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{{Infobox medical condition (new)
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Endocrine diseases
| name = Endocrine diseases
| image = Illu endocrine system.png
| image = Illu endocrine system.png
| caption = Major [[endocrine gland]]s. ([[Male]] left, [[female]] on the right.) '''1.''' [[Pineal gland]] '''2.''' [[Pituitary gland]] '''3.''' [[Thyroid gland]] '''4.''' [[Thymus]] '''5.''' [[Adrenal gland]] '''6.''' [[Pancreas]] '''7.''' [[Ovary]] '''8.''' [[Testes]]
| caption = Major [[endocrine gland]]s. ([[Male]] left, [[female]] on the right.) '''1.''' [[Pineal gland]] '''2.''' [[Pituitary gland]] '''3.''' [[Thyroid gland]] '''4.''' [[Thymus]] '''5.''' [[Adrenal gland]] '''6.''' [[Pancreas]] '''7.''' [[Ovary]] '''8.''' [[Testes]]
| field = [[Endocrinology]]
| field = [[Endocrinology]]
|
|
| pronounce =
| pronounce =
| synonyms =
| synonyms = Endocrinopathy
| symptoms =
| symptoms =
| complications =
| complications =
| onset =
| onset =
| duration =
| duration =
| types =
| types =
| causes =
| causes =
| risks =
| risks =
| diagnosis =
| diagnosis =
| differential =
| differential =
| prevention =
| prevention =
| treatment =
| treatment =
| medication =
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| prognosis =
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| frequency =
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| deaths =
}}
}}


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==Types of disease==
==Types of disease==
Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:<ref>{{cite web|title=Endocrine Disorders|url=http://diabetes.webmd.com/endocrine-system-disorders|publisher=webmd}}</ref>
Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:<ref>{{cite web|title=Endocrine Disorders|url=http://diabetes.webmd.com/endocrine-system-disorders|publisher=webmd}}</ref>
# Endocrine gland hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)
# Endocrine gland hypofunction/hypo[[secretion]] (leading to hormone deficiency)
# Endocrine gland hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)
# Endocrine gland hyperfunction/hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)
# Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands
# Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands


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** [[Gestational Diabetes]]
** [[Gestational Diabetes]]
** [[Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young]]
** [[Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young]]
** Diabetic myopathy<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=D'Souza |first1=Donna M. |last2=Al-Sajee |first2=Dhuha |last3=Hawke |first3=Thomas J. |date=2013-12-20 |title=Diabetic myopathy: impact of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle progenitor cells |journal=Frontiers in Physiology |volume=4 |pages=379 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2013.00379 |issn=1664-042X |pmc=3868943 |pmid=24391596 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Vikas |last2=Borah |first2=Papori |last3=Basumatary |first3=Lakshya J. |last4=Das |first4=Marami |last5=Goswami |first5=Munindra |last6=Kayal |first6=Ashok K. |date=July 2014 |title=Myopathies of endocrine disorders: A prospective clinical and biochemical study |journal=Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=298–302 |doi=10.4103/0972-2327.138505 |issn=0972-2327 |pmc=4162016 |pmid=25221399 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Hypoglycemia]]
* [[Hypoglycemia]]
** [[Idiopathic hypoglycemia]]
** [[Idiopathic hypoglycemia]]
Line 52: Line 53:
** [[Graves-Basedow disease]]
** [[Graves-Basedow disease]]
** [[Toxic multinodular goitre]]
** [[Toxic multinodular goitre]]
** [[Thyrotoxic myopathy]]
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
** Hypothyroid myopathies<ref>{{Citation |last1=Fariduddin |first1=Maria M. |title=Hypothyroid Myopathy |date=2023 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519513/ |work=StatPearls |access-date=2023-08-25 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30137798 |last2=Bansal |first2=Nidhi}}</ref>
*** [[Kocher–Debre–Semelaigne syndrome|Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome]]
*** [[Hoffmann syndrome]]
*** [[Congenital myasthenic syndrome|Myasthenic syndrome]]
*** Atrophic form
* [[Thyroiditis]]
* [[Thyroiditis]]
**[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
** [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
* [[Thyroid cancer]]
* [[Thyroid cancer]]
* [[Thyroid hormone resistance]]
* [[Thyroid hormone resistance]]
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=== Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease ===
=== Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease ===
* [[Parathyroid gland]] disorders
* [[Parathyroid gland]] disorders
** [[Primary hyperparathyroidism]]
** [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
** [[Secondary hyperparathyroidism]]
*** [[Primary hyperparathyroidism]]
** [[Tertiary hyperparathyroidism]]
*** [[Secondary hyperparathyroidism]]
*** [[Tertiary hyperparathyroidism]]
*** Hyperparathyroid myopathy<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Rodolico |first1=Carmelo |last2=Bonanno |first2=Carmen |last3=Pugliese |first3=Alessia |last4=Nicocia |first4=Giulia |last5=Benvenga |first5=Salvatore |last6=Toscano |first6=Antonio |date=September 2020 |title=Endocrine myopathies: clinical and histopathological features of the major forms |journal=Acta Myologica: Myopathies and Cardiomyopathies|volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=130–135 |doi=10.36185/2532-1900-017 |issn=2532-1900 |pmc=7711326 |pmid=33305169}}</ref>
** [[Hypoparathyroidism]]
** [[Hypoparathyroidism]]
*** [[Pseudohypoparathyroidism]]
*** [[Pseudohypoparathyroidism]]
*** Hypoparathyroid myopathy<ref name=":0" />
* [[Osteoporosis]]
* [[Osteoporosis]]
* [[Osteitis deformans]] (Paget's disease of bone)
* [[Osteitis deformans]] (Paget's disease of bone)
* [[Rickets]]
* [[Rickets]]
* [[Osteomalacia]]
* [[Osteomalacia]]


=== Pituitary gland disorders (pipik)===
===Pituitary gland disorders===


====Posterior pituitary====
====Posterior pituitary====
* [[Diabetes insipidus]]
* [[Diabetes insipidus]]
* Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
* [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion]] (SIADH)


====Anterior pituitary====
====Anterior pituitary====
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** [[Prolactinoma]] (or [[Hyperprolactinemia]])
** [[Prolactinoma]] (or [[Hyperprolactinemia]])
** [[Acromegaly]], [[gigantism]], [[dwarfism]]
** [[Acromegaly]], [[gigantism]], [[dwarfism]]
** [[Cushing's disease]]
** [[Cushing's disease]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Javed |first1=N. |last2=Khawaja |first2=H. |last3=Malik |first3=J. |last4=Ahmed |first4=Z. |title=Endocrine dysfunction in psychology during social distancing measures |journal=Bratislava Medical Journal |date=2020 |volume=121 |issue=12 |pages=878–880 |doi=10.4149/BLL_2020_144|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Adrenal gland disorders ===
* [[Addison's disease]]
* [[Adrenal crisis]]
* [[Adrenal insufficiency]]
* [[Adrenal tumor|Adrenal tumour]]
* [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
* [[Hypercortisolism]] (Cushing's disease)
** [[Corticosteroid#Adverse effects|Steroid myopathy]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Hypoaldosteronism]]
* [[Hyperaldosteronism]]


=== Sex hormone disorders ===
=== Sex hormone disorders ===
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*** [[Primary ovarian insufficiency|Ovarian failure]] (also known as Premature Menopause)
*** [[Primary ovarian insufficiency|Ovarian failure]] (also known as Premature Menopause)
*** [[Hypogonadism|Testicular failure]]
*** [[Hypogonadism|Testicular failure]]
**** [[Androgen deficiency#Signs and symptoms|Testosterone deficiency myopathy]]<ref name=":0" />
* Disorders of Puberty
* Disorders of Puberty
** [[Delayed puberty]]
** [[Delayed puberty]]
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* Menstrual function or fertility disorders
* Menstrual function or fertility disorders
** [[Amenorrhea]]
** [[Amenorrhea]]
** [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
** [[Polycystic ovary syndrome|Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)]]


=== Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere ===
=== Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere ===
[[File:Multiple endocrine neoplasia.png|thumb|[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] types.]]
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]]
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]]
** [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1|MEN type 1]]
** [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1|MEN type 1]]
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In endocrinology, medical emergencies include [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]], [[hypoglycemia|hypoglycemic coma]], [[adrenal insufficiency|acute adrenocortical insufficiency]], [[phaeochromocytoma]] crisis, [[hypercalcemic crisis]], [[thyroid storm]], [[myxoedema coma]] and [[pituitary apoplexy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Savage|first=M W|author2=P Mah |author3=A Weetman |author4=J Newell-Price |title=Endocrine emergencies|journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal|date=1 September 2004|volume=80|issue=947|pages=506–515|doi=10.1136/pgmj.2003.013474|pmid=15356351|pmc=1743094}}</ref>
In endocrinology, medical emergencies include [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]], [[hypoglycemia|hypoglycemic coma]], [[adrenal insufficiency|acute adrenocortical insufficiency]], [[phaeochromocytoma]] crisis, [[hypercalcemic crisis]], [[thyroid storm]], [[myxoedema coma]] and [[pituitary apoplexy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Savage|first=M W|author2=P Mah |author3=A Weetman |author4=J Newell-Price |title=Endocrine emergencies|journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal|date=1 September 2004|volume=80|issue=947|pages=506–515|doi=10.1136/pgmj.2003.013474|pmid=15356351|pmc=1743094}}</ref>


Emergencies arising from decompensated [[pheochromocytoma]]s or [[parathyroid]] adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brouwers|first=FM|author2=Eisenhofer, G |author3=Lenders, JW |author4= Pacak, K |title=Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma.|journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America|date=December 2006|volume=35|issue=4|pages=699–724, viii|pmid=17127142|url=http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/98/2/581.short|doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tahim|first=AS|author2=Saunders, J |author3=Sinha, P |title=A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis.|journal=Case Reports in Medicine|year=2010|pages=1–4|pmid=21209735|doi=10.1155/2010/596185|pmc=3014839|volume=2010}}</ref> It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Newell|first=KA|author2=Prinz, RA |author3=Pickleman, J |author4=Braithwaite, S |author5=Brooks, M |author6=Karson, TH |author7= Glisson, S |title=Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency.|journal=Archives of Surgery|date=August 1988|volume=123|issue=8|pages=956–9|pmid=2899426|doi=10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400320042007}}<!--|access-date=23 February 2013--></ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Scholten|first=A.|author2=Cisco, R. M. |author3=Vriens, M. R. |author4=Cohen, J. K. |author5=Mitmaker, E. J. |author6=Liu, C. |author7=Tyrrell, J. B. |author8=Shen, W. T. |author9= Duh, Q.-Y. |title=Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency|journal=Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|date=2 January 2013|volume=98|issue=2|pages=581–591|doi=10.1210/jc.2012-3020|pmid=23284003|doi-access=free}}<!--|access-date=23 February 2013--></ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Phitayakorn|first=R|author2=McHenry, CR|title=Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy.|journal=Journal of the American College of Surgeons|date=June 2008|volume=206|issue=3|pages=1106–15|pmid=18501807|doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.010}}<!--|access-date=23 February 2013--></ref>
Emergencies arising from decompensated [[pheochromocytoma]]s or [[parathyroid]] adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brouwers|first=FM|author2=Eisenhofer, G |author3=Lenders, JW |author4= Pacak, K |title=Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma.|journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America|date=December 2006|volume=35|issue=4|pages=699–724, viii|pmid=17127142|url=http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/98/2/581.short|doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tahim|first=AS|author2=Saunders, J |author3=Sinha, P |title=A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis.|journal=Case Reports in Medicine|year=2010|pages=1–4|pmid=21209735|doi=10.1155/2010/596185|pmc=3014839|volume=2010|doi-access=free}}</ref> It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Newell|first=KA|author2=Prinz, RA |author3=Pickleman, J |author4=Braithwaite, S |author5=Brooks, M |author6=Karson, TH |author7= Glisson, S |title=Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency.|journal=Archives of Surgery|date=August 1988|volume=123|issue=8|pages=956–9|pmid=2899426|doi=10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400320042007}}<!--|access-date=23 February 2013--></ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Scholten|first=A.|author2=Cisco, R. M. |author3=Vriens, M. R. |author4=Cohen, J. K. |author5=Mitmaker, E. J. |author6=Liu, C. |author7=Tyrrell, J. B. |author8=Shen, W. T. |author9= Duh, Q.-Y. |title=Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency|journal=Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|date=2 January 2013|volume=98|issue=2|pages=581–591|doi=10.1210/jc.2012-3020|pmid=23284003|doi-access=free}}<!--|access-date=23 February 2013--></ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Phitayakorn|first=R|author2=McHenry, CR|title=Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy.|journal=Journal of the American College of Surgeons|date=June 2008|volume=206|issue=3|pages=1106–15|pmid=18501807|doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.010}}<!--|access-date=23 February 2013--></ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of MeSH codes (C19)]]
* [[List of MeSH codes (C19)]]
* [[ICD-10 Chapter IV: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases]]
* [[List of ICD-9 codes 240-279: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders]]
* [[List of ICD-9 codes 240-279: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders]]
*[[Diabetes self-management]]


==References==
==References==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Medical resources
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB =
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|00||e|00}}-{{ICD10|E|35||e|35}}
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|00||e|00}}-{{ICD10|E|35||e|35}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|240}}-{{ICD9|259}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|240}}-{{ICD9|259}}
| ICDO =
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D004700
| MeshID = D004700
| SNOMED CT = 127345001
| SNOMED CT = 127345001
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* {{MeshName|Endocrine+system+diseases}}
* {{MeshName|Endocrine+system+diseases}}
* {{MedlinePlusOverview|endocrinediseases}}
* {{MedlinePlusOverview|endocrinediseases}}
{{Disease of the pancreas and glucose metabolism}}

{{Hypothalamic disease}}
{{Pituitary disease}}
{{Thyroid disease}}
{{Parathyroid disease}}
{{Adrenal gland disorder}}
{{Gonadal disorder}}
{{Growth disorder}}
{{Disorders involving multiple endocrine glands}}
{{Disease groups}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


Revision as of 16:03, 7 July 2024

Endocrine diseases
Other namesEndocrinopathy
Major endocrine glands. (Male left, female on the right.) 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Testes
SpecialtyEndocrinology

Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system. The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology.

Types of disease

Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:[1]

  1. Endocrine gland hypofunction/hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)
  2. Endocrine gland hyperfunction/hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)
  3. Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands

Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.[2]

List of diseases

Glucose homeostasis disorders

Thyroid disorders

Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease

Pituitary gland disorders

Posterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary

Adrenal gland disorders

Sex hormone disorders

Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere

Multiple endocrine neoplasia types.

See also separate organs

Endocrine emergencies

In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema coma and pituitary apoplexy.[7]

Emergencies arising from decompensated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization).[8][9] It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.[10][11][12]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Endocrine Disorders". webmd.
  2. ^ "Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland". endocrineweb.
  3. ^ D'Souza, Donna M.; Al-Sajee, Dhuha; Hawke, Thomas J. (2013-12-20). "Diabetic myopathy: impact of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle progenitor cells". Frontiers in Physiology. 4: 379. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00379. ISSN 1664-042X. PMC 3868943. PMID 24391596.
  4. ^ Sharma, Vikas; Borah, Papori; Basumatary, Lakshya J.; Das, Marami; Goswami, Munindra; Kayal, Ashok K. (July 2014). "Myopathies of endocrine disorders: A prospective clinical and biochemical study". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 17 (3): 298–302. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.138505. ISSN 0972-2327. PMC 4162016. PMID 25221399.
  5. ^ Fariduddin, Maria M.; Bansal, Nidhi (2023), "Hypothyroid Myopathy", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30137798, retrieved 2023-08-25
  6. ^ a b c d Rodolico, Carmelo; Bonanno, Carmen; Pugliese, Alessia; Nicocia, Giulia; Benvenga, Salvatore; Toscano, Antonio (September 2020). "Endocrine myopathies: clinical and histopathological features of the major forms". Acta Myologica: Myopathies and Cardiomyopathies. 39 (3): 130–135. doi:10.36185/2532-1900-017. ISSN 2532-1900. PMC 7711326. PMID 33305169.
  7. ^ Savage, M W; P Mah; A Weetman; J Newell-Price (1 September 2004). "Endocrine emergencies". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 80 (947): 506–515. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.013474. PMC 1743094. PMID 15356351.
  8. ^ Brouwers, FM; Eisenhofer, G; Lenders, JW; Pacak, K (December 2006). "Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 35 (4): 699–724, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014. PMID 17127142.
  9. ^ Tahim, AS; Saunders, J; Sinha, P (2010). "A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis". Case Reports in Medicine. 2010: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2010/596185. PMC 3014839. PMID 21209735.
  10. ^ Newell, KA; Prinz, RA; Pickleman, J; Braithwaite, S; Brooks, M; Karson, TH; Glisson, S (August 1988). "Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency". Archives of Surgery. 123 (8): 956–9. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400320042007. PMID 2899426.
  11. ^ Scholten, A.; Cisco, R. M.; Vriens, M. R.; Cohen, J. K.; Mitmaker, E. J.; Liu, C.; Tyrrell, J. B.; Shen, W. T.; Duh, Q.-Y. (2 January 2013). "Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (2): 581–591. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3020. PMID 23284003.
  12. ^ Phitayakorn, R; McHenry, CR (June 2008). "Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 206 (3): 1106–15. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.010. PMID 18501807.
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