Gunggari people: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
DervotNum4 (talk | contribs) MOS:UNITSYMBOLS, corrected unit used, moved about some citations |
||
(20 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2019}} |
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2019}} |
||
{{use Australian English|date=July 2020}} |
{{use Australian English|date=July 2020}} |
||
The '''Gunggari''' ([[Help:IPA|/ˈgʊŋgəri/]] [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key|GUUNG-gə-ree]]) |
The '''Gunggari''' ([[Help:IPA|/ˈgʊŋgəri/]] [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key|GUUNG-gə-ree]]), are an [[Aboriginal Australian]] tribe of southern [[Queensland]]. The traditional land of the Gunggari centres on the [[Maranoa River]] and overlaps with the land of the surrounding [[Mandandanji]], [[Kooma]], [[Gunya people|Kunja]], [[Margany]], [[Dharawala]], [[Bidjara (Warrego River)|Bidjara]] and [[Nguri people|Nguri]] peoples.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horton |first=David R. |date=1996 |title=Map of Indigenous Australia |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112015615/https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=AIATSIS}}</ref> They are to be distinguished from the [[Kuungkari]], who also border Dharawala country. |
||
== |
==Language== |
||
The traditional lands of the Gunggari stretch over some {{convert|8,200|mi2|km2}}, taking in the [[Nebine, Queensland|Upper Nebine]] and [[Mungallala]] creeks from Bonna Vonna and [[Bollon, Queensland|Ballon]]{{efn|Using Tindale's spelling, in case his "Ballon" is a different place from "Bollon". {{harv|Tindale|1974|p=178}}}} north to [[Morven, Queensland|Morven]] and Mungallala.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=178}} |
|||
== Language == |
|||
{{main|Gunggari language}} |
{{main|Gunggari language}} |
||
The [[Gunggari language]] is a member of the [[Maric languages|Maric language family]]. It is closely related to, and sometimes considered a dialect of neighbouring [[Bidjara language|Bidjara]] and [[Mandandanji|Manandanji]] languages |
The [[Gunggari language]] is a member of the [[Maric languages|Maric language family]]. It is closely related to, and sometimes considered a dialect of neighbouring [[Bidjara language|Bidjara]] and [[Mandandanji|Manandanji]] languages. As of 2021, there are only 3 native speakers. Since 2013, the language has been taught in St Patrick's school, Mitchell and is being actively revived.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hosier |first=Phoebe |date=27 May 2021 |title=An outback Queensland school leads the way to keep endangered Indigenous language alive |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-27/qld-outback-school-revives-gunggari-indigenous-language/100162318 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112023540/https://www.abc.net.au/news/phoebe-hosier/9493086 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=2023-08-06 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> |
||
==History== |
==History== |
||
The Gunggari people were first contacted by Europeans in 1846 when Commissioner of Crown Lands, Roderick Mitchell, and his father, surveyor [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Thomas Mitchell]], were on an expedition through the Maranoa |
The Gunggari people were first contacted by Europeans in 1846 when Commissioner of Crown Lands, Roderick Mitchell, and his father, surveyor [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Thomas Mitchell]], were on an expedition through the [[Maranoa Region]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Native Title – Gunggari Native Title Aboriginal Corporation |url=https://www.gunggaripbc.com.au/native-title-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112023727/https://www.gunggaripbc.com.au/native-title-2/ |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=2023-07-31 |language=en-AU}}</ref> The following year, [[Ludwig Leichhardt]] also made contact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kearns on behalf of the Gunggari People #2 v State of Queensland [2012] FCA 651 |url=https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2012/2012fca0651 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112024111/https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2012/2012fca0651 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au}}</ref> |
||
In 1854, Edmund Morey occupied the Mitchell Downs pastoral run, which, after its conversion to a hotel, began the growth of [[Mitchell, Queensland|Mitchell]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitchell {{!}} Queensland Places |url=https://www.queenslandplaces.com.au/mitchell |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=www.queenslandplaces.com.au}}</ref> |
In 1854, Edmund Morey occupied the Mitchell Downs pastoral run, which, after its conversion to a hotel, began the growth of [[Mitchell, Queensland|Mitchell]]. This was resisted by the Gunggari people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitchell {{!}} Queensland Places |url=https://www.queenslandplaces.com.au/mitchell |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=www.queenslandplaces.com.au}}</ref> |
||
After Australia's federation in 1901, the Australian Government began the systemic removal of many Australian Aboriginals |
After Australia's federation in 1901, the Australian Government began the systemic removal of many Australian Aboriginals to work on government [[Aboriginal reserve|reserves]] or [[Christian mission|missions]]. In 1906, the first Gunggari people were removed from [[Forestvale, Queensland|Forest Vale]], with over 100 being removed between 1914 and 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Library of Queensland |url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/forest-vale-station |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.slq.qld.gov.au |date=17 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Many Aboriginal people of the region took refuge on the ''Yumba'' ("Camp"), a shantytown to the east of Mitchell. The ''Yumba'' contained houses and [[Humpy|humpies]], and a schoolhouse until its relocation to [[Mitchell State School (1914 Building)|Mitchell State School]] in 1948. In 1968, citing safety concerns from the lack of a sanitation system, the ''Yumba'' was demolished and the residents were forced to move into the neighbouring towns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitchell - Life on the Yumba |url=https://www.swqict.com/copy-of-surat-mundy-cleven-camp |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=swqict |language=en}}</ref> |
||
In the early 1990s, the ''Yumba''<nowiki/>'s old schoolhouse was returned to the ''Yumba'' after successful lobbying from local Aboriginal people. It now stands as a museum of the ''Yumba''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitchell - Yumba Museum |url=https://www.swqict.com/copy-of-mitchell-yumba-trail-1 |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=swqict |language=en}}</ref> |
In the early 1990s, the ''Yumba''<nowiki/>'s old schoolhouse was returned to the ''Yumba'' after successful lobbying from local Aboriginal people. It now stands as a museum of the ''Yumba'' and local Gunggari history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitchell - Yumba Museum |url=https://www.swqict.com/copy-of-mitchell-yumba-trail-1 |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=swqict |language=en}}</ref> |
||
A 1996 court case |
A 1996 court case permitted Tenneco Energy Australia to install a pipeline through Gunggari, Mandandanji and Bidjarra land. The proposal for a pipeline was approved after the initial application, although this approval was later revoked by the Gunggari council. ''Smith on behalf of The Gunggari People v Tenneco Energy Queensland Pty. Ltd and The State of Queensland and Goolburri Aboriginal Corporation Land Council'' ruled that Tenneco Energy could carry on with construction.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1996 |title=Smith on behaif of The Gunggari People v. Tenneco Energy Queensland Pty. Ltd and The State of Queensland and Goolburri Aboriginal Corporation Land Council |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44656408 |journal=Australian Indigenous Law Reporter |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=594–601 |jstor=44656408 |issn=1323-7756}}</ref> |
||
In 2012, the Gunggari People were granted native title over 1, |
In 2012, the Gunggari People were granted [[Aboriginal title|native title]] over 1,184 km<sup>2</sup> of land.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Native Title – Gunggari Native Title Aboriginal Corporation |url=https://www.gunggaripbc.com.au/native-title-2/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |language=en-AU}}</ref> In 2014, a further 146.2 km<sup>2</sup> was granted as native title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Application Details |url=http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/details.aspx?NTDA_Fileno=QC2012/013 |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=www.nntt.gov.au}}</ref> After a third determination, the Gunggari People have native title over approximately 19,400 km<sup>2</sup> of land,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Native Title – Gunggari Native Title Aboriginal Corporation |url=https://www.gunggaripbc.com.au/native-title-2/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |language=en-AU}}</ref> greatly exceeding the initial application for 13,589.2 km<sup>2</sup> of land.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Application Details |url=http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/details.aspx?NTDA_Fileno=QC2001/028 |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=www.nntt.gov.au}}</ref> |
||
== Gunggari involvement in the First World War == |
== Gunggari involvement in the First World War == |
||
Throughout most of the [[First World War]], Indigenous Australian involvement was forbidden, and all identified Indigenous applicants were rejected or sent home during training. In 1917, this ban was partially lifted to allow "half-castes" with one European parent to enlist. At least 8 Gunggari men enlisted in Roma and joined the [[49th Battalion (Australia)|49th Infantry Battalion]], 10th reinforcements. |
Throughout most of the [[First World War]], Indigenous Australian involvement was forbidden, and all identified Indigenous applicants were rejected or sent home during training. In 1917, this ban was partially lifted to allow "[[Half-caste|half-castes]]" with one European parent to enlist. At least 8 Gunggari men enlisted in [[Roma, Queensland|Roma]] and joined the [[49th Battalion (Australia)|49th Infantry Battalion]], 10th reinforcements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Finlay |first=Reeghan |date=19 November 2013 |title=George Foster Gunggari Soldier of WWI |url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/george-foster-gunggari-soldier-wwi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112014505/https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/george-foster-gunggari-soldier-wwi |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=State Library of Queensland}}</ref> |
||
==Social Organisation== |
|||
According to information supplied by James Lalor to [[Alfred William Howitt]], the Gunggari [[clan]] names were as follows: |
|||
* ''Urgilla.'' Totem = Ngorgu (Kangaroo) |
|||
* ''Anbeir.'' Totem = Bondun ([[Bandicoot]]) |
|||
* ''Wango.'' Totems =(a)Tonga (opossum) (b)Bulbora (flying fox) |
|||
* ''Ubur.'' Totems = (a) Tambool ([[Eastern brown snake|Brown snake]]) (b)Abboia (lizard){{sfn|Howitt|1904|pp=110–111}} |
|||
== Notable people == |
== Notable people == |
||
* [[Ruth Hegarty]], author and community leader |
|||
⚫ | |||
* [[Lynette Nixon (human rights advocate)|Lynette Nixon]], author and community leader |
|||
⚫ | |||
==Alternative names== |
==Alternative names== |
||
This is a list of names used to describe the Gunggari people historically and do not necessarily represent names that are currently used or accepted. {{colbegin}} |
|||
{{colbegin}} |
|||
* ''Congaro'' |
* ''Congaro'' |
||
* ''Coongurri'' |
* ''Coongurri'' |
||
Line 47: | Line 39: | ||
* ''Kungeri'' |
* ''Kungeri'' |
||
* ''Kungri'' |
* ''Kungri'' |
||
* ''Ngaragari |
* ''Ngaragari'' ([[Koamu]] word for the tongue spoken between Bollon and Nebine Creek) |
||
* ''Unggari'' |
* ''Unggari'' |
||
* ''Unggri, Unghi'' |
* ''Unggri, Unghi'' |
||
Line 61: | Line 53: | ||
==Sources== |
==Sources== |
||
{{refbegin|35em}} |
{{refbegin|35em}} |
||
*{{Cite journal | title = Vocabulary of Aboriginal Dialects of Queensland |
*{{Cite journal | title = Vocabulary of Aboriginal Dialects of Queensland | last = Barlow | first = Harriott | journal = The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland | year = 1873 | volume = 2 | pages = 165–175 | doi = 10.2307/2841159 | jstor = 2841159 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2260740 }} |
||
| last = Barlow | first = Harriott |
|||
| journal = The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |
|||
| year = 1873 | volume = 2 | pages = 165–175 |
|||
| doi = 10.2307/2841159 | jstor = 2841159 |
|||
| url = https://zenodo.org/record/2260740 }} |
|||
*{{Cite journal | title = On two Queensland tribes |
*{{Cite journal | title = On two Queensland tribes |
||
| last = Cameron | first = A. L. P. |
| last = Cameron | first = A. L. P. |
||
Line 73: | Line 60: | ||
| year = 1904 | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 27–29 |
| year = 1904 | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 27–29 |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite news| title = Gunggari win south Qld native title claim |
*{{Cite news |
||
| title = Gunggari win south Qld native title claim |
|||
| last = Caruana |
| last = Caruana |
||
| first = Patrick |
|||
| newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald |
| newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald |
||
| url = http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/gunggari-win-south-qld-native-title-claim-20120622-20sd2.html |
| url = http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/gunggari-win-south-qld-native-title-claim-20120622-20sd2.html |
||
| date = 22 June 2012 |
| date = 22 June 2012 |
||
| access-date = 1 February 2018 |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite web| title = Gambara Gamu Biyu: Gunggari Language |
*{{Cite web |
||
| title = Gambara Gamu Biyu: Gunggari Language |
|||
| publisher = State Library of Queensland |
| publisher = State Library of Queensland |
||
| url = https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/0007-211885-gamburu-gamu-biyu-gunggari.pdf |
| url = https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/0007-211885-gamburu-gamu-biyu-gunggari.pdf |
||
| access-date = 6 April 2019 |
| access-date = 6 April 2019 |
||
| ref = {{harvid|SLQ|n.d.}} |
| ref = {{harvid|SLQ|n.d.}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite web| title = Gunggari Native Title Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC |
*{{Cite web |
||
| title = Gunggari Native Title Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC |
|||
| publisher = National Native Title Council |
| publisher = National Native Title Council |
||
| url = https://www.nativetitle.org.au/find/pbc/7725 |
| url = https://www.nativetitle.org.au/find/pbc/7725 |
||
| access-date = 6 April 2019 |
| access-date = 6 April 2019 |
||
| ref = {{harvid|NTTC|n.d.}} |
| ref = {{harvid|NTTC|n.d.}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = The native tribes of south-east Australia |
*{{Cite book |
||
| title = The native tribes of south-east Australia |
|||
| last = Howitt |
| last = Howitt |
||
| first = Alfred William |
|||
| year = 1904 |
|||
| author-link = Alfred William Howitt |
| author-link = Alfred William Howitt |
||
| publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |
| publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |
||
| url = https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:319345/AU0094_NativeTribes_SE_Australia.pdf |
| url = https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:319345/AU0094_NativeTribes_SE_Australia.pdf |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite news| title = Native title recognition for the Gunggari People of Queensland |
*{{Cite news |
||
| title = Native title recognition for the Gunggari People of Queensland |
|||
| publisher = [[National Native Title Tribunal]] |
| publisher = [[National Native Title Tribunal]] |
||
| url = http://www.nntt.gov.au/News-and-Publications/latest-news/Pages/NativetitlerecognitionfortheGunggariPeopleofQueensland.aspx |
| url = http://www.nntt.gov.au/News-and-Publications/latest-news/Pages/NativetitlerecognitionfortheGunggariPeopleofQueensland.aspx |
||
| date = 22 June 2012 |
| date = 22 June 2012 |
||
| access-date = 1 February 2018 |
|||
| ref = {{harvid|NNTT|2012}} |
| ref = {{harvid|NNTT|2012}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book |
|||
| chapter = Journal of a Missionary tour among the Aborigines of the Western Interior of Queensland, in the year 1855, by the rev. William Ridley, B.A. |
|||
| last = Ridley | first = William | year = 1861 |
|||
| last = Ridley |
|||
| first = William |
|||
| year = 1861 |
|||
| author-link = William Ridley (Presbyterian missionary) |
| author-link = William Ridley (Presbyterian missionary) |
||
| title = Queensland, Australia; a highly eligible field for emigration, and the future cotton-field of Great Britain: with a disquisition on the origin, manners, and customs of the aborigines |
| title = Queensland, Australia; a highly eligible field for emigration, and the future cotton-field of Great Britain: with a disquisition on the origin, manners, and customs of the aborigines |
||
| editor-last = Lang |
| editor-last = Lang |
||
| editor-first = J. D. |
|||
| editor-link = John Dunmore Lang |
|||
| publisher = E. Stanford |
| publisher = E. Stanford |
||
| location = London |
|||
| chapter-url = https://archive.org/download/queenslandaustr00langgoog/queenslandaustr00langgoog.pdf |
| chapter-url = https://archive.org/download/queenslandaustr00langgoog/queenslandaustr00langgoog.pdf |
||
| pages = 435–445 |
| pages = 435–445 |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite journal |
*{{Cite journal |
||
| title = Report on Australian Languages and Traditions |
|||
| last = Ridley |
| last = Ridley |
||
| first = William |
|||
| author-link = William Ridley (Presbyterian missionary) |
| author-link = William Ridley (Presbyterian missionary) |
||
| journal = [[The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |
| journal = [[The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |
||
| year = 1873 |
| year = 1873 |
||
| volume = 2 |
|||
| pages = 257–275 |
|||
| doi = 10.2307/2841174 |
| doi = 10.2307/2841174 |
||
| jstor = 2841174 |
|||
| url = https://zenodo.org/record/2479161 |
| url = https://zenodo.org/record/2479161 |
||
}} |
|||
*{{Cite book| chapter = Kunggari (QLD) |
*{{Cite book |
||
| chapter = Kunggari (QLD) |
|||
| last = Tindale |
| last = Tindale |
||
| first = Norman Barnett |
|||
| year = 1974 |
|||
| author-link = Norman Tindale |
| author-link = Norman Tindale |
||
| title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names |
| title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names |
||
Line 126: | Line 138: | ||
| chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/kunggari.htm |
| chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/kunggari.htm |
||
| isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6 |
| isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6 |
||
| access-date = 25 August 2017 |
|||
⚫ | |||
| archive-date = 2 July 2017 |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170702071729/http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/kunggari.htm |
|||
| url-status = dead |
|||
⚫ | |||
{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
||
Latest revision as of 17:34, 7 July 2024
The Gunggari (/ˈgʊŋgəri/ GUUNG-gə-ree), are an Aboriginal Australian tribe of southern Queensland. The traditional land of the Gunggari centres on the Maranoa River and overlaps with the land of the surrounding Mandandanji, Kooma, Kunja, Margany, Dharawala, Bidjara and Nguri peoples.[1] They are to be distinguished from the Kuungkari, who also border Dharawala country.
Sprache
[edit]The Gunggari language is a member of the Maric language family. It is closely related to, and sometimes considered a dialect of neighbouring Bidjara and Manandanji languages. As of 2021, there are only 3 native speakers. Since 2013, the language has been taught in St Patrick's school, Mitchell and is being actively revived.[2]
History
[edit]The Gunggari people were first contacted by Europeans in 1846 when Commissioner of Crown Lands, Roderick Mitchell, and his father, surveyor Thomas Mitchell, were on an expedition through the Maranoa Region.[3] The following year, Ludwig Leichhardt also made contact.[4]
In 1854, Edmund Morey occupied the Mitchell Downs pastoral run, which, after its conversion to a hotel, began the growth of Mitchell. This was resisted by the Gunggari people.[5]
After Australia's federation in 1901, the Australian Government began the systemic removal of many Australian Aboriginals to work on government reserves or missions. In 1906, the first Gunggari people were removed from Forest Vale, with over 100 being removed between 1914 and 1941.[6] Many Aboriginal people of the region took refuge on the Yumba ("Camp"), a shantytown to the east of Mitchell. The Yumba contained houses and humpies, and a schoolhouse until its relocation to Mitchell State School in 1948. In 1968, citing safety concerns from the lack of a sanitation system, the Yumba was demolished and the residents were forced to move into the neighbouring towns.[7]
In the early 1990s, the Yumba's old schoolhouse was returned to the Yumba after successful lobbying from local Aboriginal people. It now stands as a museum of the Yumba and local Gunggari history.[8]
A 1996 court case permitted Tenneco Energy Australia to install a pipeline through Gunggari, Mandandanji and Bidjarra land. The proposal for a pipeline was approved after the initial application, although this approval was later revoked by the Gunggari council. Smith on behalf of The Gunggari People v Tenneco Energy Queensland Pty. Ltd and The State of Queensland and Goolburri Aboriginal Corporation Land Council ruled that Tenneco Energy could carry on with construction.[9]
In 2012, the Gunggari People were granted native title over 1,184 km2 of land.[10] In 2014, a further 146.2 km2 was granted as native title.[11] After a third determination, the Gunggari People have native title over approximately 19,400 km2 of land,[12] greatly exceeding the initial application for 13,589.2 km2 of land.[13]
Gunggari involvement in the First World War
[edit]Throughout most of the First World War, Indigenous Australian involvement was forbidden, and all identified Indigenous applicants were rejected or sent home during training. In 1917, this ban was partially lifted to allow "half-castes" with one European parent to enlist. At least 8 Gunggari men enlisted in Roma and joined the 49th Infantry Battalion, 10th reinforcements.[14]
Notable people
[edit]- Ruth Hegarty, author and community leader
- Lynette Nixon, author and community leader
- Johnathan Thurston, former rugby league player
Alternative names
[edit]This is a list of names used to describe the Gunggari people historically and do not necessarily represent names that are currently used or accepted.
- Congaro
- Coongurri
- Gungari, Gunggari, Goongarree
- Kogai (language name)
- Kogurre
- Kungeri
- Kungri
- Ngaragari (Koamu word for the tongue spoken between Bollon and Nebine Creek)
- Unggari
- Unggri, Unghi
- Ungorri
Notes
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Horton, David R. (1996). "Map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Hosier, Phoebe (27 May 2021). "An outback Queensland school leads the way to keep endangered Indigenous language alive". ABC News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- ^ "Native Title – Gunggari Native Title Aboriginal Corporation". Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "Kearns on behalf of the Gunggari People #2 v State of Queensland [2012] FCA 651". www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- ^ "Mitchell | Queensland Places". www.queenslandplaces.com.au. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "State Library of Queensland". www.slq.qld.gov.au. 17 March 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ "Mitchell - Life on the Yumba". swqict. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- ^ "Mitchell - Yumba Museum". swqict. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- ^ "Smith on behaif of The Gunggari People v. Tenneco Energy Queensland Pty. Ltd and The State of Queensland and Goolburri Aboriginal Corporation Land Council". Australian Indigenous Law Reporter. 1 (4): 594–601. 1996. ISSN 1323-7756. JSTOR 44656408.
- ^ "Native Title – Gunggari Native Title Aboriginal Corporation". Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- ^ "Application Details". www.nntt.gov.au. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- ^ "Native Title – Gunggari Native Title Aboriginal Corporation". Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- ^ "Application Details". www.nntt.gov.au. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- ^ Finlay, Reeghan (19 November 2013). "George Foster Gunggari Soldier of WWI". State Library of Queensland. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
Sources
[edit]- Barlow, Harriott (1873). "Vocabulary of Aboriginal Dialects of Queensland". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 2: 165–175. doi:10.2307/2841159. JSTOR 2841159.
- Cameron, A. L. P. (1904). "On two Queensland tribes". Science of Man. 7 (2). Sydney: 27–29.
- Caruana, Patrick (22 June 2012). "Gunggari win south Qld native title claim". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- "Gambara Gamu Biyu: Gunggari Language" (PDF). State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
- "Gunggari Native Title Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC". National Native Title Council. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
- Howitt, Alfred William (1904). The native tribes of south-east Australia (PDF). Macmillan.
- "Native title recognition for the Gunggari People of Queensland". National Native Title Tribunal. 22 June 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- Ridley, William (1861). "Journal of a Missionary tour among the Aborigines of the Western Interior of Queensland, in the year 1855, by the rev. William Ridley, B.A." (PDF). In Lang, J. D. (ed.). Queensland, Australia; a highly eligible field for emigration, and the future cotton-field of Great Britain: with a disquisition on the origin, manners, and customs of the aborigines. London: E. Stanford. pp. 435–445.
- Ridley, William (1873). "Report on Australian Languages and Traditions". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 2: 257–275. doi:10.2307/2841174. JSTOR 2841174.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Kunggari (QLD)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.