (2006) 中國歷史講堂 #1 遠古至春秋. 中華書局. ISBN 962-8885-24-3. p 30.
- ^ a b c d 高明士, 国真梁. [2007] (2007). 中國通史. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. ISBN 957-11-4312-X, 9789571143125. p. 46.
- ^ Bauer, Susan Wise (2007). The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-393-05974-8.
_%E7%92%A7_disc.jpg){kind=small} | This Chinese royalty–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |