Liu Zhijun: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Chinese politician}} |
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{{about|the Chinese politician|the ancient general|Liu Zhijun (Later Liang)}} |
{{about|the Chinese politician|the ancient general|Liu Zhijun (Later Liang)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} |
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{{expand Chinese|date=March 2023|topic=bio}} |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
{{Infobox officeholder |
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|native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|刘志军}}}} |
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|image = Liu Zhijun.jpg |
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|honorific-suffix = |
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|office = [[Ministry of Railways (China)|Minister of Railways]] |
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|office = Minister of [[Ministry of Railways (China)|Railways of the People's Republic of China]] |
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|monarch = |
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|premier = [[Wen Jiabao]] |
|premier = [[Wen Jiabao]] |
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|term_start = 2003 |
|term_start = 17 March 2003 |
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|term_end = 2011 |
|term_end = 25 February 2011 |
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|predecessor = [[Fu Zhihuan]] |
|predecessor = [[Fu Zhihuan]] |
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|successor = [[Sheng Guangzu]] |
|successor = [[Sheng Guangzu]] |
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|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|1|29}} |
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|predecessor2 = |
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|successor2 = |
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|predecessor3 = |
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|successor3 = |
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|birth_date = |
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|birth_place = [[Ezhou]], [[Hubei]] |
|birth_place = [[Ezhou]], [[Hubei]] |
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|death_date = |
|death_date = |
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|party = |
|party = |
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|spouse = |
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|residence = [[Beijing]] <small>(private)</small> |
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|alma_mater = |
|alma_mater = |
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|profession = [[Railway systems engineering]] |
|profession = [[Railway systems engineering]] |
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|signature = |
|signature = Liu Zhijun signature.png |
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'''Liu Zhijun''' ({{zh|s=刘志军|t=劉志軍|p=Liú Zhìjūn}}; born January 1953) is a Chinese |
'''Liu Zhijun''' ({{zh |s = 刘志军 |t = 劉志軍 |p = Liú Zhìjūn}}; born 29 January 1953) is a former Chinese politician who served as [[Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China|Minister of Railway]]. Liu was a peasant's son who left school in his teens to take a job as a low-level bureaucrat in the Railway Ministry. He rose rapidly within the Ministry, eventually heading several regional railway departments and serving as vice-minister before being promoted to the head of the Railway Ministry in 2003. |
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As Railway Minister, Liu oversaw numerous expansions of China's railway system, most notably the rapid development of China's [[high-speed rail in China|high-speed railway]]. He was a figure of national praise until February 2011, when he was arrested and expelled from the Party over allegations of corruption. After the [[Wenzhou train collision]] in July 2011, in which forty people died and one hundred and ninety-two people were injured, a government report singled out his leadership as one of the main contributors to the crash and he was publicly criticized. |
As Railway Minister, Liu oversaw numerous expansions of China's railway system, most notably the rapid development of China's [[high-speed rail in China|high-speed railway]]. He was a figure of national praise until February 2011, when he was arrested and expelled from the Party over allegations of corruption. After the [[Wenzhou train collision]] in July 2011, in which forty people died and one hundred and ninety-two people were injured, a government report singled out his leadership as one of the main contributors to the crash and he was publicly criticized. |
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In April 2013, |
In April 2013, Liu was arrested on [[corruption]] charges for taking over 64 million yuan in [[bribe]]s and abusing his power as Minister of Railways.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-22089011|title=Former Chinese minister is charged|date=10 April 2013|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/political/la-me-pc-china-jerry-brown-rail-20130410,0,6611033.story|title=Chinese bullet train leader charged with corruption|first=Chris|last=Megerian|date=10 April 2013|via=LA Times}}</ref><ref name="mmo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-04-10/china-charges-former-rail-chief-with-corruption-abuse-of-power |title=China Charges Former Railway Chief in Corruption Crackdown - Businessweek |access-date=12 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415202150/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-04-10/china-charges-former-rail-chief-with-corruption-abuse-of-power |archive-date=15 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Official and family 'were paid |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-04/02/content_19978256_2.htm |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> He was convicted and received a [[death sentence with reprieve]] in July 2013.<ref>"Korrupter Chinese: Todesstrafe auf Bewährung". ''Manager Magazin Online'', 8 July 2013. [http://www.manager-magazin.de/politik/artikel/a-909947.html]</ref><ref name="investvine">{{cite web |url = http://investvine.com/chinese-minister-gets-death-sentence-for-corruption/ |title = Chinese ex-minister gets death sentence for corruption |first=Arno |last=Maierbrugger |work=Inside Investor|date=9 July 2013|accessdate=11 July 2013}}</ref> On 14 December 2015, Liu Zhijun's sentence was statutorily commuted to life imprisonment. The prison authorities said that he was expressing repentance and had committed no intentional offences during the reprieve period.<ref name="China Radio International">{{cite web |url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2015/12/14/4061s908290.htm |
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|archive-url=https://archive.today/20151214120306/http://english.cri.cn/12394/2015/12/14/4061s908290.htm |
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|url-status=dead |
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|archive-date=14 December 2015 |
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|title=Death Sentence Reduced to Life in Prison for Wife of Bo Xilai |date=14 December 2015 |publisher=China Radio International}}</ref> |
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==Career== |
==Career== |
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===Early career=== |
===Early career=== |
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Liu was born in [[ |
Liu was born in [[Huarong District|Huarong]], [[Hubei]]. His father was a farmer, and he grew up in the villages around [[Hunan]]. When he was a teenager,<ref name="Osnos">Osnos</ref> in 1972, he left school and took a job as a low-level bureaucrat in the national [[Ministry of Railways (China)|ministry of railways]]. He joined the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) the next year, in August 1973.<ref name="gov">Gov.cn</ref> While working at the rail ministry he became a trusted letter-writer for some of his more poorly-educated superiors within the ministry, and in 1974, when he was twenty-one, he married into a politically well-connected family.<ref name="Osnos" /> |
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Liu graduated from the [[Central Party School of the Communist Party of China|Party School of the CCP]] (a university established specifically to educate Party leaders) in July 1988, majoring in [[Marxist Philosophy]]. Liu continued his education, later earning a |
Liu graduated from the [[Central Party School of the Communist Party of China|Party School of the CCP]] (a university established specifically to educate Party leaders) in July 1988, majoring in [[Marxist Philosophy]]. Liu continued his education, later earning a master's degree in Engineering from the Party School.<ref name="gov" /> Liu ascended through the ranks of the rail ministry swiftly, and before running the entire ministry served two separate, subsequent terms as the director of two regional railway bureaus, in [[Liaoning]] and in [[Henan]].<ref name="Wong">Wong</ref> He became a member of the [[CCP Central Committee]] during its [[16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|sixteenth congress]], in 2002.<ref name="gov" /> |
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===Minister of Railways=== |
===Minister of Railways=== |
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[[File:Beijing-Tianjin High Speed Train.jpg|thumb|Liu with Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] and Rep. [[Ed Markey]], of the US House of Representatives in May 2009. Behind them is a [[Hexie Hao]] train on the [[Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Railway]].]] |
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Liu was promoted to vice-minister, and later succeeded then-Minister [[Fu Zhihuan]] as Minister of Railways in March 2003 at the annual meeting of the [[National People's Congress]].<ref name="Mu">Mu "Major Events in China's Railway System During Liu's Tenure"</ref> At the time that Liu was made Minister of Railways, the Ministry of Railways was the second most powerful ministry in China (second to the military). It had its own police, judges, and courts, and had a budget of billions of dollars. After being named minister, Liu announced plans to dramatically expand China's then-underdeveloped railway system by building |
Liu was promoted to vice-minister, and later succeeded then-Minister [[Fu Zhihuan]] as Minister of Railways in March 2003 at the annual meeting of the [[National People's Congress]].<ref name="Mu">Mu "Major Events in China's Railway System During Liu's Tenure"</ref> At the time that Liu was made Minister of Railways, the Ministry of Railways was the second most powerful ministry in China (second to the military). It had its own police, judges, and courts, and had a budget of billions of dollars. After being named minister, Liu announced plans to dramatically expand China's then-underdeveloped railway system by building 7,500 miles of new [[high-speed rail in China|high-speed railway]] tracks, more than could be found in the rest of the world combined. The central government supported Liu's plans, and allocated Liu a budget of over two hundred and fifty billion dollars (over several years). This made Liu's plan the world's most well-funded public infrastructure project since the American president [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Ike Eisenhower]] constructed the American [[Interstate Highway System]] in the 1950s. In order to complete China's first high-speed rail line before the end of 2008, Liu led the Railway Ministry's employees to work around the clock. His habit of telling people that "To achieve a great leap, an entire generation must be sacrificed" earned him the nickname "Great Leap Liu". (Some of his detractors also called him "Lunatic Liu" for the pace of his work).<ref name="Osnos" /> While developing China's high-speed rail system, Liu also oversaw comprehensive upgrades of China's standard rail system, and he oversaw the opening of the [[Qinghai-Tibet Railway]], the world's highest railway by elevation,<ref name="Mu" /> but he regarded the development of China's high-speed rail system as his favourite project.<ref name="Wong" /> |
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When China's first high-speed rail system completed its first test-run in June 2008 it was 75 |
When China's first high-speed rail system completed its first test-run in June 2008 it was 75 per cent over budget, but was hailed in the Chinese media as an achievement worthy of national pride.<ref name="Osnos" /> Liu described his achievement as having created a network with a comprehensive system involving indigenous Chinese intellectual property. He stated that China had created a high-speed railway system that had the "greatest comprehensive technology, best integrative ability, highest operational distance, fastest operational speed, and largest scale of construction" in the world.<ref name="Mu" /> (In reality the rail system was largely based on German and Japanese designs). Shortly after Liu's completion of China's first high-speed rail line, in the autumn of 2008, the Chinese government more than doubled Liu's ministry's budget (as part of an effort to combat [[2008–2012 global recession|global recession]]), and gave him the responsibility laying ten thousand miles of high-speed rail track by 2020: five times the size of America's first transcontinental route. By 2010 Liu's budget was over one hundred billion dollars (US). In 2011, the American president, [[Barack Obama]], cited Liu's high-speed rail system as evidence that American infrastructure was no longer the best in the world.<ref name="Osnos" /> |
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In 2009 Liu gave a public lecture in which he voiced his opinion that, in order to avoid rising costs due to China's high rate of inflation, his ministry must "seize the opportunity, build more railways, and build them fast." Before 2011 the Railway Ministry acted as its own regulator and was virtually unsupervised by the central government. Liu personally attempted to intimidate academics critical of the pace of the high-speed railway's construction, and ignored Japanese warnings that his trains were being operated at speeds 25% greater than what was considered safe in Japan.<ref name="Osnos" /> |
In 2009 Liu gave a public lecture in which he voiced his opinion that, in order to avoid rising costs due to China's high rate of inflation, his ministry must "seize the opportunity, build more railways, and build them fast." Before 2011 the Railway Ministry acted as its own regulator and was virtually unsupervised by the central government. Liu personally attempted to intimidate academics critical of the pace of the high-speed railway's construction, and ignored Japanese warnings that his trains were being operated at speeds 25% greater than what was considered safe in Japan.<ref name="Osnos" /> |
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==Criticism, investigation, and fall== |
==Criticism, investigation, and fall== |
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During his tenure, Liu's ministry was criticized for its illegitimate business interests and relationships with large companies, its inability to improve conditions for migrant workers during the [[Chunyun|Chinese New Year travel season]], its slow response to [[2008 Chinese winter storms|widespread winter storms]] in 2008, and |
During his tenure, Liu's ministry was criticized for its illegitimate business interests and relationships with large companies, its inability to improve conditions for migrant workers during the [[Chunyun|Chinese New Year travel season]], its slow response to [[2008 Chinese winter storms|widespread winter storms]] in 2008, and its failures to prevent the [[2008 Shandong train collision|2008 train collision in Shandong]] and a [[2009 Hunan train collision|smaller collision in Hunan a year later]]. In addition, Liu was personally subject to online criticism for his repeated marriages.<ref>Mu "Chinese Minister of Railways Liu Zhijun Suspected of Serious Violations of Party Discipline and investigated" p.1</ref> Illegal subcontracting was a common practice throughout Liu's tenure as head of the rail ministry, so that much of the staff who built the railway were poorly educated, trained, and supplied.<ref name="Osnos" /> |
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Liu was criticized within China for arranging a high-level position within the ministry for his brother, Liu Zhixiang. In January 2005 Liu Zhixiang was arrested for embezzlement, bribe-taking, and arranging the killing of a contractor intent on exposing him. Before being arrested, Liu Zhixiang was able to amass a fortune equivalent to |
Liu was criticized within China for arranging a high-level position within the ministry for his brother, Liu Zhixiang. In January 2005 Liu Zhixiang was arrested for embezzlement, bribe-taking, and arranging the killing of a contractor intent on exposing him. Before being arrested, Liu Zhixiang was able to amass a fortune equivalent to US$50 million in cash, real estate comprising 374 properties,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/06/the-trial-of-the-most-hated-man-in-china-former-railways-minister-liu-zhijun/276793/|title = The Trial of the Most Hated Man in China: Former Railways Minister Liu Zhijun| website=[[The Atlantic]] |date = 12 June 2013}}</ref> jewelry, and art. He was sentenced to death, but this sentence was suspended and reduced to sixteen years in jail, after which he was transferred to a hospital to serve his sentence there. While serving his sentence in hospital he reportedly continued to conduct rail business by phone.<ref name="Osnos" /> |
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In February 2011 Liu Zhijun was placed under investigation for alleged "severe violations of discipline" by the Chinese [[Central Commission for Discipline Inspection]] (CCDI). According to the CCDI and the Chinese [[Ministry of Supervision of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Supervision]], the reason for the investigation was that Liu was suspected of abusing his position to receive very large bribes.<ref>Lu</ref> Investigators began to act after concluding that Liu was planning to use his illegal fortune in order to bribe his way into the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Communist Party Central Committee]], and eventually into the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China|Politburo]].<ref name="Osnos" /> Shortly following the announcement of the investigation, Liu was dismissed from his position as party chief of the ministry on 12 February.<ref name="Wong" /> |
In February 2011 Liu Zhijun was placed under investigation for alleged "severe violations of discipline" by the Chinese [[Central Commission for Discipline Inspection]] (CCDI). According to the CCDI and the Chinese [[Ministry of Supervision of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Supervision]], the reason for the investigation was that Liu was suspected of abusing his position to receive very large bribes.<ref>Lu</ref> Investigators began to act after concluding that Liu was planning to use his illegal fortune in order to bribe his way into the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Communist Party Central Committee]], and eventually into the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China|Politburo]].<ref name="Osnos" /> Shortly following the announcement of the investigation, Liu was dismissed from his position as party chief of the ministry on 12 February.<ref name="Wong" />{{efn|Note that while Liu was removed from his ''party'' post as chief of the ministry, Liu nominally retained the ''government'' position of Minister of Railways, until his removal was confirmed later in 2011 by the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]]. This was merely a procedural confirmation that served as a formality.}} The allegations of corruption against him led to his dismissal as Minister on 25 February 2011.<ref>Wee</ref> |
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His dismissal was linked to an earlier corruption case involving [[Shanxi]] business magnate Ding Yuxin (former name Ding Shumiao) of Boyou Investment Management Group Ltd., a company whose portfolio benefited greatly from China's rapid high-speed rail construction.<ref>Cao</ref> Just prior to his dismissal Liu had traveled over 7,000 miles across China, from 30 January to 8 February, inspecting China's railways in order to ensure smooth operations during the subsequent [[Chunyun|Chinese New Year travel season]]. His downfall came suddenly and unexpectedly.<ref>Mu "Liu Zhijun Inspected Work During Chinese New Year for Ten Days Straight"</ref> At the time of his dismissal, the international media considered Liu the highest-level Party official to be prosecuted for corruption since [[Chen Liangyu]] lost his post as Party Chief of [[Shanghai]] in 2006.<ref name="Wong" /> |
His dismissal was linked to an earlier corruption case involving [[Shanxi]] business magnate Ding Yuxin (former name Ding Shumiao) of Boyou Investment Management Group Ltd., a company whose portfolio benefited greatly from China's rapid high-speed rail construction.<ref>Cao</ref> Just prior to his dismissal Liu had traveled over 7,000 miles across China, from 30 January to 8 February, inspecting China's railways in order to ensure smooth operations during the subsequent [[Chunyun|Chinese New Year travel season]]. His downfall came suddenly and unexpectedly.<ref>Mu "Liu Zhijun Inspected Work During Chinese New Year for Ten Days Straight"</ref> At the time of his dismissal, the international media considered Liu the highest-level Party official to be prosecuted for corruption since [[Chen Liangyu]] lost his post as Party Chief of [[Shanghai]] in 2006.<ref name="Wong" /> |
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Liu was expelled from the Chinese Communist Party in May 2011 for "severe violations of discipline" and "primary leadership responsibilities for the serious corruption problem within the railway system". The Chinese state press alleged that Liu took an illegal 4% commission |
Liu was expelled from the Chinese Communist Party in May 2011 for "severe violations of discipline" and "primary leadership responsibilities for the serious corruption problem within the railway system". The Chinese state press alleged that Liu took an illegal 4% commission on railway deals, and that he had accumulated over two hundred and fifty million dollars in bribes. The CCP later accused him of "sexual misconduct", a revelation which surprised many who had followed Liu's career. The [[Hong Kong]]-based newspaper ''[[Ming Pao]]'' repeated this report, alleging that Liu kept eighteen mistresses.<ref name="Osnos" /> |
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In July 2011, while Liu was still under investigation, the [[Wenzhou train collision]], in which a faulty signal box led to the deaths of forty people and injured one hundred and ninety-two, exposed |
In July 2011, while Liu was still under investigation, the [[Wenzhou train collision]], in which a faulty signal box led to the deaths of forty people and injured one hundred and ninety-two, exposed him to further accusations of systematic corruption and incompetence within his Rail Ministry. The Railway Ministry unsuccessfully attempted to cover up the details of the crash, but lingering public criticism led Prime Minister [[Wen Jiabao]] to visit the crash site shortly after the incident, where he promised a full, public government investigation and justice for those found responsible. The government released its findings in December 2011, in which it acknowledged and blamed the disaster on "serious design flaws", "a neglect of safety management", and flaws in the bidding and testing processes used to acquire materials. The report publicly blamed fifty-four private and government figures for the disaster, the most prominent of which was Liu Zhijun.<ref name="Osnos" /> |
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Following the December report, Liu's name became a byword for "a broken system". He was put on trial in 2013 and received a [[death sentence with reprieve]] in July 2013.<ref name="mmo"/> After his fall in 2011, Chinese government censors removed and/or blocked within China the many glowing reviews of his government service which had accumulated over his career, so that now only the details of his arrest remain available within China.<ref name="Osnos" /> |
Following the December report, Liu's name became a byword for "a broken system". He was put on trial in 2013 and received a [[death sentence with reprieve]] in July 2013.<ref name="mmo"/> After his fall in 2011, Chinese government censors removed and/or blocked within China the many glowing reviews of his government service which had accumulated over his career, so that now only the details of his arrest remain available within China.<ref name="Osnos" /> |
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On 14 December 2015, Liu Zhijun's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. The prison authorities said that he was expressing repentance and had committed no intentional offences during the reprieve period.<ref name="China Radio International"/> |
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In 2013, Chinese media reported the rumour that Liu Zhijun had sexual relationships with many actresses including [[Jiang Mengjie]], Bai Bing, Yao Di, [[Yang Mi]], but the actresses have denied the allegation. Some have threatened to sue for libel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zsnews.cn/Entertainment/2013/02/08/2361156.shtml |script-title=zh:新红楼12钗遭刘志军潜规则 |accessdate=2013 |publisher=Zhongshan |work= |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://qd.sohu.com/20130205/n365589783.shtml |script-title=zh:新红楼梦多位女演员被曝与贪官刘志军有染 |accessdate=2013 |publisher=Sohu |work= |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sxdaily.com.cn/n/2013/0411/c142-5109926-1.html |script-title=zh:刘志军被指潜规则“新红楼”剧组全部女演员 |accessdate=2013 |publisher=Shaanxidaily |work= |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hbtv.com.cn/2013/0924/537647.shtml |script-title=zh:丁书苗案曝刘志军潜规则新红楼梦女演员 盘点杨幂李沁蒋梦婕等“中枪”女演员 |accessdate=2013 |publisher=HBTV |work= |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ent.163.com/13/0909/11/98AVG0CQ00031H2L.html |script-title=zh:传杨幂曾遭原铁道部长刘志军潜规则 回应:诽谤 |accessdate=2013 |publisher=Wangyi |work= |language=zh}}</ref> |
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== Notes == |
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{{ |
{{Notelist}} |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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=== Sources === |
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* Gov.cn. [http://www.gov.cn/english//2005-09/20/content_65226.htm "Liu Zhijun"]. ''Gov.cn: Chinese Government's Official Web Portal''. 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012. |
* Gov.cn. [http://www.gov.cn/english//2005-09/20/content_65226.htm "Liu Zhijun"]. ''Gov.cn: Chinese Government's Official Web Portal''. 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012. |
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* Lu Hui. [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-02/12/c_13729242.htm "China's Railway Minister Under Investigation Over 'Disciplinary Violation'"]. ''Xinhua News''. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2012. |
* Lu Hui. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110216021238/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-02/12/c_13729242.htm "China's Railway Minister Under Investigation Over 'Disciplinary Violation'"]. ''Xinhua News''. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2012. |
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* Mu Yao |
* {{cite web |author=Mu Yao |url=http://china.dwnews.com/news/2011-02-12/57384072-2.html |script-title=zh:中国铁道部长刘志军涉嫌严重违纪接受调查 |trans-title=Chinese Minister of Railways Liu Zhijun Suspected of Serious Violations of Party Discipline and investigated |publisher=Duowei News |date=12 February 2011 |accessdate=26 October 2012}} |
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* Mu Yao |
* {{cite web |author=Mu Yao |url=http://china.dwnews.com/news/2011-02-12/57384150.html |script-title=zh:刘志军连续10天视察春运 |trans-title=Liu Zhijun Inspected Work During Chinese New Year for Ten Days Straight |publisher=Duowei News |date=12 February 2011 |accessdate=26 October 2012}} |
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* Mu Yao |
* {{cite web |author=Mu Yao |url=http://china.dwnews.com/news/2011-02-12/57384174.html |script-title=zh:刘志军任内铁路大事记 |trans-title=Major Events in China's Railway System During Liu's Tenure |publisher=Duowei News |date=12 February 2011 |accessdate=25 October 2012}} |
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* [[Evan Osnos|Osnos, Evan]]. [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/10/22/121022fa_fact_osnos?currentPage=all&src=longreads&mobify=0 "Boss Rail: The Disaster That Exposed the Underside of the Boom"]. ''The New Yorker''. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012. |
* [[Evan Osnos|Osnos, Evan]]. [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/10/22/121022fa_fact_osnos?currentPage=all&src=longreads&mobify=0 "Boss Rail: The Disaster That Exposed the Underside of the Boom"]. ''The New Yorker''. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012. |
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* Wee, Sui-Lee, Huang Yan, and Miral Fahmy. [http://www.latimes.com/sns-rt-china-railwaysministoe71o053-20110225,0,1184171.story "China Railways Minister Dismissed -Xinhua"]. ''The Los Angeles Times''. 25 February 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011. [Broken link]. |
* Wee, Sui-Lee, Huang Yan, and Miral Fahmy. [http://www.latimes.com/sns-rt-china-railwaysministoe71o053-20110225,0,1184171.story "China Railways Minister Dismissed -Xinhua"]{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. ''The Los Angeles Times''. 25 February 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011. [Broken link]. |
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* Wong, Edward. [ |
* Wong, Edward. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/world/asia/13china.html?_r=0 "China’s Railway Minister Loses Post in Corruption Inquiry"]. ''The New York Times''. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2012. |
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{{succession box |
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|before = [[Fu Zhihuan]] |
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|after = [[Sheng Guangzu]] }} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chinese politiican |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = 1953 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Ezhou]], [[Hubei]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH = |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Liu, Zhijun}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liu, Zhijun}} |
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[[Category:1953 births]] |
[[Category:1953 births]] |
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[[Category:Chinese people in rail transport]] |
[[Category:Chinese people in rail transport]] |
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[[Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Hubei]] |
[[Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Hubei]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Politicians from Ezhou]] |
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[[Category:Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party]] |
[[Category:Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party]] |
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[[Category:Chinese politicians convicted of corruption]] |
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[[Category:Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hubei]] |
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[[Category:Inmates of Qincheng Prison]] |
Latest revision as of 12:31, 7 July 2024
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Liu Zhijun | |
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刘志军 | |
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Minister of Railways | |
In office 17 March 2003 – 25 February 2011 | |
Premier | Wen Jiabao |
Preceded by | Fu Zhihuan |
Succeeded by | Sheng Guangzu |
Personal details | |
Born | Ezhou, Hubei | 29 January 1953
Profession | Railway systems engineering |
Signature | ![]() |
Liu Zhijun (simplified Chinese: 刘志军; traditional Chinese: 劉志軍; pinyin: Liú Zhìjūn; born 29 January 1953) is a former Chinese politician who served as Minister of Railway. Liu was a peasant's son who left school in his teens to take a job as a low-level bureaucrat in the Railway Ministry. He rose rapidly within the Ministry, eventually heading several regional railway departments and serving as vice-minister before being promoted to the head of the Railway Ministry in 2003.
As Railway Minister, Liu oversaw numerous expansions of China's railway system, most notably the rapid development of China's high-speed railway. He was a figure of national praise until February 2011, when he was arrested and expelled from the Party over allegations of corruption. After the Wenzhou train collision in July 2011, in which forty people died and one hundred and ninety-two people were injured, a government report singled out his leadership as one of the main contributors to the crash and he was publicly criticized.
In April 2013, Liu was arrested on corruption charges for taking over 64 million yuan in bribes and abusing his power as Minister of Railways.[1][2][3][4] He was convicted and received a death sentence with reprieve in July 2013.[5][6] On 14 December 2015, Liu Zhijun's sentence was statutorily commuted to life imprisonment. The prison authorities said that he was expressing repentance and had committed no intentional offences during the reprieve period.[7]
Career
[edit]Early career
[edit]Liu was born in Huarong, Hubei. His father was a farmer, and he grew up in the villages around Hunan. When he was a teenager,[8] in 1972, he left school and took a job as a low-level bureaucrat in the national ministry of railways. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) the next year, in August 1973.[9] While working at the rail ministry he became a trusted letter-writer for some of his more poorly-educated superiors within the ministry, and in 1974, when he was twenty-one, he married into a politically well-connected family.[8]
Liu graduated from the Party School of the CCP (a university established specifically to educate Party leaders) in July 1988, majoring in Marxist Philosophy. Liu continued his education, later earning a master's degree in Engineering from the Party School.[9] Liu ascended through the ranks of the rail ministry swiftly, and before running the entire ministry served two separate, subsequent terms as the director of two regional railway bureaus, in Liaoning and in Henan.[10] He became a member of the CCP Central Committee during its sixteenth congress, in 2002.[9]
Minister of Railways
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Beijing-Tianjin_High_Speed_Train.jpg/220px-Beijing-Tianjin_High_Speed_Train.jpg)
Liu was promoted to vice-minister, and later succeeded then-Minister Fu Zhihuan as Minister of Railways in March 2003 at the annual meeting of the National People's Congress.[11] At the time that Liu was made Minister of Railways, the Ministry of Railways was the second most powerful ministry in China (second to the military). It had its own police, judges, and courts, and had a budget of billions of dollars. After being named minister, Liu announced plans to dramatically expand China's then-underdeveloped railway system by building 7,500 miles of new high-speed railway tracks, more than could be found in the rest of the world combined. The central government supported Liu's plans, and allocated Liu a budget of over two hundred and fifty billion dollars (over several years). This made Liu's plan the world's most well-funded public infrastructure project since the American president Ike Eisenhower constructed the American Interstate Highway System in the 1950s. In order to complete China's first high-speed rail line before the end of 2008, Liu led the Railway Ministry's employees to work around the clock. His habit of telling people that "To achieve a great leap, an entire generation must be sacrificed" earned him the nickname "Great Leap Liu". (Some of his detractors also called him "Lunatic Liu" for the pace of his work).[8] While developing China's high-speed rail system, Liu also oversaw comprehensive upgrades of China's standard rail system, and he oversaw the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the world's highest railway by elevation,[11] but he regarded the development of China's high-speed rail system as his favourite project.[10]
When China's first high-speed rail system completed its first test-run in June 2008 it was 75 per cent over budget, but was hailed in the Chinese media as an achievement worthy of national pride.[8] Liu described his achievement as having created a network with a comprehensive system involving indigenous Chinese intellectual property. He stated that China had created a high-speed railway system that had the "greatest comprehensive technology, best integrative ability, highest operational distance, fastest operational speed, and largest scale of construction" in the world.[11] (In reality the rail system was largely based on German and Japanese designs). Shortly after Liu's completion of China's first high-speed rail line, in the autumn of 2008, the Chinese government more than doubled Liu's ministry's budget (as part of an effort to combat global recession), and gave him the responsibility laying ten thousand miles of high-speed rail track by 2020: five times the size of America's first transcontinental route. By 2010 Liu's budget was over one hundred billion dollars (US). In 2011, the American president, Barack Obama, cited Liu's high-speed rail system as evidence that American infrastructure was no longer the best in the world.[8]
In 2009 Liu gave a public lecture in which he voiced his opinion that, in order to avoid rising costs due to China's high rate of inflation, his ministry must "seize the opportunity, build more railways, and build them fast." Before 2011 the Railway Ministry acted as its own regulator and was virtually unsupervised by the central government. Liu personally attempted to intimidate academics critical of the pace of the high-speed railway's construction, and ignored Japanese warnings that his trains were being operated at speeds 25% greater than what was considered safe in Japan.[8]
Criticism, investigation, and fall
[edit]During his tenure, Liu's ministry was criticized for its illegitimate business interests and relationships with large companies, its inability to improve conditions for migrant workers during the Chinese New Year travel season, its slow response to widespread winter storms in 2008, and its failures to prevent the 2008 train collision in Shandong and a smaller collision in Hunan a year later. In addition, Liu was personally subject to online criticism for his repeated marriages.[12] Illegal subcontracting was a common practice throughout Liu's tenure as head of the rail ministry, so that much of the staff who built the railway were poorly educated, trained, and supplied.[8]
Liu was criticized within China for arranging a high-level position within the ministry for his brother, Liu Zhixiang. In January 2005 Liu Zhixiang was arrested for embezzlement, bribe-taking, and arranging the killing of a contractor intent on exposing him. Before being arrested, Liu Zhixiang was able to amass a fortune equivalent to US$50 million in cash, real estate comprising 374 properties,[13] jewelry, and art. He was sentenced to death, but this sentence was suspended and reduced to sixteen years in jail, after which he was transferred to a hospital to serve his sentence there. While serving his sentence in hospital he reportedly continued to conduct rail business by phone.[8]
In February 2011 Liu Zhijun was placed under investigation for alleged "severe violations of discipline" by the Chinese Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI). According to the CCDI and the Chinese Ministry of Supervision, the reason for the investigation was that Liu was suspected of abusing his position to receive very large bribes.[14] Investigators began to act after concluding that Liu was planning to use his illegal fortune in order to bribe his way into the Communist Party Central Committee, and eventually into the Politburo.[8] Shortly following the announcement of the investigation, Liu was dismissed from his position as party chief of the ministry on 12 February.[10][a] The allegations of corruption against him led to his dismissal as Minister on 25 February 2011.[15]
His dismissal was linked to an earlier corruption case involving Shanxi business magnate Ding Yuxin (former name Ding Shumiao) of Boyou Investment Management Group Ltd., a company whose portfolio benefited greatly from China's rapid high-speed rail construction.[16] Just prior to his dismissal Liu had traveled over 7,000 miles across China, from 30 January to 8 February, inspecting China's railways in order to ensure smooth operations during the subsequent Chinese New Year travel season. His downfall came suddenly and unexpectedly.[17] At the time of his dismissal, the international media considered Liu the highest-level Party official to be prosecuted for corruption since Chen Liangyu lost his post as Party Chief of Shanghai in 2006.[10]
Liu was expelled from the Chinese Communist Party in May 2011 for "severe violations of discipline" and "primary leadership responsibilities for the serious corruption problem within the railway system". The Chinese state press alleged that Liu took an illegal 4% commission on railway deals, and that he had accumulated over two hundred and fifty million dollars in bribes. The CCP later accused him of "sexual misconduct", a revelation which surprised many who had followed Liu's career. The Hong Kong-based newspaper Ming Pao repeated this report, alleging that Liu kept eighteen mistresses.[8]
In July 2011, while Liu was still under investigation, the Wenzhou train collision, in which a faulty signal box led to the deaths of forty people and injured one hundred and ninety-two, exposed him to further accusations of systematic corruption and incompetence within his Rail Ministry. The Railway Ministry unsuccessfully attempted to cover up the details of the crash, but lingering public criticism led Prime Minister Wen Jiabao to visit the crash site shortly after the incident, where he promised a full, public government investigation and justice for those found responsible. The government released its findings in December 2011, in which it acknowledged and blamed the disaster on "serious design flaws", "a neglect of safety management", and flaws in the bidding and testing processes used to acquire materials. The report publicly blamed fifty-four private and government figures for the disaster, the most prominent of which was Liu Zhijun.[8]
Following the December report, Liu's name became a byword for "a broken system". He was put on trial in 2013 and received a death sentence with reprieve in July 2013.[3] After his fall in 2011, Chinese government censors removed and/or blocked within China the many glowing reviews of his government service which had accumulated over his career, so that now only the details of his arrest remain available within China.[8]
On 14 December 2015, Liu Zhijun's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. The prison authorities said that he was expressing repentance and had committed no intentional offences during the reprieve period.[7]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Note that while Liu was removed from his party post as chief of the ministry, Liu nominally retained the government position of Minister of Railways, until his removal was confirmed later in 2011 by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. This was merely a procedural confirmation that served as a formality.
References
[edit]- ^ "Former Chinese minister is charged". BBC. 10 April 2013.
- ^ Megerian, Chris (10 April 2013). "Chinese bullet train leader charged with corruption" – via LA Times.
- ^ a b "China Charges Former Railway Chief in Corruption Crackdown - Businessweek". Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
- ^ "Official and family 'were paid". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
- ^ "Korrupter Chinese: Todesstrafe auf Bewährung". Manager Magazin Online, 8 July 2013. [1]
- ^ Maierbrugger, Arno (9 July 2013). "Chinese ex-minister gets death sentence for corruption". Inside Investor. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ a b "Death Sentence Reduced to Life in Prison for Wife of Bo Xilai". China Radio International. 14 December 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Osnos
- ^ a b c Gov.cn
- ^ a b c d Wong
- ^ a b c Mu "Major Events in China's Railway System During Liu's Tenure"
- ^ Mu "Chinese Minister of Railways Liu Zhijun Suspected of Serious Violations of Party Discipline and investigated" p.1
- ^ "The Trial of the Most Hated Man in China: Former Railways Minister Liu Zhijun". The Atlantic. 12 June 2013.
- ^ Lu
- ^ Wee
- ^ Cao
- ^ Mu "Liu Zhijun Inspected Work During Chinese New Year for Ten Days Straight"
Sources
[edit]- Cao Tongqing (12 February 2011). 刘志军被查与丁书苗案有关 [Investigation of Liu Zhijun Linked to the Ding Shumiao Case]. Duowei News. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
- Gov.cn. "Liu Zhijun". Gov.cn: Chinese Government's Official Web Portal. 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- Lu Hui. "China's Railway Minister Under Investigation Over 'Disciplinary Violation'". Xinhua News. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
- Mu Yao (12 February 2011). 中国铁道部长刘志军涉嫌严重违纪接受调查 [Chinese Minister of Railways Liu Zhijun Suspected of Serious Violations of Party Discipline and investigated]. Duowei News. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
- Mu Yao (12 February 2011). 刘志军连续10天视察春运 [Liu Zhijun Inspected Work During Chinese New Year for Ten Days Straight]. Duowei News. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
- Mu Yao (12 February 2011). 刘志军任内铁路大事记 [Major Events in China's Railway System During Liu's Tenure]. Duowei News. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- Osnos, Evan. "Boss Rail: The Disaster That Exposed the Underside of the Boom". The New Yorker. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- Wee, Sui-Lee, Huang Yan, and Miral Fahmy. "China Railways Minister Dismissed -Xinhua"[dead link]. The Los Angeles Times. 25 February 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011. [Broken link].
- Wong, Edward. "China’s Railway Minister Loses Post in Corruption Inquiry". The New York Times. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2012.