List of pre-Columbian cultures: Difference between revisions
WP:Wikipedia is not a reliable source. I know you are probably sick of this by now (the reversions of your additions on multiple articles), but please read Wikipedia:Reliable sources for information on what we do consider a reliable source, blogs, websites written by non-archaeologists and Wikipedia itself are not RS |
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
(26 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{ |
{{Short description|none}} |
||
[[File:Mexico SunMoonPyramid.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Pyramid of the Sun]] and Avenue of The Dead, viewed from the top of [[Pyramid of the Moon]], [[Teotihuacán]], Mexico, 100–200 AD]] |
[[File:Mexico SunMoonPyramid.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Pyramid of the Sun]] and Avenue of The Dead, viewed from the top of [[Pyramid of the Moon]], [[Teotihuacán]], Mexico, 100–200 AD]] |
||
This '''list of pre-Columbian cultures''' |
This is a '''list of pre-Columbian cultures'''. |
||
==Cultural characteristics== |
==Cultural characteristics== |
||
Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
[[File:Tikal-Plaza-And-North-Acropolis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tikal]], [[Guatemala]], [[Maya civilization]].]] |
[[File:Tikal-Plaza-And-North-Acropolis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tikal]], [[Guatemala]], [[Maya civilization]].]] |
||
Many [[pre-Columbian]] civilizations established permanent or urban settlements, [[agriculture]], and [[complex society|complex societal hierarchies]]. |
Many [[pre-Columbian]] civilizations established permanent or urban settlements, [[agriculture]], and [[complex society|complex societal hierarchies]]. |
||
In North America, indigenous cultures in the [[Lower Mississippi Valley]] during the Middle Archaic period built complexes of multiple mounds, with several in Louisiana dated to 5600–5000 BP (3700 BC–3100 BC). [[Watson Brake]] is considered the oldest, multiple mound complex in the Americas, as it has been dated to 3500 BC. It and other Middle Archaic sites were built by pre-ceramic, hunter-gatherer societies. They preceded the better known [[Poverty Point culture]] and its [[Poverty Point|elaborate complex]] by nearly 2,000 years.<ref name="Preucel">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ccsmpug-xaoC |
In North America, indigenous cultures in the [[Lower Mississippi Valley]] during the Middle Archaic period built complexes of multiple mounds, with several in Louisiana dated to 5600–5000 BP (3700 BC–3100 BC). [[Watson Brake]] is considered the oldest, multiple mound complex in the Americas, as it has been dated to 3500 BC. It and other Middle Archaic sites were built by pre-ceramic, hunter-gatherer societies. They preceded the better known [[Poverty Point culture]] and its [[Poverty Point|elaborate complex]] by nearly 2,000 years.<ref name="Preucel">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ccsmpug-xaoC&dq=Hedgepeth+Middle+Archaic+site&pg=PA177 Robert W. Preucel, Stephen A. Mrozowski, ''Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism''], John Wiley and Sons, 2010, p. 177</ref> The Mississippi Valley mound-building tradition extended into the Late Archaic period, longer than what later southeastern mound building dependent on sedentary, agricultural societies.(Russo, 1996:285)<ref name="Preucel"/> |
||
Some of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th – early 16th centuries), and are known only through [[archaeology|archaeological]] investigations or [[oral history]] from nations today. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the [[Olmec]], [[Maya civilization|Maya]], [[Mixtec people|Mixtec]], and [[Nahua peoples|Nahua]] had their own written records. However, most Europeans of the time viewed such texts as heretical and [[Book burning|burned]] most of them. Only a few documents were hidden and thus remain today, leaving modern historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge. |
Some of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th – early 16th centuries), and are known only through [[archaeology|archaeological]] investigations or [[oral history]] from nations today. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the [[Olmec]], [[Maya civilization|Maya]], [[Mixtec people|Mixtec]], and [[Nahua peoples|Nahua]] had their own written records. However, most Europeans of the time viewed such texts as heretical and [[Book burning|burned]] most of them. Only a few documents were hidden and thus remain today, leaving modern historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge. |
||
Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
**[[Cody complex]] |
**[[Cody complex]] |
||
*[[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic Period]], 8000–1000 BC |
*[[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic Period]], 8000–1000 BC |
||
**[[Paleo-Arctic |
**[[Paleo-Arctic tradition]], 8000–5000 BC, Alaska and Yukon |
||
**[[Watson Brake]] and Lower Mississippi Valley [[mound]]s sites, 3500 BC–2800 BC, Louisiana, Mississippi and Florida |
**[[Watson Brake]] and Lower Mississippi Valley [[mound]]s sites, 3500 BC–2800 BC, Louisiana, Mississippi and Florida |
||
**[[Poverty Point culture]], 2200 BC–700 BC, Lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf coast |
**[[Poverty Point culture]], 2200 BC–700 BC, Lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf coast |
||
Line 52: | Line 52: | ||
==Caribbean== |
==Caribbean== |
||
[[File:Vorkolumbische Kulturen.png|thumb|Early South American cultures]] |
[[File:Vorkolumbische Kulturen.png|thumb|Early South American cultures]] |
||
* [[Ortoiroid people]], c. 5500—200 BC<ref name=carib>[http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/caribpre.htm "Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area."] ''Southeast Archaeological Center.'' (retrieved 9 July 2011)</ref> |
* [[Ortoiroid people]], c. 5500—200 BC<ref name=carib>[http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/caribpre.htm "Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805144306/http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/caribpre.htm |date=2011-08-05 }} ''Southeast Archaeological Center.'' (retrieved 9 July 2011)</ref> |
||
**[[Krum Bay culture]], Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, 1500—200 BC<ref name=carib/> |
**[[Krum Bay culture]], Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, 1500—200 BC<ref name=carib/> |
||
**[[Coroso culture]], Puerto Rico, 1000 BC–200 AD<ref name=carib/> |
**[[Coroso culture]], Puerto Rico, 1000 BC–200 AD<ref name=carib/> |
||
Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
== Mesoamerica == |
== Mesoamerica == |
||
{{Main|Mesoamerican chronology}} |
{{Main|Mesoamerican chronology}} |
||
In alphabetical order: |
|||
* [[Aztec]], 1325–1521 AD, central Mexico |
* [[Aztec]], 1325–1521 AD, central Mexico |
||
* [[Formative Period]], 2500 BC–200 AD, La Blanca, Ujuxte, Monte Alto Culture, Mokaya Culture |
* [[Formative Period]], 2500 BC–200 AD, La Blanca, Ujuxte, Monte Alto Culture, Mokaya Culture |
||
Line 74: | Line 74: | ||
* [[Mixe people|Mixe]], 400–present |
* [[Mixe people|Mixe]], 400–present |
||
* [[Mixtec]], unknown–1600 AD, western Oaxaca |
* [[Mixtec]], unknown–1600 AD, western Oaxaca |
||
* [[Nicarao people]], 700-1622 AD, Nicaragua |
|||
* [[Kingdom of Nicoya|Nicoya Kingdom]], 500 BC-1600 AD, Costa Rica |
|||
* [[Olmec]], 1500–400 BC, Veracruz and Tabasco |
* [[Olmec]], 1500–400 BC, Veracruz and Tabasco |
||
* [[Purépecha Empire]] or [[Tarascan state]], 1300–1530 AD, Michoacán |
* [[Purépecha Empire]] or [[Tarascan state]], 1300–1530 AD, Michoacán |
||
Line 87: | Line 89: | ||
* [[Cueva people]], ?–1530 AD, Panama |
* [[Cueva people]], ?–1530 AD, Panama |
||
* [[Diquis culture]], 700–1530 AD, Costa Rica |
* [[Diquis culture]], 700–1530 AD, Costa Rica |
||
* [[Gran Coclé]], 1200 BC-1500 AD, Panama |
|||
* [[Huetar people]], ?-1600 AD, Costa Rica |
|||
* [[Miskito people]], -1700 AD, Nicaragua |
|||
* [[Mayangna people]], 1700 AD, Nicaragua |
|||
* [[Cacaopera people]], 1700 AD, Nicaragua |
|||
==South America== |
==South America== |
||
Line 100: | Line 107: | ||
|Late Horizon |
|Late Horizon |
||
|1476 AD – 1534 AD |
|1476 AD – 1534 AD |
||
| '''Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile''', and '''Colombia''': [[Inca Empire]]; '''Brazil''': [[Cambeba]]; Colombia: [[Muisca Confederation]] |
| '''Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile''', and '''Colombia''': [[Inca Empire]]; '''Brazil''': [[Cambeba]]; Colombia: [[Muisca Confederation]] '''Argentina''': [[Diaguita]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Late Intermediate |
| Late Intermediate |
||
|1000 AD – 1476 AD |
|1000 AD – 1476 AD |
||
| '''Bolivia''': [[Aymara |
| '''Bolivia''': [[Aymara kingdoms]]; '''Colombia''': [[Muisca Confederation|Muisca]], [[Narino culture|Nariño]], [[Tairona]]; '''Ecuador''': [[Los Huancavilca culture|Los Huancavilca]], [[Kingdom of Quito]], [[Manteño civilization|Manteño]], [[Narino culture|Nariño]];<br>'''Peru''': [[Chimu culture|Chimú]], [[Chincha Culture|Chincha]], [[Cajamarca culture|Cajamarca]], [[Chiribaya culture|Chiribaya]], [[Piura culture|Piura]], [[Chancay]], [[Chachapoyas culture|Chachapoyas]], [[Chimor|Chiribaya]], [[Chucuito]], [[Huaman Huilca]], [[Ilo, Peru|Ilo]], [[Lupaca]], [[Qotu Qotu]], [[Pacacocha]], [[Palli Marca]], [[Piura culture|Piura]], [[Chimor|Sican]], [[Tajaraca]], [[Huaylas culture|Huaylas]], [[Conchucos]], [[Huamachuco culture|Huamachuco]], [[Rucanas]], [[Chanka confederation|Chanka]], [[Ayabaca]], [[Bracamoros]], [[Huancabambas]], [[Tallan culture]], [[Huarco]], [[Ichma]], [[Parinacota culture|Parinacota]], [[Cuntis]], [[Chinchaycochas]], [[Huarochiri]], [[Kheswas]], [[Tarmas]], [[Paltas]], [[Camanas]]; '''Argentina''': [[Diaguita]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Middle Horizon |
| Middle Horizon |
||
| 600 AD – 1000 AD |
| 600 AD – 1000 AD |
||
| '''Bolivia''': [[Tiwanaku]]; '''Brazil''': [[Marajoara culture]]; '''Colombia''': [[Cauca culture]], [[Herrera Period|Herrera]], [[Narino culture|Nariño]], [[Quimbaya civilization|Quimbaya]], [[Tairona]]; '''Ecuador''': [[Cañari culture]], [[Narino culture|Nariño]]; '''Peru''': [[Chimú culture|Chimu]], [[Huari culture|Huari]], [[Piura culture|Piura]] |
| '''Bolivia''': [[Tiwanaku]]; '''Brazil''': [[Marajoara culture]]; '''Colombia''': [[Cauca culture]], [[Herrera Period|Herrera]], [[Narino culture|Nariño]], [[Quimbaya civilization|Quimbaya]], [[Tairona]]; '''Ecuador''': [[Cañari culture]], [[Narino culture|Nariño]]; '''Peru''': [[Chimú culture|Chimu]], [[Huari culture|Huari]], [[Piura culture|Piura]]; '''Argentina''': [[Diaguita]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Early Intermediate |
| Early Intermediate |
||
| 200 AD–600 AD |
| 200 AD–600 AD |
||
| '''Bolivia''': [[Tiwanaku]]; '''Colombia''': [[Herrera Period|Herrera]], [[Quimbaya civilization|Quimbaya]], [[San Agustin culture|San Agustín]], [[Tairona]], [[Tierradentro]], [[Tolima culture|Tolima]]; '''Ecuador''': [[Bahia Culture|La Bahía]], [[Cara culture|Cara]], [[Quitu culture|Quitu]]; '''Peru''': [[Moche (culture)|Moche]], [[Nazca culture|Nazca]], [[Lima culture|Lima]], [[Pechiche]], [[Sechura culture|Piura]] |
| '''Bolivia''': [[Tiwanaku]]; '''Colombia''': [[Herrera Period|Herrera]], [[Quimbaya civilization|Quimbaya]], [[San Agustin culture|San Agustín]], [[Tairona]], [[Tierradentro]], [[Tolima culture|Tolima]]; '''Ecuador''' (the [[Upano River|Upano Valley]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/laser-mapping-reveals-oldest-amazonian-cities-built-2500-years-ago|title=Laser mapping reveals oldest Amazonian cities, built 2500 years ago}}</ref>): [[Bahia Culture|La Bahía]], [[Cara culture|Cara]], [[Quitu culture|Quitu]]; '''Peru''': [[Moche (culture)|Moche]], [[Nazca culture|Nazca]], [[Lima culture|Lima]], [[Pechiche]], [[Sechura culture|Piura]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Early Horizon |
| Early Horizon |
||
Line 147: | Line 154: | ||
| Period I |
| Period I |
||
| ? BC – 9500 BC |
| ? BC – 9500 BC |
||
| '''Colombia''': [[El Abra]], (12,500–10,000 BC); '''Peru''': [[Oquendo (Peru)|Oquendo]], Red Zone (central coast; '''Argentina & Chile''': Patagonia |
| '''Colombia''': [[El Abra]], (12,500–10,000 BC); '''Peru''': [[Oquendo (Peru)|Oquendo]], Red Zone (central coast); '''Argentina & Chile''': Patagonia |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 154: | Line 161: | ||
* [[Mississippian culture|Mississippi culture]] |
* [[Mississippian culture|Mississippi culture]] |
||
* [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] – for coverage on present-day [[indigenous peoples]] |
* [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] – for coverage on present-day [[indigenous peoples]] |
||
* [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada#Paleo- |
* [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada#Paleo-Indian period|Lithic stage in Canada]] |
||
* [[Cultural periods of Peru]] |
* [[Cultural periods of Peru]] |
||
* [[Pre-Columbian history of Brazil|Pre-Columbian Brazil]] |
|||
* [[Pre-Columbian Ecuador]] |
* [[Pre-Columbian Ecuador]] |
||
* [[Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia]] |
* [[Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia]] |
||
* [[Classification of |
* [[Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] |
||
* [[Marajoara culture]] |
|||
* [[Quilmes people]] |
|||
* [[Ancestral Puebloans]] |
|||
== References == |
== References == |
||
<references /> |
<references /> |
||
==Sources== |
|||
* {{cite book | last=Pieroni | first=Agustín | title=El virreino y los virreyes | publication-place=Buenos Aires | date=2015 | isbn=978-987-02-8164-1 | oclc=936228861 | language=es | trans-title = The Viceroyalty and the Viceroys}} |
|||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
{{Commons category|Pre-Columbian cultures}} |
{{Commons category|Pre-Columbian cultures}} |
||
* [http://www.americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/peoplescultures.aspx National Museum of the American Indian], collections search |
* [http://www.americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/peoplescultures.aspx National Museum of the American Indian], collections search |
||
* [http://www.fourdir.com/pre-columbian_cultures.htm Pre-Columbian cultures in present-day United States], Four Directions Institute |
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040227020344/http://www.fourdir.com/pre-columbian_cultures.htm Pre-Columbian cultures in present-day United States]}}, Four Directions Institute |
||
{{Indigenous peoples of the Americas}} |
{{Indigenous peoples of the Americas}} |
||
Line 177: | Line 191: | ||
[[Category:Americas-related lists]] |
[[Category:Americas-related lists]] |
||
[[Category:Archaeology-related lists]] |
[[Category:Archaeology-related lists]] |
||
[[Category:Archaeology |
[[Category:Archaeology in the Americas|*]] |
||
[[Category:History-related lists]] |
[[Category:History-related lists]] |
||
[[Category:History of indigenous peoples of North America|*]] |
[[Category:History of indigenous peoples of North America|*]] |
||
Line 183: | Line 197: | ||
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] |
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] |
||
[[Category:Cultural history-related lists]] |
[[Category:Cultural history-related lists]] |
||
[[Category:Native American-related lists]] |
|||
[[it:Civiltà precolombiane]] |
[[it:Civiltà precolombiane]] |
Latest revision as of 02:07, 6 July 2024
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mexico_SunMoonPyramid.jpg/280px-Mexico_SunMoonPyramid.jpg)
This is a list of pre-Columbian cultures.
Cultural characteristics
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg/220px-Watson_Brake_Aerial_Illustration_HRoe_2014.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tikal-Plaza-And-North-Acropolis.jpg/220px-Tikal-Plaza-And-North-Acropolis.jpg)
Many pre-Columbian civilizations established permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies. In North America, indigenous cultures in the Lower Mississippi Valley during the Middle Archaic period built complexes of multiple mounds, with several in Louisiana dated to 5600–5000 BP (3700 BC–3100 BC). Watson Brake is considered the oldest, multiple mound complex in the Americas, as it has been dated to 3500 BC. It and other Middle Archaic sites were built by pre-ceramic, hunter-gatherer societies. They preceded the better known Poverty Point culture and its elaborate complex by nearly 2,000 years.[1] The Mississippi Valley mound-building tradition extended into the Late Archaic period, longer than what later southeastern mound building dependent on sedentary, agricultural societies.(Russo, 1996:285)[1]
Some of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th – early 16th centuries), and are known only through archaeological investigations or oral history from nations today. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Olmec, Maya, Mixtec, and Nahua had their own written records. However, most Europeans of the time viewed such texts as heretical and burned most of them. Only a few documents were hidden and thus remain today, leaving modern historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.
From both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter possessed many impressive attributes, having populous cities, and having developed theories of astronomy and mathematics.
Where they persist, the societies and cultures which gave rise to these civilizations continue to adapt and evolve; they also uphold various traditions and practices which relate back to these earlier times, even if combined with those more recently adopted.
Human sacrifice was a religious practice principally characteristic of pre-Columbian Aztec civilization, although other Mesoamerican civilizations like the Maya and the Zapotec practiced it as well. The extent of the practice is debated by modern scholars.
Northern America
[edit]- Paleo-Indians, c. 18,000–8000 BC
- Archaic Period, 8000–1000 BC
- Paleo-Arctic tradition, 8000–5000 BC, Alaska and Yukon
- Watson Brake and Lower Mississippi Valley mounds sites, 3500 BC–2800 BC, Louisiana, Mississippi and Florida
- Poverty Point culture, 2200 BC–700 BC, Lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf coast
- Post-archaic period, 1000 BC–onward
- Southwest:
- Ancestral Pueblo culture, 1200 BC–1300 AD, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico—one of these cultural groups referred to as Anasazi
- Fremont culture, 1 AD–1300 AD, Utah and parts of Nevada, Idaho and Colorado
- Hohokam, 1 AD–1450 AD, Arizona
- Eastern Woodlands
- Woodland period, 1000 BC–1000 AD
- Adena, 1000–200 BC, Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, and parts of Pennsylvania and New York.
- Hopewell culture, 200 BC–500 AD, Southeastern Canada and eastern United States
- Troyville culture, 400–700 AD, Louisiana and Mississippi
- Coles Creek culture, 700–1200 AD, Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi
- Plum Bayou culture, 700–1200 AD, Arkansas
- Mississippian culture, 800 AD–1730 AD, Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States
- Caborn-Welborn culture, 1400–1700 AD, Indiana and Kentucky.
- Caddoan Mississippian culture, 1000 AD–1650 AD, Eastern Oklahoma, Western Arkansas, Northeast Texas, and Northwest Louisiana.
- Fort Walton Culture, 1100–1550 AD, Florida.
- Leon-Jefferson Culture, 1100–1550 AD, Florida.
- Plaquemine culture, 1200–1730 AD, Louisiana and Mississippi.
- Upper Mississippian culture,
- Fort Ancient, 1000 AD–1650 AD, Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia
- Oneota, 900–1650 AD, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota and Missouri.
- Woodland period, 1000 BC–1000 AD
- Southwest:
Caribbean
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Vorkolumbische_Kulturen.png/220px-Vorkolumbische_Kulturen.png)
- Ortoiroid people, c. 5500—200 BC[2]
- Krum Bay culture, Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, 1500—200 BC[2]
- Coroso culture, Puerto Rico, 1000 BC–200 AD[2]
- Ciboney people, Greater Antilles, c. 1000—301 BC[3]
- Guanahatabey, Cuba, 1000 BC
- Saladoid culture, 500 BC—545 AD[2]
- Ostionoid culture, 600—1500 AD[2]
- Arawak people, c. 500–1500 AD[2]
Mesoamerica
[edit]In alphabetical order:
- Aztec, 1325–1521 AD, central Mexico
- Formative Period, 2500 BC–200 AD, La Blanca, Ujuxte, Monte Alto Culture, Mokaya Culture
- Huastec, 1000 BC–1500 AD, Hidalgo, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas
- Maya, 2600 BC–1697 AD, Mexican Southern states: Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche and Yucatán Peninsula; Central America: Belize; Guatemala; El Salvador; Honduras
- Mixe, 400–present
- Mixtec, unknown–1600 AD, western Oaxaca
- Nicarao people, 700-1622 AD, Nicaragua
- Nicoya Kingdom, 500 BC-1600 AD, Costa Rica
- Olmec, 1500–400 BC, Veracruz and Tabasco
- Purépecha Empire or Tarascan state, 1300–1530 AD, Michoacán
- Teotihuacán, 200 BC–800 AD, near Mexico City
- Teuchitlan tradition, 300 BC – 500 AD, north-central Jalisco
- Toltec, 900–1100 AD – may be mythical
- Totonac, unknown–1500 AD, eastern Mexico
- Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition, 1500–300 BC, Michoacan, Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit
- Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition, 300 BC–400 AD, Jalisco, Nayarit, and, to a lesser extent, Colima
- Zapotec, 500 BC–1500 AD, Oaxaca
Isthmo-Colombian area
[edit]- Cueva people, ?–1530 AD, Panama
- Diquis culture, 700–1530 AD, Costa Rica
- Gran Coclé, 1200 BC-1500 AD, Panama
- Huetar people, ?-1600 AD, Costa Rica
- Miskito people, -1700 AD, Nicaragua
- Mayangna people, 1700 AD, Nicaragua
- Cacaopera people, 1700 AD, Nicaragua
South America
[edit]Period | Dates | Cultures |
---|---|---|
Ceramic | ||
Late Horizon | 1476 AD – 1534 AD | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, and Colombia: Inca Empire; Brazil: Cambeba; Colombia: Muisca Confederation Argentina: Diaguita |
Late Intermediate | 1000 AD – 1476 AD | Bolivia: Aymara kingdoms; Colombia: Muisca, Nariño, Tairona; Ecuador: Los Huancavilca, Kingdom of Quito, Manteño, Nariño; Peru: Chimú, Chincha, Cajamarca, Chiribaya, Piura, Chancay, Chachapoyas, Chiribaya, Chucuito, Huaman Huilca, Ilo, Lupaca, Qotu Qotu, Pacacocha, Palli Marca, Piura, Sican, Tajaraca, Huaylas, Conchucos, Huamachuco, Rucanas, Chanka, Ayabaca, Bracamoros, Huancabambas, Tallan culture, Huarco, Ichma, Parinacota, Cuntis, Chinchaycochas, Huarochiri, Kheswas, Tarmas, Paltas, Camanas; Argentina: Diaguita |
Middle Horizon | 600 AD – 1000 AD | Bolivia: Tiwanaku; Brazil: Marajoara culture; Colombia: Cauca culture, Herrera, Nariño, Quimbaya, Tairona; Ecuador: Cañari culture, Nariño; Peru: Chimu, Huari, Piura; Argentina: Diaguita |
Early Intermediate | 200 AD–600 AD | Bolivia: Tiwanaku; Colombia: Herrera, Quimbaya, San Agustín, Tairona, Tierradentro, Tolima; Ecuador (the Upano Valley[6]): La Bahía, Cara, Quitu; Peru: Moche, Nazca, Lima, Pechiche, Piura |
Early Horizon | 900 BC–200 AD | Colombia: Calima culture (200 BC–400 AD), Herrera; Ecuador: Chorrera, La Tolita; Peru: Chavín, Cupisnique, Late Chiripa, Paracas, Pechiche, Sechura, Xakse |
Initial Period | 1800/1500 BC – 900 BC | Ecuador: Cotocollao; Machalilla; Peru: Early Chiripa, Kotosh, Chavín Toríl (The Cumbe Mayo aqueduct was built c. 1000 BC), Argentina: Tehuelches (?-1820) |
Preceramic | ||
Period VI | 2500 BC – 1500/1800 BC | Ecuador: Valdivia; Peru: Casma/Sechin culture, Norte Chico (Caral), Buena Vista, Casavilca, Culebras, Ventarrón, Viscachani, Huaca Prieta; Peru, Chile: Chinchorro |
Period V | 4200 BC – 2500 BC | Ecuador: Valdivia; Peru: Casma/Sechin culture, Norte Chico (Caral), Honda, Lauricocha III, Viscachani; Peru, Chile: Chinchorro |
Period IV | 6000 BC – 4200 BC | Peru: Ambo, Canario, Siches, Lauricocha II, Luz, Toquepala II; Peru, Chile: Chinchorro |
Period III | 8000 BC – 6000 BC | Ecuador: Las Vegas, 8000–4600 BC; Peru: Arenal, Chivateros II, Lauricocha I, Playa Chira, Puyenca, Toquepala I; Peru, Chile: Chinchorro |
Period II | 9500 BC – 8000 BC | Ecuador: El Inga; Peru: Chivateros I, Lauricocha I |
Period I | ? BC – 9500 BC | Colombia: El Abra, (12,500–10,000 BC); Peru: Oquendo, Red Zone (central coast); Argentina & Chile: Patagonia |
See also
[edit]- Mississippi culture
- Indigenous peoples of the Americas – for coverage on present-day indigenous peoples
- Lithic stage in Canada
- Cultural periods of Peru
- Pre-Columbian Brazil
- Pre-Columbian Ecuador
- Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia
- Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Marajoara culture
- Quilmes people
- Ancestral Puebloans
References
[edit]- ^ a b Robert W. Preucel, Stephen A. Mrozowski, Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, p. 177
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area." Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine Southeast Archaeological Center. (retrieved 9 July 2011)
- ^ "Aboriginal Roots of Cuban Culture." (retrieved 9 July 2011)
- ^ John Albert Bullbrook, The aboriginal remains of Trinidad and the West Indies, A. L. Rhodes, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1941
- ^ John Albert Bullbrook, The Ierian Race, Historical Society of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1940
- ^ "Laser mapping reveals oldest Amazonian cities, built 2500 years ago".
Sources
[edit]- Pieroni, Agustín (2015). El virreino y los virreyes [The Viceroyalty and the Viceroys] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. ISBN 978-987-02-8164-1. OCLC 936228861.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- National Museum of the American Indian, collections search
- Pre-Columbian cultures in present-day United States[usurped], Four Directions Institute