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{{short description|a 16th-century border skirmish between Scotland and England}}
{{Short description|1575 Anglo-Scottish border skirmish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict = Raid of the Redeswire
|conflict = Raid of the Redeswire
Line 7: Line 7:
|place = [[Carter Bar]], by the [[Cheviot Hills]], near [[Redesdale]]
|place = [[Carter Bar]], by the [[Cheviot Hills]], near [[Redesdale]]
|result = Scottish victory
|result = Scottish victory
|combatant1= [[File:Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg|15px]] [[Kingdom of Scotland]]
|combatant1= {{flagicon|Kingdom of England}} [[Kingdom of England]]
|combatant2= [[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|15px]] [[Kingdom of England]]
|combatant2= {{flagicon|Kingdom of Scotland}} [[Kingdom of Scotland]]
|commander1 = [[Sir John Carmichael]]
|commander1 = [[Sir John Forster]]{{POW}}
|commander2 = [[Sir John Forster]]{{POW}}
|commander2 = [[Sir John Carmichael]]
|strength1 = Unknown
|strength1 = Unknown
|strength2 = Unknown
|strength2 = Unknown
|casualties1 = 25 dead, unknown wounded
|casualties1 = 2 dead, several wounded<ref name="Burton1901">{{cite book|last=Burton|first=John Hill|title=The History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasion to the Extinction of the Last Jacobite Insurrection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AH42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA152|accessdate=5 July 2018|volume=5|year=1901|publisher=W. Blackwood and Sons|pages=152–154}}</ref>
|casualties2 = 25 dead, unknown wounded<ref name="Ridpath"/>
|casualties2 = 2 dead, several wounded
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Scottish Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Scottish Wars}}
The '''Raid of the Redeswire''', also known as the '''Redeswire Fray''',<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/photographer-colin-mcpherson-walked-the-scottish-border-to-meet-the-people-pondering-independence-9610369.html |title=Photographer Colin McPherson walked the Scottish border to meet the people pondering independence – and their view of England |last=Popham |first=Peter |date=20 July 2014 |work=The Independent |access-date=5 July 2018 |language=en-GB }}</ref> was a border skirmish between [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] on 7 July 1575 which took place at [[Carter Bar]], the Cheviot pass which enters [[Redesdale]]. The skirmish was between (on the English side) the English Warden of the Middle Marches, [[Sir John Forster]], with Sir George Heron, Keeper of Redesdale, Keeper of Liddesdale and Scottish Warden and (on the Scottish side) [[Sir John Carmichael]], the [[Lord Warden of the Marches]], with George Douglas of [[Bonjedward|Bonjedworth]]. It was the [[List of battles between Scotland and England|last major battle between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://walterscott.eu/education/ballads/battle-ballads/the-raid-of-the-reidswire/ |title=The Raid of the Reidswire |website=Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border education site |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]] |language=en-GB |access-date=5 July 2018 }}</ref>
The '''Raid of the Redeswire''', also known as the '''Redeswire Fray''',<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/photographer-colin-mcpherson-walked-the-scottish-border-to-meet-the-people-pondering-independence-9610369.html |title=Photographer Colin McPherson walked the Scottish border to meet the people pondering independence – and their view of England |last=Popham |first=Peter |date=20 July 2014 |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=5 July 2018 |language=en-GB }}</ref> was a border skirmish between [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] on 7 July 1575 which took place at [[Carter Bar]], the Cheviot pass which enters [[Redesdale]]. The skirmish was between (on the English side) the English [[Lord Warden of the Marches|Warden of the Middle Marches]], [[Sir John Forster]], with Sir George Heron, Keeper of Redesdale, Keeper of Liddesdale and Scottish Warden and (on the Scottish side) [[Sir John Carmichael]], the [[Lord Warden of the Marches]], with George Douglas of [[Bonjedward|Bonjedworth]]. It was the [[List of battles between Scotland and England|last battle between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://walterscott.eu/education/ballads/battle-ballads/the-raid-of-the-reidswire/ |title=The Raid of the Reidswire |website=Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border education site |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]] |language=en-GB |access-date=5 July 2018 }}</ref>


==Opposing forces==
==Opposing forces==
After the Scottish defeat at [[Battle of Pinkie|Pinkie]] in 1547, no Anglo-Scottish battle had occurred until this. Sir John Carmichael met Sir John Forster at a hill called Red Swire ("Redeswire" in [[Scottish English]]) in Carter Bar for a regularly scheduled "Truce Day" wherein the two discussed matters that came up between their two regions. Both men were accompanied by a number of armed guards.<ref name="Ridpath">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/borderhistoryofe00ridpuoft |last=Ridpath |first=G. |title=The border-history of England and Scotland : deduced from the earliest times to the union of the two crowns |year=1776 |pages=650–652}}</ref><ref name="Stewart2017">{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Derek James |title=The Armstrongs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH0uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |accessdate=5 July 2018 |date=11 July 2017 |publisher=American Academic Press |isbn=9781631818790 |pages=98–99 }}</ref>
After the Scottish defeat at [[Battle of Pinkie|Pinkie]] in 1547, no Anglo-Scottish battle had occurred until this. Sir John Carmichael met Sir John Forster at a hill called Red Swire ("Redeswire" in [[Scottish English]]) in Carter Bar for a regularly scheduled "Truce Day" wherein the two discussed matters that came up between their two regions. Both men were accompanied by a number of armed guards.<ref name="Ridpath">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/borderhistoryofe00ridpuoft |last=Ridpath |first=G. |title=The border-history of England and Scotland : deduced from the earliest times to the union of the two crowns |year=1776 |pages=650–652}}</ref><ref name="Stewart2017">{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Derek James |title=The Armstrongs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH0uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |access-date=5 July 2018 |year=2017 |publisher=American Academic Press |isbn=9781631818790 |pages=98–99 }}</ref>


==The battle==
==Battle==
One of the topics discussed during this meeting was an Englishman who had stolen some items from a Scotsman and who was supposedly in Forster's custody. Carmichael demanded that the man be delivered to Scotland for justice, but Forster replied the thief had taken "leg-[[bail]]" (escaped from custody) and could not be produced.<ref name="Stewart2017"/> This turned into an argument that involved personal insults from both parties, until members of the English contingent could no longer hold their temper and attacked, killing two men and wounding several others. The Scots were forced to retreat, but during their flight they met up with another group from [[Jedburgh]], who were late to the meeting.<ref name="Ridpath"/> This gave the Scots an advantage and encouraged them to engage with the English. They began to break the English lines and in time, the English were [[rout]]ed: the Scots proved victorious, and drove the English off. George Heron was killed, along with his brother, John, and 23 other Englishmen. Forster and several other nobles were captured,<ref name="Ridpath"/><ref name="Hodgkin1908">{{cite book |last=Hodgkin |first=Thomas |title=The Wardens of the Northern Marches: The Creighton Memorial Lecture Delivered on October 4, 1907 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLExAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 |accessdate=5 July 2018 |year=1908 |publisher=University of London |page=29}}</ref> and the Scots conducted an impromptu raid, taking 300 cattle from local farms.<ref name="Stewart2017"/>
One of the topics discussed during this meeting was an Englishman who had stolen some items from a Scotsman and who was supposedly in Forster's custody. Carmichael demanded that the man be delivered to Scotland for justice, but Forster replied the thief had taken "leg-[[bail]]" (escaped from custody) and could not be produced.<ref name="Stewart2017"/> This turned into an argument that involved personal insults from both parties, until members of the English contingent could no longer hold their temper and a fight broke out, which resulted in two Scots being killed and several others wounded. The Scots were forced to retreat, but during their flight they met up with another group from [[Jedburgh]], who were late to the meeting.<ref name="Ridpath"/> This gave the Scots an advantage and encouraged them to engage with the English. They began to break the English lines and in time, the English were [[rout]]ed: the Scots proved victorious, and drove the English off. George Heron was killed, along with his brother, John, and 23 other Englishmen. Forster, Francis Russell son of the [[Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford|Earl of Bedford]], and several other nobles were captured,<ref name="Ridpath"/><ref name="Hodgkin1908">{{cite book |last=Hodgkin |first=Thomas |title=The Wardens of the Northern Marches: The Creighton Memorial Lecture Delivered on October 4, 1907 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLExAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 |access-date=5 July 2018 |year=1908 |publisher=University of London |page=29}}</ref> and the Scots conducted an impromptu raid, taking 300 cattle from local farms.<ref name="Stewart2017"/>


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
The prisoners were brought to [[James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton]], who was the regent for King [[James VI and I|James VI]]. This soon became embarrassing for the Scots, as the prisoners, who were being held at [[Dalkeith Palace|Dalkeith Castle]], had likely been taken for their ransom value, although Douglas stated that it was to keep them from being killed in the heat of battle.<ref name="Stewart2017"/> He wrote a letter to Queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]] describing the events,<ref name="Burton1901" /> but she was outraged and sent [[William Killigrew (Chamberlain of the Exchequer)|William Killigrew]] to demand immediate satisfaction from the Earl of Morton.
The prisoners were brought to [[James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton]], who was the regent for King [[James VI and I|James VI]]. This soon became embarrassing for the Scots, as the prisoners, who were being held at [[Dalkeith Palace|Dalkeith Castle]], had likely been taken for their ransom value, although Regent Morton stated that it was to keep them from being killed in retaliation.<ref name="Stewart2017"/> Morton wrote a letter to Queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]] describing the events,<ref name="Burton1901">{{cite book|last=Burton|first=John Hill|title=The History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasion to the Extinction of the Last Jacobite Insurrection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AH42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA152|access-date=5 July 2018|volume=5|year=1901|publisher=W. Blackwood and Sons|pages=152–154}}</ref> and was about to send his envoy [[Nicolas Elphinstone]] to London,<ref>William Boyd, ''Calendar of State Papers Scotland: 1574–1581'' (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 172.</ref> but she was outraged and sent [[Nicolas Errington]] and [[Henry Killigrew (diplomat)|Henry Killigrew]] to demand immediate satisfaction.<ref>William Boyd, ''Calendar of State Papers Scotland: 1574–1581'', vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907) p. 170.</ref>


Douglas was directed to meet with [[George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon]], who was the lieutenant of the northern counties, to work out the details, and the two men were able to come to an amicable solution, as Douglas was wont to not anger Elizabeth, and she wanted to avoid a war.<ref name="Stewart2017"/><ref name="Hodgkin1908"/> Forster and the others had been treated with kindness and were released with gifts and an apology for being held.<ref name="Stewart2017"/> Carmichael was delivered to [[York]] as a prisoner for trial, but was acquitted as the English court found that Forster had engaged in an unprovoked attack.<ref name="Ridpath"/>
Regent Morton was directed to meet with [[Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon]], who was President of the [[Council of the North]], to work out the details, and the two men were able to come to an amicable solution, as Morton was inclined not to anger Elizabeth, and she wanted to avoid a war.<ref name="Stewart2017"/><ref name="Hodgkin1908"/> Forster, [[Cuthbert Collingwood (died 1597)|Cuthbert Collingwood]], and the other prisoners had been treated with kindness and were released with gifts and an apology for being held.<ref name="Stewart2017"/> Carmichael was delivered to [[York]] as a prisoner for trial, but was acquitted as the English court found that Forster had engaged in an unprovoked attack.<ref name="Ridpath"/>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
[[File:The Redeswire Stone - geograph.org.uk - 370322.jpg|thumb|The Redeswire Stone]]
[[File:The Redeswire Stone - geograph.org.uk - 370322.jpg|thumb|The Redeswire Stone]]
The story of the skirmish was turned into a [[Border ballad]]<ref name="redes">{{cite book|editor1-last=Wood|editor1-first=Rev. James|editor1-link=Raid of the Redeswire|title=The Nuttall Encyclopaedia, Being a Concise and Comprehensive Dictionary of General Knowledge|year=1907|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12342/12342-h/12342-h.htm|accessdate=28 May 2018|quote=Redeswire, Raid of the, a famous Border fight took place in July 1575 at the Cheviot pass which enters Redesdale; through the timely arrival of the men of Jedburgh the Scots proved victorious; is the subject of a Border ballad.}}</ref> edited and published by [[Walter Scott]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://walterscott.eu/education/ballads/battle-ballads/the-raid-of-the-reidswire/|title=Walter Scott Educational Website — The Raid of the Reidswire|website=walterscott.eu|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-04}}</ref>
The story of the skirmish was turned into a [[border ballad]]<ref name="redes">{{cite book |editor1-last=Wood |editor1-first=Rev. James |title=The Nuttall Encyclopaedia, Being a Concise and Comprehensive Dictionary of General Knowledge |year=1907 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12342/12342-h/12342-h.htm|access-date=28 May 2018 |quote=Redeswire, Raid of the, a famous Border fight took place in July 1575 at the Cheviot pass which enters Redesdale; through the timely arrival of the men of Jedburgh the Scots proved victorious; is the subject of a Border ballad.}}</ref> edited and published by [[Walter Scott]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://walterscott.eu/education/ballads/battle-ballads/the-raid-of-the-reidswire/|title=Walter Scott Educational Website – The Raid of the Reidswire|website=walterscott.eu|language=en-US|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>


Also, on the Cheviot Hills, near the place where the battle was fought a monument known as the Redeswire Stone was built in commemoration of the battle. It reads, "On this ridge, June 7th, 1575 was fought one of the last border raids, known as The Raid of the Redeswire". The battle is commemorated by the [[Jedburgh]] Reidswire [[common riding]] each year; this ride is the longest of the festival and is undertaken on two horses at a fast pace.
Also, on the Cheviot Hills, near the place where the battle was fought a monument known as the Redeswire Stone was built in commemoration of the battle. It reads, "On this ridge, July 7th, 1575 was fought one of the last border raids, known as The Raid of the Redeswire". The battle is commemorated annually by the [[Jethart Callant's Festival]] each year during their Redeswire Rideout; this ride is held on the first Saturday in July and is in excess of 25 miles. During this Rideout the Jethart Callant can be seen galloping towards the "Redeswire Stane" giving the immortal battle cry of "Jethart's Here".<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Pictures : Jethart Callant's rideout to Redeswire|url=https://www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/pictures-jethart-callants-rideout-redeswire-685705|access-date=2021-07-07|website=www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk|language=en}}</ref>


A song commemorating this battle has been written by Alan G Brydon.{{cn|date=July 2021}} Three songs are recognised by the Callant festival<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jethart Festival Songs|url=https://www.jethartcallantsfestival.com/jethart-festival-songs.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Jethart Callant's Festival|language=en}}</ref> as songs are sung as a custom on the last day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jedburgh Jethart Callants Festival|url=https://calendarcustoms.com/articles/jedburgh-jethart-callants-festival/|access-date=2021-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[George MacDonald Fraser]] considered that its importance has been exaggerated. <ref>Fraser, George Macdonald ''The Steel Bonnets''</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 45: Line 45:
*[http://walterscott.eu/education/ballads/battle-ballads/the-raid-of-the-reidswire/ "The Raid of the Redeswire"] by Sir [[Walter Scott]]
*[http://walterscott.eu/education/ballads/battle-ballads/the-raid-of-the-reidswire/ "The Raid of the Redeswire"] by Sir [[Walter Scott]]


{{coord|55.354|-2.478|display=title|type:event_region:GB}} <!-- NT697068 -->
{{coord|55|21|23|N|02|28|33|W|display=title|type:event_region:GB}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Raid Of The Redeswire}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raid Of The Redeswire}}

Latest revision as of 12:41, 7 July 2024

Raid of the Redeswire
Part of Anglo-Scottish Wars
Date7 July 1575
Standort
Carter Bar, by the Cheviot Hills, near Redesdale
Result Scottish victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of England Kingdom of England Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of Scotland
Commanders and leaders
Sir John Forster (POW) Sir John Carmichael
Strength
Unknown Unknown
Casualties and losses
25 dead, unknown wounded 2 dead, several wounded

The Raid of the Redeswire, also known as the Redeswire Fray,[1] was a border skirmish between England and Scotland on 7 July 1575 which took place at Carter Bar, the Cheviot pass which enters Redesdale. The skirmish was between (on the English side) the English Warden of the Middle Marches, Sir John Forster, with Sir George Heron, Keeper of Redesdale, Keeper of Liddesdale and Scottish Warden and (on the Scottish side) Sir John Carmichael, the Lord Warden of the Marches, with George Douglas of Bonjedworth. It was the last battle between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland.[2]

Opposing forces

[edit]

After the Scottish defeat at Pinkie in 1547, no Anglo-Scottish battle had occurred until this. Sir John Carmichael met Sir John Forster at a hill called Red Swire ("Redeswire" in Scottish English) in Carter Bar for a regularly scheduled "Truce Day" wherein the two discussed matters that came up between their two regions. Both men were accompanied by a number of armed guards.[3][4]

Battle

[edit]

One of the topics discussed during this meeting was an Englishman who had stolen some items from a Scotsman and who was supposedly in Forster's custody. Carmichael demanded that the man be delivered to Scotland for justice, but Forster replied the thief had taken "leg-bail" (escaped from custody) and could not be produced.[4] This turned into an argument that involved personal insults from both parties, until members of the English contingent could no longer hold their temper and a fight broke out, which resulted in two Scots being killed and several others wounded. The Scots were forced to retreat, but during their flight they met up with another group from Jedburgh, who were late to the meeting.[3] This gave the Scots an advantage and encouraged them to engage with the English. They began to break the English lines and in time, the English were routed: the Scots proved victorious, and drove the English off. George Heron was killed, along with his brother, John, and 23 other Englishmen. Forster, Francis Russell son of the Earl of Bedford, and several other nobles were captured,[3][5] and the Scots conducted an impromptu raid, taking 300 cattle from local farms.[4]

Aftermath

[edit]

The prisoners were brought to James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, who was the regent for King James VI. This soon became embarrassing for the Scots, as the prisoners, who were being held at Dalkeith Castle, had likely been taken for their ransom value, although Regent Morton stated that it was to keep them from being killed in retaliation.[4] Morton wrote a letter to Queen Elizabeth describing the events,[6] and was about to send his envoy Nicolas Elphinstone to London,[7] but she was outraged and sent Nicolas Errington and Henry Killigrew to demand immediate satisfaction.[8]

Regent Morton was directed to meet with Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, who was President of the Council of the North, to work out the details, and the two men were able to come to an amicable solution, as Morton was inclined not to anger Elizabeth, and she wanted to avoid a war.[4][5] Forster, Cuthbert Collingwood, and the other prisoners had been treated with kindness and were released with gifts and an apology for being held.[4] Carmichael was delivered to York as a prisoner for trial, but was acquitted as the English court found that Forster had engaged in an unprovoked attack.[3]

Legacy

[edit]
The Redeswire Stone

The story of the skirmish was turned into a border ballad[9] edited and published by Walter Scott.[10]

Also, on the Cheviot Hills, near the place where the battle was fought a monument known as the Redeswire Stone was built in commemoration of the battle. It reads, "On this ridge, July 7th, 1575 was fought one of the last border raids, known as The Raid of the Redeswire". The battle is commemorated annually by the Jethart Callant's Festival each year during their Redeswire Rideout; this ride is held on the first Saturday in July and is in excess of 25 miles. During this Rideout the Jethart Callant can be seen galloping towards the "Redeswire Stane" giving the immortal battle cry of "Jethart's Here".[11]

A song commemorating this battle has been written by Alan G Brydon.[citation needed] Three songs are recognised by the Callant festival[12] as songs are sung as a custom on the last day.[13]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Popham, Peter (20 July 2014). "Photographer Colin McPherson walked the Scottish border to meet the people pondering independence – and their view of England". The Independent. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  2. ^ "The Raid of the Reidswire". Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border education site. University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d Ridpath, G. (1776). The border-history of England and Scotland : deduced from the earliest times to the union of the two crowns. pp. 650–652.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Stewart, Derek James (2017). The Armstrongs. American Academic Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 9781631818790. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  5. ^ a b Hodgkin, Thomas (1908). The Wardens of the Northern Marches: The Creighton Memorial Lecture Delivered on October 4, 1907. University of London. p. 29. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  6. ^ Burton, John Hill (1901). The History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasion to the Extinction of the Last Jacobite Insurrection. Vol. 5. W. Blackwood and Sons. pp. 152–154. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  7. ^ William Boyd, Calendar of State Papers Scotland: 1574–1581 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 172.
  8. ^ William Boyd, Calendar of State Papers Scotland: 1574–1581, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907) p. 170.
  9. ^ Wood, Rev. James, ed. (1907). The Nuttall Encyclopaedia, Being a Concise and Comprehensive Dictionary of General Knowledge. Retrieved 28 May 2018. Redeswire, Raid of the, a famous Border fight took place in July 1575 at the Cheviot pass which enters Redesdale; through the timely arrival of the men of Jedburgh the Scots proved victorious; is the subject of a Border ballad.
  10. ^ "Walter Scott Educational Website – The Raid of the Reidswire". walterscott.eu. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  11. ^ "In Pictures : Jethart Callant's rideout to Redeswire". www.thesouthernreporter.co.uk. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  12. ^ "Jethart Festival Songs". Jethart Callant's Festival. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  13. ^ "Jedburgh Jethart Callants Festival". Retrieved 7 July 2021.
[edit]

55°21′23″N 02°28′33″W / 55.35639°N 2.47583°W / 55.35639; -2.47583

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